Chilengedwe Geographical. Kodi otchedwa malo Hrs

chilengedwe Geographical - ndi mbali ya chilengedwe zomwe mwachindunji interacts anthu. Ndikofunikira kuti anthu kuthana ndi mavuto kupanga ndi moyo. The zosiyanasiyana komwe kuli chikhalidwe, mwachibadwa anagawa ntchito anthu. Iye anachita kusaka ndi kupha nsomba, ulimi nyama, migodi, etc. Features kuti ali zachilengedwe chilengedwe, kupereka malangizo omveka a zochita za anthu. Zitsanzo ndi nthambi zina za ulimi, umene zimasiyana ndi dziko ndi dera.

Mbiri ya chitukuko

chilengedwe Geographical ali anatuluka monga chotsatira cha zamoyo wa biosphere dziko lapansi. Komanso pali chitukuko. nthawi yonse anagawa asayansi mu magawo atatu. Woyamba unatha pafupi biliyoni zaka zitatu. Zinali kukhalako kwa zamoyo losavuta. M'mlengalenga mu sitepe yoyamba chilengedwe chirengedwe munali kuchuluka ka ufulu oxygen. Koma nthawi yomweyo panali kwambiri mpweya woipa.

Yachiwiri unatha pafupi faifi handiredi ndi miliyoni makumi asanu ndi awiri zakubadwa. Pakuti iye otsogolera zinthu zamoyo mu njira ya chitukuko ndi mapangidwe envelopu m'mayiko ochuluka lililonse. Nthawi imeneyi, anapeza miyala chiyambi organic, komanso kusintha zikuchokera m'mlengalenga ndi madzi. Zonsezi zinachitika chifukwa cha dzuwa la zomera wobiriwira. Mapeto a imeneyi inali nthawi ya maonekedwe a munthu padziko lapansi.

zaka zikwi makumi anayi zapitazo anayamba otsiriza, nthawi masiku ano chitukuko cha envelopu lawolawo. Panthawi imeneyi, ubale pakati pa munthu ndi chikhalidwe zasintha kwambiri Anthu anayamba mwakhama kulimbikitsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za chilengedwe Hrs, chifukwa popanda iwo sakanakhoza moyo ndi kukhala zina.

Choncho, anthu wabweretsa mtundu watsopano wa nyama ndi zomera. Izo katswiri gawo uncharted ndi chimakankhira nyama ndi zomera zakutchire.

Gawo

Kodi maofesi kupanga chilengedwe Hrs? Amakhala makamaka za gawolo. Ndi malo pamene pali umoyo ndale kapena mtundu maphunziro. gawo tichipeza zigawo izi:

1. malo Geographical. Limangotsatira remoteness dera la ku equator mizati, kukhalapo kwake pa chilumba makamaka, Africa, etc. Ku malo Hrs kumadalira zingapo zochititsa ya Boma (nthaka, nyengo, zinyama, zomera, etc.).
2. Pamwamba zimachititsa chilumbachi. Iwo amakhala ndi digiri ya m'gawo ruggedness, pamaso pa m'mapiri ndi zitunda, pamaso pa otsika ndi zigwa, etc.
3. Chikhalidwe cha nthaka. Iwo akhoza kukhala podzolic ndi m'madambo, ndi mchenga chernozem etc.
4. Matumbo a dziko lapansi. mfundo zimenezi zimaphatikizapo mbali ya kapangidwe miyala ya gawo, komanso pamaso pa izo chuma mchere.

The chigawo chachiwiri cha zinthu nyengo ndi malo m'mayiko ambiri. Pamafunikanso:

- khalidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa dzuwa mphamvu analandira m'dera wapatsidwa;

- nyengo ndi tsiku kusintha kutentha;

- chikhalidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya;

- chinyezi;

- mlingo wa cloudiness;

- pamaso dothi la Madzi oundana ndi;

- mphamvu ndi chitsogozo cha mphepo, etc.

mbali zonse za chilengedwe, zomwe zili mbali ya mfundo nyengo.

Mbali yotsatira ya biosphere a Dziko Lapansi ndi madzi. Mu lingaliro ili zikuphatikizapo mtsinje ndi nyanja, nyanja ndi m'madambo, mchere akasupe ndi pansi. "Munthu m'chilengedwe" dongosolo anayamba mwamphamvu kwambiri. Motero, mbali zambiri za zochita za anthu ndi amadza lalikulu hydrographic ankhanza nyanja, nyanja ndi mitsinje, kutentha awo, panopa, amenewa, etc. zamerzaemost

Mtundu wina maofesi pake chilengedwe Hrs? Ndi nyama ndi zomera. Mbaliyi zamoyo zonse zimene zimakhala m'madzi, m'nthaka ndi pansi. Izi mbalame, nyama, zomera ndi tizilombo.

