Cultural ndi chiyani? Communication Cultural Studies ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi

Nditawerenga nkhani imeneyi, mudzaphunzila zimene maphunziro chikhalidwe kuti amasanthula sayansi, amene kusiyana ndi mitundu ndi zimene ena amalanga izo interacts. Zonsezi tiona mwatsatanetsatane. Choyamba m'pofunika kudziwa kuti ndi n'kofunika kuti timasamala ndi zosiyana. Cultural - mawu anapanga ku mawu akale: "cultura" (Latin, likumasuliridwa kuti "kulima") ndi "Logos" (Greek, "chiphunzitso"). Iwo likukhalira kuti sayansi ya chikhalidwe. Komabe, si kosavuta monga izo zikuwoneka pa koyamba. Mawu "chikhalidwe" ali ndi matanthauzo angapo. Izi ziyenera kuonedwa kuti kupereka zonse za funso lakuti: "Kodi maphunziro chikhalidwe Kodi"

chikhalidwe ndi chiani?

Mu "Dictionary" Adelunga 1793 lingaliro ili ndi kukulitsa makhalidwe onse abwino ndi ozindikira za anthu kapena munthu. J. woweta anamupatsa angapo makhalidwe osiyana. Ena mwa iwo ndi luso kufufuza m'mayiko ena, ziweto; chitukuko cha malonda, ntchito zamanja, luso losiyanasiyana sayansi, ndipo ena zisudzo woweta zambiri lifanane ndi maganizo Kant a., amataya bwino chikhalidwe ndi chitukuko cha m'maganizo. Kant ankakhulupirira kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtendere wa chilengedwe chonse ndi cholinga chachikulu anafuna ndi anthu a.

National ndi Culture World

Culture ndi dongosolo multilevel. Iwo akhoza lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika pamodzi nthandala. Kutalikirana, malingana ichi, dziko ndi dziko chikhalidwe. dziko ndi kaphatikizidwe mwa zinthu zabwino za zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana mitundu ndi anthu okhala lathuli.

National nawonso, ndi kaphatikizidwe chikhalidwe cha a moyo, makalasi ndi magulu a anthu. m'maganizo ake, m'maganizo ndi wapadera akuwonekera onse mu dziko la mizimu (chilankhulo, chipembedzo, kuimba mabuku), ndi chuma (mwambo wa ulimi ndi ntchito, makamaka oyeretsa).

chikhalidwe auzimu ndiponso akuthupi

Culture amadziwikanso ogaŵikana genera ndi mitundu. Maziko mugawo ili - zosiyanasiyana zochitika za anthu. Pali chikhalidwe auzimu ndiponso akuthupi. Komabe, mugawo ili zambiri zongopeka, kuyambira kwenikweni iwo vzaimopronikaemy ndi n'zogwirizana. Akatswiri ena chikhalidwe amakhulupirira kuti mitundu ina ya chikhalidwe ikukhudzana okha zinthu zosayenera ndipo wauzimu. Iwo kusinthitsa dongosolo zake zonse. Izi zokongoletsa, zachilengedwe, ndale, chikhalidwe zachuma.

Culture ndi umunthu

Culture ali mbiri n'zogwirizana ndi umunthu, monga maziko ake - muyeso wa chitukuko anthu. Ngakhale asayansi atulukira kapena patsogolo zamakono musati kudziŵitsa mlingo chikhalidwe cha anthu, ngati pali anthu. Choncho, humanization wa anthu ndi muyeso wake. Cholinga cha chikhalidwe tinganene kuti onse chonse chitukuko cha munthu.

ntchito chikhalidwe

Iwo anali kumeneko kwambiri, tikungotchula okha akuluakulu. The Ntchito yaikulu ndi a anthu kapena munthu kulenga. zinthu zina zonse tikuyesera cokhudzana ndi zamizimu. Inu mukanakhoza kunena kuti iwo amapeza izo.

