Mayina a anthu a Russia, mwambo

Ambiri amavomereza kuti mayina a anthu a Russia yodziwika ndi kuchuluka kwawo. Komabe, zimenezi si zodabwitsa. Dziko lathu ndi waukulu, choncho zikutanthauza kuti n'kulidzaza ndi anthu osiyana kwathunthu ndi chikhalidwe yekha, miyambo ndi chipembedzo chawo.

Nkhaniyi osati kumuuza za mayina a anthu a Russia, ndiwo mwambo zipembedzo zina, ndi moyo adzakhala anakhudzidwa ndi nzika Orthodox. Komanso, owerenga mupeza makhalidwe ena sankadziwika oimira mbali zosiyanasiyana za dziko lathu.

General mudziwe zikuchokera fuko

Anatinso Russia 3 anthu (moyo) anali Russian, Ukrainians ndi Belarusians. Osachepera zaka khumi zapitazo pofufuza yankho ku funso la boma fuko mukufuna ndendende mfundo. Koma kodi? Mwina chinachake chasintha pa nthawi? Yesetsani kumvetsa.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwapa, ambiri, Russia ndi dziko ndi zikuchokera Mipikisano mitundu, kumene oposa zana mitundu.

Zambiri za anthu ndi anthu akomweko, ambiri a iwo - Russian. Kuposa 6% - oimira mitundu ina, amene m'dziko mbiri kunja la Russia. Koma ngakhale kusiyana chiyambi, chinenerocho, onse kumagwirizana ndi mbiri wamba ndipo ndinu gawo la ufumuwo.

The zipembedzo zazikulu za dziko Kodi Chikhristu, Chisilamu ndi Chibuda moyenera, n'zosadabwitsa kuti dzina la anthu a Russia ndi zipembedzo sizovuta wamba. Izi makamaka anthu oona a Caucasus, komanso Russia tikukhala mu Far North ndi Far East.

The zikuchokera anthu olankhula zinenero zamakolo wa Russia zikuphatikizapo magulu angapo dera, ndi malo ofanana m'mayiko ambirimbiri ndiponso chikhalidwe. Pasanathe 8% ya anthu - anthu a m'dera Volga ndi Urals (Bashkirs, Kalmyks, Chitata, Mari neri Al.). Awa, za 4% - Chitata. Bashkirs ndi Chitata ndi Asilamu, Kalmyks - Chibuda, ndi zina - akadali Orthodox.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku, zosakwana 3% ya anthu ndi nthumwi kumpoto Caucasus (Abazins, Balkarians Kabardinians Ingushs, Osetians Chechens neri Al.). Zili ndi anthu a Dagestan. Pafupifupi onsewo ndi Asilamu (kupatula Mkhristu Ossetians).

Pakati pa anthu a Siberia ndi North imakhala ya Buryat, Tuva, Altai, Khakassia, Yakuts ndi Shor. mndandanda akhoza kuwonjezeredwa ndi zina timagulu mtundu wamoyo kumpoto Russia. Zonse nusu ya anthu a Siberia ndi nkhani North kwa 0,6% ya anthu. Tuva ndi Buryatia a Chibuda, ndi zina - Orthodox ndi achikunja.

Unknown dziko State

N'zochititsa chidwi kuona kuti ngati dzina la anthu a Russia Potengela Zilembo kumanga, inu mudzapeza kuti lonse la zilembo adzaloŵetsedwamo. Momwemonso amene iwo, anthu a boma yaikulu?

Tiyeni tiyese kulankhula za oimira zosaonekera. Iwo likukhalira kuti m'nthawi yathu akadali anasunga mtundu Russian ndi chikhalidwe osiyana, zimene anthu ochepa mukudziwa.

Mwachitsanzo, mu Karelia kumeneko Muluwani Vodlozerye kumene anthu amakhala nyanja - Vodlozero. Ku midzi ya anthu pafupifupi 600. Makolo awo anali ochokera Russian wa Moscow ndipo Novgorod chigawo cha m'ma XVI. Koma miyoyo kwayekha anasintha umunthu wawo. Onsewo ali Orthodox, ngakhale kukhulupirira khalidwe la nthano Asilavo.