Kuchokera pa zimene takambiranazi, otchedwa malo Hrs? Izi ndi ya m'madera malo, pamwamba pa chipangizo, mchere, nthaka, madzi, nyengo, ndi nyama ndi zomera mu malo ena a Dziko Lapansi, kumene akukhala ndi akufotokozera gawo lina la anthu.

chilengedwe

Mfundo imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri kwa anthu. matabwa ake ndi onse kwambiri kuposa chilengedwe lawolawo. Kodi m'gulu izo? Pali mitundu ina ya malo - zachilengedwe ndi yokumba.

The woyamba - ndi biosphere. Izi ndi mbali ya moyo wa anthu amoyo onse. The biosphere akuphatikizapo osati kokha akuluakulu a zinyama ndi zomera, komanso onse malo awo. Inde, ubale pakati pa munthu ndi chikhalidwe ndi chotero kuti anthu mowirikiza kuphunzira ndi kusintha gawo koposa. Kuti anthu, zimenezi ndi zabwino zokha. Chitukuko cha chuma, chikhalidwe cha deta, chifukwa mu kukula undoubted chuma komanso zinthu zauzimu anthu. Anthu sangathe kukhala wololera, ngati sanaphunzire kulenga chinachake chatsopano - chinachake chimene sichiri mu dziko.

Mitundu ya chilengedwe kumaphatikizapo malo yokumba. Ndi chirichonse chimene chakhala analengedwa ndi munthuyo. Izi si nkhani zosiyanasiyana, komanso anachokera mwa kuswana ndi ntchito kuweta nyama ndi zomera.

Mtengo wa chilengedwe anamanga anthu, koposa zikuchulukirachulukira chaka chilichonse. Komabe, mphamvu ya chitukuko ichi ndi nkhawa. chakuti boma la chilengedwe chatsika chifukwa cha anthu. Voliyumu ya zonse zinalengedwa mwa munthu, kale kwambiri kuposa kulemera kwa zinthu zamoyo za padziko lapansi.

Ngakhale kuti chilengedwe Hrs anatchula biosphere lonse lozungulira anthu, pa m'gawo lake pali opangidwa zigawo zikuluzikulu mu mawonekedwe a makampani ndi mizinda, misewu, etc. zinthu otere nthawi zambiri amatchedwa chikhalidwe "yachiwiri". Komabe, mawu akuti "chilengedwe" mu mapangano lonse ali ndi tanthauzo losiyana pang'ono. Ilo likukamba chabe kwa biosphere achilengedwe.

mogwirizana otsutsana

patsogolo aliyense zimatheka chifukwa cha kulimbana ndi pa nthawi yomweyo umodzi wa zikuwonjezera vutoli. Mu dziko muli zotsutsana awiri. Ndi chikhalidwe ndi anthu. Aliyense wa asilikali awa awiri, akukhala mwa malamulo yake. Ndipo kotero palibe zodabwitsa mu chakuti m'mbiri yonse ya anthu kulimbana ake ndi chikhalidwe.

Izi zachititsa kuti kusintha kwa zipangizo, amene achoka kwa nkhwangwa pamwala kuti lasers. Nature ndi munthu sizinasinthe akamanena za mgwirizano wawo pa zaka zambiri. mamba ena zitsulo ndi mitundu ya nkhondoyo.

mgwirizano

Man ndi chilengedwe kubwera pamodzi mu ndondomeko ya ulimi wa chuma. Anthu kugonjetsa zachilengedwe, koma likhoza kuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi malamulo ake. Onse malo osiyanasiyana zinthu zachilengedwe akufunika kwa munthu. Popanda iwo sangakwanitse. Ndipo pali zitsanzo zambiri. Nature ndi munthu ndi chimodzi. Kodi zimenezi tingazifotokoze bwanji? chakuti anthu - osati kukhala chikhalidwe. Iwo Biosocial. thupi lake ndife a chilengedwe, ndipo pankhaniyi, wina anamenyedwa pa zingamvekere thanzi lathu.

Nazi zitsanzo zambiri. Nature ndi Man kucheza ndi kupikisana wina ndi mzake mwa kupanga ndi zomangamanga. Komabe, njira iliyonse pali njira kugawa zinthu za anthu chikhalidwe. Choncho, ayenera udzakhazikitsidwe pa ubwenzi wolimba ndi zotsutsana awiriwa.

Choncho, mfundo "chilengedwe" ndi tsogolo la anthu n'zogwirizana. N'chifukwa chake chitukuko cha anthu sayenera kulowerera pa ndondomeko kusanduka mu zonse zomwe zili ndi malo m'mayiko ambiri. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti chikhalidwe ndi mtundu wa thupi zochita kupanga wa munthu. N'chifukwa chake kukhazikitsidwa kwa kupanga likhoza kuwononga chilengedwe, kotero zowononga.