Ntchito yofunika kwambiri chikhalidwe ndi kulanda zinachitikira chikhalidwe. Limatchedwanso zambiri, kapena ntchito ya kupitiriza mbiri. Culture ndi zovuta chizindikiro dongosolo - limagwirira yokha imene zinachitikira chikhalidwe anthu wadutsa kuchokera ku boma wina ndi mzake, kwa zaka ndi zaka, ku mibadwomibadwo. Iwo N'zosadabwitsa zikutchedwa kukumbukira chikhalidwe cha anthu onse. Ngati kupitiriza wasweka, mibadwo zatsopano likupita kufa kukumbukira chikhalidwe.

Ntchito inanso yofunika chikhalidwe - epistemological (chidziwitso). nchito imeneyi ndi yogwirizana woyamba. Culture tikunena zinachitikira mibadwo yambiri, wambirimbiri chidziwitso cha dziko ndipo potero kulenga zinthu yabwino kwa chitukuko ndi cognition.

Zolimbana (zolimbana) Ntchito chokhudzana ndi tanthauzo la mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maphwando ndi zinthu payekha ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Culture Imalimbikitsa munthu tsiku ndi tsiku, ntchito, kukhala bwino lotha. Ndi nthawi zochita ndi khalidwe la anthu, ndipo ngakhale zosiyanasiyana makhalidwe auzimu ndiponso akuthupi. Tikumbukenso kuti ntchito zolimbana zachokera lamulo ndi makhalidwe monga pa dongosolo zolimbana.

Chizindikiro (semiotic) - Ntchito inanso yofunika kwambiri. Culture - dongosolo chizindikiro. Iwo kumapereka lingaliro chidziwitso cha izo, pamwamba. Kuchidziwa zikayenda ake N'zosatheka kuphunzira kachitidwe chizindikiro.

Axiological (amatsogoza) Ntchito ndi yofunika kwambiri komanso. Culture ndi dongosolo la makhalidwe abwino. Ndipamene anthu ena axiological lathu ndi maganizo. Malinga ndi msinkhu wawo khalidwe ndi ife nthawi zambiri adzaweruza anthu a chikhalidwe. Wanzeru ndi makhalidwe zili zambiri ndi muyezo kuwunika.

Zikamera wa maphunziro chikhalidwe

Tikumbukenso kuti maganizo "maphunziro chikhalidwe" anaonekera ndi posachedwapa, mu mochedwa 19 - m'ma 20. Akatswiri ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito limodzi ndi n'chimodzimodzi. Mwachitsanzo, E. B. Taylor, English KATSWIRI ndi ethnographer, anapereka udindo zotsatirazi chaputala choyamba cha buku lake, wolembedwa mu 1871 ( "Culture wosazindikira"): ". The sayansi ya chikhalidwe" A V. F. Ostvald, ndi German katswiri wa nzeru za sayansi ndi zamankhwala, mu 1915 "sayansi dongosolo" akufuna kuitana ya kafukufuku ndi chidziwitso makampani njira ya ntchito kuti ali makamaka anthu, "maphunziro chikhalidwe" kapena "sayansi ya chitukuko."

sayansi Izi mbiri yake yochepa wopyoza magawo angapo mu mapangidwe ake ndi chitukuko. Mbiri ya maphunziro chikhalidwe tingadziwe kukhazikitsidwa kwa chiwerengero cha likuyandikira. Komanso anatsindika zitsanzo zambiri zosiyanasiyana. Lero tikudziwa njira zitatu kudzera amene sayansi anatsimikiza ndi maphunziro chikhalidwe. Mwachidule, longosolani aliyense wa iwo.

njira zitatu

Choyamba, akonzedwa a amalanga kuti kuphunzira chikhalidwe. Kachiwiri, ndi gawo lapadera la amalanga umoyo-anthu. Choncho, sayansi ndi kuphunzira chikhalidwe zachokera njira zawo (mwachitsanzo, nzeru za nzeru za chikhalidwe). Chachitatu, ndi wodziimira sayansi chilango, amene ali mikhalidwe yapadera.

Tidzakhalanso kulingalira za phunziro ndi chinthu maphunziro chikhalidwe pamalo a kufupi masika.