Mu Yakut Titafika pamalo akhoza kukumana ana ochokera kumayiko Cossacks ndi kugombe-okhala, amene anadzakhala kuno mu zaka za m'ma XVII. Alendowa Russian anayambitsa pakamwa ndi amadzitcha indigirschikami (kuchokera Indigirka Mtsinje). Tsopano amadziwika monga russkoustintsy. Pamodzi ndi Mpingo Orthodox akukumana mizimu.

Malinga ndi mkulu wa Catherine II m'zaka XVIII. m'dera Trans-Baikal anakhazikika akunja, Russian Old Okhulupirira amene analenga fuko otchedwa Semey. midzi zimenezi anasunga momwe Okhulupirira Old za moyo.

Russian osamukira ku Western Siberia m'zaka XVI. a m'deralo kuti dzina "chaldonami" kutanthauza "Wolakwayo." Zolondola deta za maonekedwe awo mu malo awa mulibe. Chaldony amasiyana Mongoloid anthu mtundu wa Siberia ndi Asilavo ndi maonekedwe awo, chinenero. Tsopano fuko lino ang'onoang'ono anangotsala pang'ono kutha. Miyambo ya Russian Anthu a mitundu gulu, mwatsoka, pafupifupi sanakhale ndi moyo kwa nthaŵi.

Mu zaka XVI-XVII. ku Central ndi kum'mawa Pomerania chapakati Siberia anasamukira woyamba osamuka Russian n'kukakhala pa Taimyr Peninsula ndipo anakhala maziko a anthu chigawo Taimyr-Taruhanskogo ndi wa Angara Mtsinje. Kotero apo Ethnogroup zatundrennyh wamba Russian, ayamba moyo wa Evenk ndi Yakut. Mothandizidwa ndi anthu akomweko, latsopano Dolgan mitundu gulu, imene Orthodoxy ndi wothira mizimu.

Zikutha Anthu: ndi Khanty ndi Mansi

Mayina a anthu a Russia, mndandanda wa zomwe ndi yaikulu kwambiri, sikutheka kulingalira popanda Khanty ndi Mansi. Izi abale Anthu a North, chifukwa pophatikizana a Ural zikhalidwe Neolithic ndi Ugric mafuko. M'mbuyomu, deta anthu otchuka kwa kulimba mtima kusakasaka. Koma tsopano ndi kagulu ka anthu ambiri a Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. Home kuti Khanty ankaona ob Mtsinje beseni ndi Munsee kuno kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX. Pambuyo pake, mafuko anayamba kusamukira ku kumpoto ndi kum'mawa.

Zokhudza anali makamaka nayonso moyo komanso kuchita kusaka kapena kusodza. Deer kwa Khanty anatumikira monga gwero la zikopa ndi nyama, komanso anthu ogwira ntchito chuma. Mu chakudya ankadya nyama ndi nsomba nyama zokodwa kusaka.

Nzosadabwitsa dzina la anthu a Russia mu nyimbo ndi gulu. Ali ndi zambiri zofanana. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu iwiri nthawi zonse kukhala mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe. The ubwenzi ndi chilengedwe cha nascent malonda mipatuko: kupanga loyamba kapena kupha nsembe kwa mafano. Ambiri mwa zikondwerero mafuko anali achipembedzo m'chilengedwe.

Tikumbukenso kuti dziko lathu, ana amayamba kuti ayanjane ndi peculiarities wa dziko mu zaka mwachilungamo wamng'ono. Mwachitsanzo, ndime "Mayina a anthu a Russia" kalasi 2 sukulu mabuku ndi gawo la pulogalamu yovomerezeka kwa Utumiki.

Ana kuphunzira kuti nyama ndi zomera ikukhudzana bwanji ndi chiwerengero cha wopatulika. Poyamba, mudziwe za miyambo ya anthu a Russia ndi anatumikira mu mawonekedwe a nthano, nthano, T. E. Mu mawonekedwe Kufikika kwa mwamuna wamng'ono.