Kufunika kwa njira zamakono

anthu akhoza sasiya chilengedwe chuma. Zimenezi ndi kagayidwe (mphamvu ndi zambiri) pakati pa anthu ndi chikhalidwe. Kodi zimenezi zimachitika? Mu chikhalidwe, pali yaikulu m'zinthu lonse la zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Man complicates m'zinthu awa ndi kuwapanga iwo mosiyana quality. Komanso, anthu polenga zinthu osati za m'chilengedwe. Motero, malingana ndi kuwerengera, chaka chilichonse, asayansi apanga ndi pafupifupi mazana awiri zikwi anali kale analipo mankhwala. Komabe, zomangira, kapena ayi m'gulu zachilengedwe mkombero wa zinthu, kapena kulowa, koma Movutikira.

Kupulumutsa biosphere

State wa chilengedwe umene pa zaka zaposachedwapa ndi kuwononga chilengedwe angathe bwino ndi kupanga kupanga zinyalala ufulu. Kodi izo? Pankhaniyi, kupanga mkombero adzakhala reused zipangizo anatengedwa kuchokera mu chirengedwe. zipangizo zopangira angagwiritsidwe ntchito zitsulo zotha ndi pepala zinyalala, nkhani yakale ya labala, galasi ndi pulasitiki. Chinthu choterocho si yosafuna. N'zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zachilengedwe kwa dziko lathuli.

Zosiyanasiyana za bizinesi yopanga sanali zinyalala ayenera pamodzi kuti akungotaya mmodzi wa iwo anakhala zopangira wina. Apo ayi timapuma mpweya wowonongeka ndi amadwala kupanda madzi oyera. Zonsezi ali kuyambitsa chitukuko cha matenda ambiri mwa anthu.

mavuto geopolitical

Akatswiri ambiri anazindikira chakuti malo boma, kuti ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo za chilengedwe Hrs, n'kofunika kwambiri kuti ziyembekezo chitukuko cha dziko. Zingamvekere malamulo onse (geopolitics) anthu. N'chifukwa chiyani tikutero? zikhoza kuchitika pa maziko a zinachitikira zinachitika, ndiye kuti gawo la boma lililonse ndi amtengo njira. Kumbali ya kufunika ndi mu malo oyamba.

Ndi chilengedwe Hrs, ndiye ndi zigawo zake monga madzi, mpweya lapansi, etc., chikugwirizana ntchito zonse zokhudza anthu. Ndi limodzi ku zinthu izi ndi zolinga zake zauzimu. Ngakhale kalelo anthu ambiri ochuluka Hrs chilengedwe zinthu anali anamangidwa mu udindo wa milungu. Ndipo mpaka pano, chipembedzo akupitiriza zimapezeka mu ndale masiku ano. Izi makamaka kutchulidwa kudziko lachitatu.

Chifukwa chitukuko osauka a m'mayiko ambiri a anthu masiku ano ndi kutsatira chipembedzo ndi dziko miyambo, amene adakali mu masiku akale malinga ndi chilengedwe Hrs malo okhala awo. Izi angauze kuchepa kuti taonera chitukuko Aigupto ndi Indian. A chifukwa cha ndondomekoyi ndi backlog m'madera deta ndale, chikhalidwe ndi chuma.

mgwirizano wa mayiko kuwonjezera ulamuliro Kupititsa ofunitsitsa ndi kukhalapo (pakalibe) zachilengedwe. Choncho, Africa ali ndi kufunika njira kwa chuma cha padziko lonse, komanso US zinthu geopolitical. Waukulu zachilengedwe chuma cha m'deralo - mafuta. Izi chigawo chimodzi cha chilengedwe Hrs Mzimuyo onse mkati ndi achilendo lamulo la United States.

M'mayiko kwambiri otukuka utakwaniritsa mkulu mlingo wa patsogolo luso ndi sayansi. zida zamakono chizathandiza ntchito kothandiza kwambiri zachilengedwe alipo. Zimenezi amachepetsa kudalira wa kampani kwa chilengedwe lawolawo.

M'maiko a kuchuluka kwa anthu World Chachitatu kuposa chitukuko cha patsogolo luso. N'chifukwa chake moyo wa anthu m'mayiko amenewa kwambiri anakhudzidwa ndi malo m'mayiko ambiri. N'zosadabwitsa kuti masoka achilengedwe m'mayiko amenewa kunyamula ambiri moyo. Ichi ndi chifukwa sungathe kupanga yake kulosera za masoka achilengedwe amene adafuna kanthu kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu amene.