Chinthu ndi phunziro la Cultural Studies

Chinthu sayansi - mndandanda wa njira khalidwe yeniyeni ndi zochitika zenizeni, mu mbali yake yaikulu, chikhalidwe wamkati, malamulo a chitukuko ndi kugwira ntchito kwa zayamba osiyana ndi zinthu zina za choonadi ichi. Nkhani chidwi anasonyeza asayansi mu kuphunzira dera zenizeni. Zikuonekeratu kuti chikhalidwe akhale mutu ndi chinthu kuphunzira. Monga chinthu amaona m'njira waukulu mawu. Mmene ichi, nthawi zambiri limanenedwa ngati ya njira zosiyana ndi zimene anthu, omwe opatsirana ku mibadwomibadwo vnebiologicheski (by maphunziro ndi maphunziro). chinthu ichi ndi chibadidwe maphunziro chikhalidwe, osati kwa iye komanso sayansi zothandiza anthu ndi zaumunthu.

Monga phunziro, ndiye mabuku Russian pali 2 kaganizidwe ka anthu. Choyamba n'chakuti chikhalidwe "m'lingaliro yopapatiza mawu." Research chidwi Pankhaniyi walangizidwa zotsatirazi mbali ambiri a zochita za anthu:

- wophiphiritsa, semiotic system (BA Uspensky, Yu M. Lotman.);

- kugwirizana pakati pa zida ndi luntha kuchitira zinthu limodzi, ndiye mchikhalidwe societal (A. Ya Flier.);

- akonzedwa matanthauzo ndi mfundo (AA Radugin, NS Chavchavadze).

Maganizo chachiwiri chikukhudza Sukulu Leningrad (Ikonnikova, Kagan, Bol'shakov neri Al.). Malinga ndi iye, maphunziro chikhalidwe ndi zofunika kuphunzira chikhalidwe si monga zofunika kuganizira amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira zosiyanasiyana. Nkofunika kwambiri kuona kuti dongosolo lonse.

Model (mitundu) Studies Cultural

Tikumbukenso kuti n'kovuta kudziŵa chinthucho ndi chinthu akuphunzira maphunziro chikhalidwe uka kwa kulunjika chikhalidwe, ndiwo ulalo pakati pa mwamuna ndi dziko momuzungulira. Komanso, ndi wapadera kuli chibadidwe chikhalidwe ndi munthu. Choncho, tingathe kuphunzira m'njira zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana. Today pali zitsanzo zambiri za maphunziro chikhalidwe, koma sayansi umodzi sanabadwe analenga. zitsanzo zimenezi n'zochokera mosiyana ndi njira mu kuphunzira chikhalidwe. Iwo akhoza langokhala mitundu zofunika zochepa. Aliyense wa iwo akulankhula nkhani yeniyeni ya maphunziro chikhalidwe. Mwachidule mufotokozere aliyense wa iwo.

nzeru Cultural amasonyeza akamanena za chikhalidwe, momwe kumasiyana ndi chikhalidwe. Ntchito yaikulu ndi kufotokoza ndi kumvetsa izo mwa kupenda zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi wamba izo. Chinthu kuphunzira chitsanzo ichi ndicho ntchito, ntchito ndi kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe mu moyo wa anthu ndipo munthu. Komanso, limamutchula zinthu za zamoyo chikhalidwe. Pomaliza, chitsanzo cimaonetsa zifukwa kulemera kwake ndi mavuto, zokwera ndi zotsika.

ndi maphunziro mbiri chikhalidwe chiyani? N'kosavuta kwa ndikuganiza kuti amatipatsa chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe makamaka pa nthaŵi inayake m'mbiri. Komabe, nkhani nkhani yake penapake zambiri. Ndi dera, dziko, padziko lonse chikhalidwe kapena ofanana kwa nyengo yeniyeni. pempheroli limati zoona, limafotokoza mawonetseredwe ake ndi zochitika mu izo, pamene kugogomeza zomwe kwambiri anthu. Awa ndi ntchito yaikulu ya maphunziro mbiri chikhalidwe.

Tafotokoza si zitsanzo zonse (mitundu). Kuti amaphunzira chikhalidwe maphunziro Chaanthu? Iwo amaona zochitika pa moyo ndi chikhalidwe ndi njira zikuchitika mmadera. chitsanzo ichi Maphunziro a ntchito kwa anthu mu chikhalidwe wonse. Koma si zokhazo. Cultural Studies zolinga sociological monga kuphunzira subcultures payekha.