Mwa njira, akuluakulu osati ambiri kuposa kudziwa kuti, monga nthano ya Khanty, woyamba mkazi chimbalangondocho. Kuti Great Nyamuliranani anapereka moto kwa anthu ndi nzeru, anali woweruza mu mikangano. Iye akhapidziwa kuti fuko Khanty zinachititsa kuti Vasyugan mtsinje Beaver. Otters ndi beavers akulemekezedwa ndi anatchula mwambo nyama. Mphalapala anali chizindikiro cha mphamvu ndi kutukuka.

Mitengo yake kufunika mu moyo wa Khanty ndi Mansi. Ena ankachiritsidwa, osati kwa mnzakeyo. Dzuwa ndi mwezi komanso ankawalambira. Iye akhapidziwa kuti anthu chifukwa cha mgwirizano wa matupi awa awiri. Dzuwa akuimira mfundo chikazi, ndipo mwezi unali chizindikiro cha anthu.

Gawo la sukulu ya mutu wakuti "Anthu a Russia" kalasi 3 maphunziro kale pang'ono mosiyana. Ana kulandira zambiri mozama mfundo za chipangizo ethnographic a dziko lawo.

Huskies - onyada northerners

Mayina a anthu a Russia, chithunzi nthawi zina ndithu kwabasi, sikutheka kulingalira popanda ngakhale ena oimira mafuko - ndi Eskimos.

Iwo amakhala Chukotka, Magadan Region. Anthu ndi za 1,800 anthu. Kuyambira mfundo zinenero view, chinenero zokhudzana ESCO-Aleut banja la zilankhulo ndipo m'magulu awiri: kumadzulo (Yupik) ndi kum'mawa (inupik). Mu Chukotka, Eskimo wakonkuno, Russian ndi Chukchi.

The etymology dzina la anthu a Russia, zithunzi za amene angapezeke mu pafupifupi mainsaikulopediya lalikulu la dziko, nthawi zina inachokera mosavuta. Koma ndi mavuto Inuit ndi zovuta. mfundo yeniyeni palibe za chiyambi cha anthu, koma tsiku wakhazikitsidwa kuti iwo ali mbadwa za miyambo yakale analipo m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Bering kumapeto Ine Zakachikwi BC. e.

Ndiwo chakudya - kusaka nyanja, kusaka mfuti amaonedwa nthungo zazikulu ndi harpoons. Kusaka machenjerero nthawi zonse ankadalira kusamuka nyama. Nyama anali anamgumi walruses ndi zisindikizo. Ndi kuchepa kwa nyama nyama zam'madzi ankasakidwa nyama ndi mbalame zakuthengo, ankachita nsomba. Alenje anasunthira madzi pa mabwato ndi kayaks. Ndi kayendedwe pa dziko ntchito dugokopylnye sledges kukokedwa ndi agalu kapena othamanga sled wa walrus tusk. Iwo kalekale ku chisanu skied ndi ayezi - mu nsapato ndi spikes fupa.

Asayansi kuphunzira miyambo ya anthu a Russia, ananena kuti Eskimos yemwe anamangidwa m'mahema a miyala ndi chinsomba nthiti, chimango snug nswala zikopa. Kenako anayamba kukhala chimango nyumba theka-mobisa, ofanana yaranga Chukchi.

M'midzi makolo akale anaikidwa pa nsanja kuti muthe kuwunika kayendedwe ka nyama zam'madzi. Zovala zopangidwa kuchokera zikopa za gwape ndi zisindikizo, nsapato anapanga zikopa, ndi kuika pa mapazi ake torbasa ubweya chisindikizo ndi masitonkeni. Amuna ndi akazi kundendeku pa nkhope ndi thupi, analasidwa mphuno ndi mlomo mphete anapachika fupa, walrus mano, etc.

Eskimos ulemu chikhalidwe ndi kutsatira mizimu. Kusaka ndi nsomba Amakonda miyambo.

A malo apadera miyambo folklore kutenga pa chilengedwe cha dziko, fupa kusema ndi wowerengeka nyimbo. Zofunika ntchito za Inuit ng'oma ntchito ndi asing'anga.

Mu phunziro mwatsatanetsatane za moyo wa anthu awa, zikuonekeratu kuti mayina osiyanasiyana kwa anthu a Russia - izi ndi monga nsonga ya madzi oundana a. Tili osiyana, ndiponso m'njira zambiri: mu chipembedzo maganizo, zinthu zofunika, mu chipangizo cha komanso moyo pagulu.

Wotchuka mphalapala - Koryak

Leafing kudzera lotsatira magazini ya Buku la mapu "Anthu a Russia", zithunzi ndi mitu akutumikira monga ulamuliro, ndi bwino zokongola, n'kosatheka kulabadira ngakhale ena mbadwa.

Koryak ( "chavchu" - "woweta") ikukhudzana kwa Arctic Mongoloid mpikisano. M'dziko la Magadan ndi Kamchatka zigawo ndi Chukotka. chinenero ndi ofanana ndi chilankhulo wa Chukchi ndi akulowa Chukchi-Kamchatka gulu la zilankhulo Paleo-muthu.

A zimakhudza kwambiri pa chikhalidwe chawo chinali Russian. Pamaso boma la Soviet mu chuma kunalamulidwa ndi asapita achikale.

Koryak kuthetsa imakhala kundende yaranga. Mtundu waukulu wa nsomba imatengedwa kuti kuweta, wodzilemekeza ndi kusaka kapena kusodza. galimoto ndi zambiri zofanana ndi Chukchi ndi Eskimo.

Zima zovala nthawi lopangidwa ndi ubweya malaya, thalauza ndi bonnet. Nsapato sewn kwa mphalapala mwendo zikopa. zovala m'chilimwe yopangidwa ndi zisulo kuwala - galu ndi mbawala yamphongo zikopa, nsalu, etc. The zovala ali chokongoletsedwa ndi zokongoletsa ndi pakhosi zosonyeza ... Zamatsenga tanthauzo ali tsitsi ndi zizindikiro kwa akazi.

Chakudya ndi mbawala nyama lero. Koryak nsomba ndi kukolola yukola, kusonkhanitsa zipatso ndi mtedza. Only kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX. iwo anali ufa, tiyi, shuga ndi mbewu monga chimanga.

Akazi m'mudzi ankachitira ndi kusoka ubweya ubweya makalipeti, ndi amuna zikugwira mankhwala opanga yopangidwa ndi zisulo olimba. zikondwerero Traditional ndi miyambo ya chipembedzo ikuchitikira ku zinthu zina, ndipo limodzi ndi kuvina miyambo ndi nyimbo, masewera. Zoimbira pamodzi ndi maseche ntchito zeze (mano maseche).

anazimiririka mtundu

Iwe ukuganiza kuti taphunzira kale mayina a anthu onse a Russia? Wokonzeka kubetcherana kuti Tofalaria inu Mosakayikira asanamvepo n'komwe.

Mu kumapiri-nayonso wa dera Irkutsk ndi kunyumba ndi anthu wamba, amene anawerengedwa 700 anthu.

Iwo amati anthu awa Tofalar chinenero, kutsatira ziphunzitso koma anakumana ndi mizimu. Ena lokhudza komanso kusaka mphalapala wawo amadalira kuweta. Chitukuko cha luso Akutsatira - m'mbale, mafupa, kupanga malonda birch makungwa, ubweya ndi zikopa.

Pambuyo pa kusintha kwa Tofalars nyumba moyo anakakhala anayamba kumanga nyumba ya cabins chipika, ndi pamaso kuti nakhalira m'mahema. zovala Traditional anapangidwa kuchokera zikopa mphalapala, mbawala kapena gwape. Zima zipewa zinali za apeze zikopa nswala ubweya, ndi m'chilimwe - kuchokera nsalu. Amuna anavala yotentha odula nsalu. Tsopano ochepa kwambiri amene amavala zovala zimenezi.

Koyambirira kwa chakudya yakeyo anadya nyama ndi mbalame zakuthengo, nswala kumwa mkaka, wophikidwa rye mikate. Tofalars anasunga songs, nthano.

Umunthu wa anthu - Archi

Archi - yaing'ono Ethnogroup akukhala Charodinsky District wa Dagestan.

Malinga ndi kalembera mu mtundu malemu 50 anali m'gulu la Avars. Ngakhale iwo alibe asapita mitundu ndi zinenero kwa anthu awa.

Archi zikugwira kuswana nkhosa. Mudzi waukulu - Archib. chilankhulo Archi alibe udindo lovomerezeka ndi mabuku ake.

Archi ambiri kulankhula momasuka mbadwa zawo, Avar ndi Russian. Gen. Archi nkomwe amaloŵamo kusintha chowawa, kusamuka kwa mzinda uli waung'ono, pali pafupifupi palibe kukwatirana.

Young kulemekeza chinenero ndi miyambo yawo. Masiku ano, yogwirizana ndi mafuko awiri. Favorite kuvina - Lezginka, zoimbira - ng'oma, kumuz ndi zurna. Okhulupirira ndi Sunni Muslim. zovala Traditional kwa amuna - zipewa ndi nkhosa malaya, capes, akazi - mathalauza, malamba zokongola, mutu chivundikirocho ndi chuhta (chisoti zokongoletsera siliva).

Kodi ndani mavoti?

Today Vod anthu okhala Luga Mtsinje estuary m'midzi angapo. Chiwerengero chawo 100 anthu, amene ndi mbadwa ya kumpoto, kumadzulo gulu Vod. The nsomba zazikulu m'mbuyomu - ulimi nyama, ulimi ndi nsomba. Nyumba ndi nyumba zambiri anamanga chipika.

Vod zakudya inkakhala rye mkate, dzinthu ndi mbatata, mkaka. Pakuti maholide kuphika zakudya za nyama ndi mapayi, kumwa mowa.

Vod ndi Orthodox. miyambo yambiri inachitika mu masiku a tchuthi kalendala ndipo amadzipereka kuti zochitika (kubadwa, ukwati, maliro). Pa ukwatiwo anali ofanana ndakatulo ukwati, mkwatibwi executable ndi operekeza akwati ake. Pamaliro, anakhalabe miyambo yachikunja - anakwiriridwa m'nkhalango chopatulika ndiponso atazunguliridwa ndi miyala manda.

Nivkhs - okhala Khabarovsk Gawo

Mu Khabarovsk Gawo ndipo Sakhalin Nivkh moyo. Mwina, ana a anthu akale okhala Sakhalin ndi malire m'munsi wa Amur. Nivkhs chilankhulo Nivkh.

ntchito Main - sitima ndi nsomba. Amagwiritsidwanso zikugwira kuswana galu, kusaka ndi kusonkhanitsa zipatso, zomera ndi nkhono. Iwo ankakhala moyo kuthetsedwa.

Kuphunzira anthu a Russia, kalasi 3 obschebrazovatelnoy sukulu ya dziko lathu anakumana komanso ndi nthano zakale za anthu awa. Tikumbukenso kuti mudziwe za moyo ndi chikhalidwe cha gulu ili mitundu, ife ngongole zambiri za izo lidakalipobe kwa nthaŵi nthano ndi nthano.

Naprmer, ife tinapeza kuti zovala anali kunja kwa mathalauza wake ndi odula, anapanga nsalu kapena nsomba khungu. Zima chomwecho zovala sewn ku ubweya wa agalu, ndi nsapato zakutha kwa nsomba kapena zikopa.

Iwo a Orthodox, koma anasunga amakhulupirira.

Selkup - anthu YANAO

Anthu ochepa kwambiri kumpoto, Selkup ("nkhalango"), amakhala m'dera la Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District. Koma awa si dzina lokha la anthu. Obskie Selkups amadzitcha syisek ("taiga man"), ndi kumwera - kutulutsa ("dziko lapansi").

Ma ethnos ndi amtundu waung'ono ndipo ali ndi zida zambiri za Mongoloid ndi Europoid. Selkups akugwira ntchito yosaka ndi kusodza. Anthu akummwera ankagwira ntchito yolima ndi kusinthanitsa zitsulo, kumtsinje wa kumpoto. M'zaka za m'ma XVII. Chikhristu chinalandiridwa, koma miyambo yachipembedzo ndi maholide anali kusungidwa.