Vuto la njala

Chibwenzi, dziko anasonkhanitsa nkhokwe kwambiri chakudya. Komabe, ngakhale, umafa njala padziko miliyoni makumi asanu chaka chilichonse. Ambiri mtheradi wa anthu osowa zakudya amakhala m'mayiko mu Africa, Asia ndi Latin America. Izi mayiko World Chachitatu, amene chuma yodziwika ndi ntchito yamanja ndi wosazindikira luso achikale. Chifukwa motere m'munsi ndi nzeru za anthu awa moyo limati. Iwo akadali kudalira malo m'mayiko ambirimbiri ndiponso kukula kwa zinthu zake.

Udindo wa chikhalidwe cha anthu lero

Kuyambira zonse tatchulazi mapeto akhoza wasenza munthu ndi chilengedwe mulibe kukhala pa ubwenzi wabwino, monga mwa nthawi yapita. Ntchito ya biosphere mu chitukuko cha kulikonse utachepa pa siteji pano. Ichi chinapangidwira zikomo zotheka kupita patsogolo mu kusintha sayansi ndi luso.

Koma nthawi yomweyo pali chiyanjano cha ndale, zachuma ndi geopolitics wa mayiko kupezeka kwa chuma mchere. Pakalibe zofunika kwa kupanga anthu magulu ntchito chigawo kufunafuna iwo mu malo ena, nthawi zina njira aukali. Kuwonjezera zofunika kwambiri populata wa khalidwe mpweya, madzi ndi nthaka yachonde. Mfundo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti udindo wa chilengedwe lawolawo ku chitukuko cha anthu Zatsala imodzi yofunika kwambiri. Ndipo sanali kuzindikira mfundo imeneyi akhoza kukhala chifukwa cha tsoka zachilengedwe.

chilengedwe Geographical ndi thanzi la munthu

Chikhalidwe cha matupi athu kwambiri anakhudzidwa ndi madzi ndi chakudya. zigawo izi ndi khalidwe osiyanasiyana malingana ndi malo awo. Ichi ndi chifukwa kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka mwa iwo a ena zinthu mankhwala. Chakudya ndi madzi zabwino kwenikweni chifukwa matenda ena, zimachitika mu zigawo ziwalo. Mwachitsanzo, anthu okhala mu maiko Baltic, Finland, Germany, komanso madera kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia, wotaya chinthu mankhwala, monga selenium. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuwonongeka kwa minofu mtima ndi zosayembekezereka wa infarction m'mnyewa wamtima.

Aliyense akudziwa zotsatira wathanzi amene ali pa anthu chikhalidwe cha Crimea. Ichi ndi chifukwa osati nyengo yabwino, musadandaule wa nyanja ndi mpweya ionization. mfundo ndi yakuti mu dothi ambiri a Crimea chilumba lifiyamu. mchitidwe uwu ali zotsatira zopindulitsa pa mantha dongosolo anthu, kuchotsa katundu maganizo.

Anthu okhala m'madera dothi ndi cadmium muyeso, nthawi zambiri amadwala matenda aimpso. Iwo yafupika kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni mu thupi, ndi malignancies wamba.

Ngati thupi la munthu pali zili bwino cadmium ndi kutsogolera, mfundo umboni za poyizoni ubongo. Asayansi anapeza kuti m'madera dothi osauka cobalt, njira zoipa zikuchitika mu thupi la nyama zonse. Ng'ombe wotaya katunduyo, kuonda. Iwo adzagwa degreased ubweya ndi mkaka.

Pamene pali malo dera limene akusowa ayodini, mmodzi wa matenda ambiri anthu kukhala kuderako Chotupa chija. kudwala uyu, nayenso amakhala chifukwa cha matenda ndi ntchito m'thupi la chithokomiro England. The mbewu ambiri mu North America ndi ku Central Asia, mitengo Chibelarusi ndi Holland. matenda odziwika mano monga caries ndi fluorosis, kukhala chinthu fupa wovulala. Woyamba akuoneka pa chosowa chakudya ndi madzi fluorine, ndi zina - ndi owonjezera mchitidwe uwu.

Ndi chodziwa zili faifi tambala m'nthaka (Yuzhnyy Ural, Kazakhstan ndi ena.) Munthu ali ndi mkwiyo zaminyewa ndi kuwononga diso diso. Kupanda molybdenum (Florida, New Zealand, Australia) zimapangitsa zipolowe za kagayidwe asafe.

A kungasokoneze thanzi la munthu ndi kuipitsa malo ake apadera okhala. Angaononge chamoyo mpweya wathu monoxide mpweya popangidwa ndi kuyaka chosakwanira mafuta ndi malasha. Ake "ogulitsa" chachikulu ndi mafuta ayenga ndi mphero zitsulo, komanso zamtengatenga. Munthu amadwala zitsulo anasonkhanitsa pamodzi misewu. Zikuphatikizapo patsogolo, amene amapereka hemoglobin kaphatikizidwe, ubongo ndi impso. Faifi tambala cadmium ndipo amathandiza kuti zikamera a khansa.