Ife chitani tione chitsanzo lotsatira. M'pofunika kudziwa, ndi kuti maphunziro psychoanalytic maphunziro chikhalidwe. Iwo ikufotokoza vuto la umunthu, omwe amachita ngati ogula ndi mlengi wa kupambana wa chitukuko. nkhani zake ndi makhalidwe munthu mgwirizano munthu chikhalidwe, ndi wapadera makhalidwe ake auzimu.

Ethnological (yosiyanasiyana) maphunziro chikhalidwe amafufuza miyambo ndi, miyambo, zikhulupiriro ndi nthano. Komanso, iye ali ndi chidwi njira chisanadze mafakitale moyo, magulu a mmudzi komanso anthu chachikale chinkawavuta.

Cultural philological akhala akuphunzira chikhalidwe dziko kupyolera nthano mabuku ndi chinenero.

Ife kufotokoza yekha mitundu amafotokoza kapena chitsanzo. Funso: "Kodi maphunziro chikhalidwe?" ife anayankha. Ife ndikuuzeni inu tsopano, ndi ena amalanga ndi sayansi kuti interacts.

Mogwirizana ndi khalidwe umoyo-zothandiza anthu

Culture amatchedwa "khalidwe". akuti ili Democritus, akale Greek nzeru za anthu. Culture si tinatengera mwa zamoyo kokha mwa maphunziro, maphunziro, kumayambiriro kwa izo. Taganizirani mmene zinthu za sayansi interacts ndi khalidwe ena umoyo-anthu. Onse m'magulu awiri otsatirawa:

- onse chinthu sayansi amene allocated malinga ndi mtundu wa ntchito apadera (mwachitsanzo, maphunziro, maphunziro achipembedzo, maphunziro luso, sayansi ndale, etc. sayansi zachuma.);

- sayansi ya zinthu ambiri a zochita za anthu (sociological, maganizo, mbiri yakale, ndi ena.).

Kukula kwa maphunziro chikhalidwe kumachitika molumikizana ndi gulu loyamba. Apa ife tiri chidwi sayansi akutumikira monga kuchuluka kwa kaphatikizidwe interdisciplinary. Iye ankadzifunsa zimene ena dongosolo wamba chitukuko angapezeke mu ndale, zachuma, chipembedzo ndi mitundu ina ya ntchito. Kudzera mogwirizana ndi gulu lachiwiri ndi allocated yeniyeni njira chikhalidwe amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito mwa aliyense wa zaumunthu ndi mbiri chikhalidwe.

Mogwirizana ndi mbiriyakale, ethnography zinthu zakale ndi nzeru

Lambulani ubale wa sayansi ndi mbiri. Ngakhale buku lina mbiri chokwanira popanda nkhani ya zinthu zofunika chikhalidwe cha nthawi, za moyo chikhalidwe cha anthu. Komanso, timasamala ndi sayansi nkhawa ndi ethnography, ndi chinkhoswe mu kafukufuku wa makhalidwe chikhalidwe ndi banja amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Archaeology zinthu amakhalabe moyo wa munthu Kuphunzira mbiri ya anthu. Koma zomwe chikhalidwe - makhalidwe auzimu ndiponso akuthupi.

njira m'mabwinja kulola kuphunzira zomwe a anthu osiyanasiyana ndi Nthawi. Philosophy ndi anafotokozanso kuti maphunziro chikhalidwe. Ndi chida cha chidziwitso, wanyanga, kutanthauzira, ntchito chiphunzitso chake. maphunziro chikhalidwe, komanso maphunziro ena a sayansi, nzeru chofunika, zimene nthambi zonse za nzeru. Kumathandiza kumvetsa akamanena za chitukuko, kupenda kampani ndi mlingo wa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe ku njira zina.

Kotero ife anatsegula mutu chimenecho. Pomaliza, kuwonjezera kuti lero mwachangu osauka maphunziro chikhalidwe. Mayunivesite kupereka chophunzitsa ophunzira ku dera limeneli. Ngakhale akatswiri a kufunika nazo, nenani, mu dera azachuma, anthu ambiri akamaliza sukulu ya sekondale tiganizire malangizo a "maphunziro chikhalidwe" ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri.