Wosazindikira Culture. Features chikhalidwe wosazindikira

Wosazindikira Culture ndi mtundu amakezana a chitukuko imalongosola moyo wa anthu mbiri. Ngakhale kuti akatswiri a masiku ano ndi zakale zosiyanasiyana zomwe kulola kudziwa deti limeneli ndi maonekedwe awo, komabe sangathe kudziwa nthawi chimango cha kuli caveman a. Kodi kudziwika ndi chi imatengedwa motalikitsa, kuyambira mafuko ena amakhalabe mu dongosolo loyenera. Iwo ali ofala Africa ndi South America.

mankhwala

Mwa chidziwitso chonse ntchito mankhwala, oddly mokwanira, anali malo oyamba kumene caveman anafotokoza wake. Titha ndi m'mbale thanthwe, lomwe akamachita nyama zosiyanasiyana ndi kapangidwe ka thupi, mafupa, malo a ziwalo ndi zina zotero. Mu ndondomeko ya kuweta ng'ombe kudziwa zimenezi ntchito mankhwala kapena Mwachitsanzo, pamene kuphika.

Pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala cholinga konzanso wa anthu, pali chikhalidwe cha munthu wosazindikira saloledwa kuchita izi mpaka Mesolithic. m'manda wakale amasonyeza kuti ngakhale pa nthawi imeneyo ndi mwayi ntchito gypsum kapena nthambi amputation. Kumene, munthu anapulumuka. Koma anthu akale sanathe amanena zimenezi kuti zivundi chabe, mankhwala ankaoneka kuti chinachake Mulungu. Choncho, madokotala onse anawerengedwa pakati pa oyera, iwo anakhala asing'anga ndi maula kutulutsa mitundu yonse ya ubwino ndi ulemu.

masamu

Pamene lothandiza wa Paleolithic cavemen anayamba kutenga nzeru masamu. Iwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga kapena kufalitsa nsoka wa maudindo. Umboni wa zimenezi ndi Mwachitsanzo, zopezeka mu chimene tsopano ndi Czech Republic mkondo, amene ali notches 20, anagawira mofanana m'magulu 4. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu ali kale adzatha kuchita ndi odziwa kwambiri.

Mu Neolithic mbiri isanayambe chikhalidwe cha mtendere Polemeretsedwa ndi nzeru zina - Masamu. munthu woyamba atamukoka pa miyala kapena zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana kanjedza. Iye ndiye atuluka kuti amange nyumba zokhalamo zonse akalumikidzidwa zojambula. Ndithu, Uyu ndi ubwino chitonthozo cha tsiku ndi tsiku.

nthano

Bodza mu chikhalidwe wosazindikira wakhala ndi njira yakumvetsetsa dziko, ndipo ngati sizimawoneka, ndi chodziwikiratu kuti munthu akhoza kukula kwa pamwamba chi chikhalidwe. kanthu, masoka kapena nyengo, si anazindikira mwa anthu mu dongosolo la zinthu, zonse zikuchitika anali wa apamtima zamatsenga. Kunali kosatheka kufotokozera Mwachitsanzo, mvula mfundo za sayansi view, ngati iye anapita, ndiye ndinkafuna chokhalapo chapamwamba.

Nthano anali chinthu chinachake chapadera munthu wosazindikira. Thandizo lawo iye amakhoza kupita ku mlingo lotsatira. Nthano zakale panali zinthu zingapo:

• Mfundo yoyamba anathandiza anthu kuti mulimbane ndi chiwerengero cha zochitika kunja, ndipo zinalengedwa mayanjano zomveka chabe.
• Mythology akanakhoza kutsimikizira pakutchulidwa pomwepo.
• Nthano musati zimangochitika. Iwo analemba pamaziko a maganizo, nyengo, zachilengedwe, ndi malamulo ena aliwonse.
• Mythology adutsa pansi ku mibadwomibadwo, zinali ngati chiphunzitso cha makolo, amene anathandiza kuti tipulumuke, kulenga chitonthozo kapena kupeza chakudya. Choncho, sitinganene kuti cholengedwa payekha, aliyense nthano anaonekera chifukwa cha zinachitikira gulu limodzi la anthu ammudzi achikale.
• Nthano chinathandiza mawu, wosati wopanda pawo panali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya luso.

Pang'onopang'ono caveman nachokapo ku nthano, ndiyeno zikhulupiriro chipembedzo choyamba. Poyamba, iwo anali ofanana ndi mzake, ndiye koposa payekha.

Species zipembedzo wosazindikira

mbali zonse za chikhalidwe wosazindikira sulingana okha zikhulupiriro. Patapita nthawi, mafuko apeze zofunika kuchuluka kwa zimene akudziwa, kuti asamukire ku siteji latsopano limene lili mu mapangidwe a zipembedzo, yoyamba kale anali mu Paleolithic. Zina mwa zinthu zimene zinachitikira anthu aphunzira kufotokoza, koma ena anali kufukizabe ndi kuvala iwo khalidwe zamatsenga. Ndiye pali kukhulupirira kuti mphamvu ya Umulungu idzagwira kwambiri zotsatira za kusaka kapena zinthu zina zofunika.

chikhalidwe wosazindikira limapangidwa zipembedzo zingapo akuimira mu tebulo pansipa.

Pambuyo pawo, pali kukhulupirira animism. Malinga ndi iye munthuyo anali moyo wake. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, iye inawuluka kuchokamo pofunafuna latsopano "chidebe". Iye akhapidziwa kuti nthawi zambiri mbasowa chipolopolo, kenako anayamba kumvutitsa achibale a munthu wakufayo monga mzimu wa.

Animism, tikhoza kunena, ndi makolo a zipembedzo masiku ano, chifukwa pali kale limapezeka pa moyo wina pambuyo, mulungu aliyense amene amalamulira anthu onse monga chipolopolo ndipo popanda iwo, komanso woyamba mwambo wa maliro. Ndi ndi chikhulupiriro ichi anapita mwambo osati kusiya achibale akufa ndiponso kulowa nawo ulemu ndi onse.

Zoyambira za luso la zolembalemba

Ngati tikambirana chotero zikuluzikulu nyengo, monga chikhalidwe wosazindikira, mwachidule, kudzakhala kovuta kukhala mutu wa mabuku a nthawi. Maonekedwe a ntchito woyamba sanathe atathana, chifukwa panalibe chinenero. Ndipo pali nkhani zosiyanasiyana kapena nthano si chatsimikiziridwirapo mwasayansi.

Komabe, ngati inu mutayang'ana pa zojambula phanga, zikuoneka kuti anthu kumvetsa bwino zimene iye akufuna kuuza ana awo. Chotero, panali ena nthano chisanadze mutu wake. Akukhulupirira kuti zoyambira za luso la zolembalemba anaonekera mu nthawi ya mbiri isanayambe. Kokha kupyolera nkhani m'kamwa anakwanitsa apambane kapena nthano kwa m'badwo wotsatira.

Zooneka zaluso

Wosazindikira luso chikhalidwe ali kusanduka mofulumira kwambiri. Komanso, kufunika kwake kunali kuposa mu nthawi ino. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti anthu ndiye sakanatha kulemba ndi kufotokoza zonse zimene iye akuganiza mawu. Choncho, n'zotheka okha kulankhulana akanatha zabwino zokha zaluso. Mothandizidwa ndi mzimuwo, ndi njira, panali zosiyanasiyana zokambirana, kuphatikizapo masamu ndi mankhwala.

Zikuoneka kuti chikhalidwe wosazindikira sanatenge zithunzi monga luso. Ndi thandizo lawo, anthu Mwachitsanzo, akhoza kulandira madalitso a totem nyama yake, chosonyeza m'makomo mwawo. Iwo sanali taonera mbali ya dongosolo kukongoletsa, ndipo iwo okha kuphunzitsa, n'kuuza chikhulupiriro chawo ndi zina zotero.

M'madera wosazindikira nthawi zambiri ankafotokoza nyama. anthu zotsatirazi pa pamalo osiyana nyama kapena zigawo zawo. Mfundo ndi kuti moyo wa nthawiyo chinali kusaka. Ndipo ngati Anthuwa m'dera anasiya kubweretsa masewera, ndi chodziwikiratu kuti munthu akhale ndi moyo.

Pali mbali ina ya luso thanthwe. ojambula zithunzi akale sanaone kufanana. Iwo akhoza kujambula yaikulu chinkhoma, pafupi ndi amene ali chintchito ting'onoting'ono. Kumvetsa kufanana inatulutsidwa mochedwa kwambiri ndipo anthu wosazindikira. Komanso, nyama sanatchulidwe chiliri, nthawi zonse zoyenda (akuthamanga kapena akuthamanga).

Zikamera wa osema

kupambana onse a chikhalidwe wosazindikira tinganene kuti kochepa poyerekeza chakuti ife anatha kukhala osema. Anthu a nthaŵi imeneyo zinthu pamodzi, ngati iwo ali chinachake, ndipo aphunzitsa, iwo sakanakhoza kupita pa mkulu mlingo akatswiri. Koma ndi chiyambi cha ulimi zasintha panali amisiri amene moyo wake onse omwe akumenya Ngati munthu makamaka, honing luso. Choncho, ena chochekera Kuzipeka yotengedwa masewera chachiwiri, ena zomera wamkulu ankapatsidwa wachinayi ndi zina zotero.

Pang'onopang'ono, anthu adatoma kunyerezera pya Polankhula. ammudzi anayamba mawonekedwe osati monga kale, chifukwa chakuti magazi anali muyezo waukulu okhala. Alimi anasiya nthaka kumene chonde, mikono opanga - pafupi quarries wosazindikira kapena mabomba, oumba - amphamvu dongo. Alenje komanso sanakhale konse mu malo, anasamukira, malingana migrations nyama.

Aliyense wa Ayuda amenewa, chimene ulibe, anthu anayamba kusintha zinthu zosiyana. Mmodzi anapereka mbale kapena zithumwa totem, m'malo kupeza masamba, ena anasintha mfuti zawo pa nyama. M'kupita kwa nthawi, izi ndi zimene zinachititsa mapangidwe m'mizinda, ndipo kenako - zonse za m'mayiko.

periodization

Onse anthu wosazindikira lagawidwa nthawi zingapo. Izi zimachitika pa maziko a zipangizo ntchito popanga zida nthawi iliyonse. Woyamba ndi yaitali ndi zaka mwala. Iwo, amapatsidwa anagawa mu magawo angapo: Paleolithic, Mesolithic ndi Neolithic. Panthawi imeneyi, anthu kukhala, zojambulajambula, nthano, opangidwa ndi zipangizo bwino kuyambika.

Pambuyo chitukuko cha zitsulo zinachitika, chikhalidwe makamaka wosazindikira akhala akukonza ndi kusintha kwambiri. Anatulukira zamkuwa akuyamba eneolit kapena zikope mednokamenny. Tsopano anthu kuphunzira zamanja ndi kugawana, monga zochizira zitsulo m'pofunika kudziŵa kuti panali anthu okhawo amene anali ndi nthawi yokwanira yoti akhale ndi luso lawo.

Pambuyo kutsegula mkuwa mkuwa, zomwe kwenikweni displaces mkuwa yomweyo monga kwambiri firmer. Kunadza Mkuwa Age. Pali mtundu woyamba kumene pali kusiyana mu makalasi, koma simungathe amanena kuti izo sizinachitike kale. Komanso padziko nthawi imeneyi kupanga mizinda yoyamba ndi States.

Anatulukira chitsulo ndi zaka chitsulo katundu kumachitika. Osati mabanja onse a nthawi imeneyo zinali ndi pokonza zitsulo anati, choncho m'madera ena kupita kutali mu chitukuko. Komanso, kunali kosatheka kuyitana nyengo wosazindikira, latsopano, koma osati onse States anatha nawo.

Tikumbukenso kuti panthawi iliyonse ya nthawi amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo kupanga. maina awo zimapezeka kokha malinga ndi predominance ya zipangizo zopangira ntchito.

maganizo okhudza Taylor wosazindikira chikhalidwe

Great chopereka chidziwitso pano, anayambitsa English ethnographer, amene anali ndi chidwi kwambiri chikhalidwe achikale. Teylor E. B. lofalitsidwa buku limene limafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane zonse maganizo ake, kumene, kutsimikizira mfundo zawo. Mwachitsanzo, iye anali mmodzi wa oyamba lozani chakuti anthu a nthawi zayambika pang'onopang'ono zifukwa yosavuta. Ndi pakalibe kulembedwa. Anthu, sikunali kotheka kusonkhanitsa ndi popereka mauthenga monga amapangitsa munthu ano. Ndipo aliyense amaphunzira zinthu zatsopano zinachitikira zawo, poyamba pa nthawi m'dziko osiyana kapena dera.

Palinso ena zonena N'chifukwa chake wosakwiya wosazindikira chikhalidwe otukuka. Taylor adafotokoza kuti zimenezi zinachitika osati chifukwa chosowa kulemba. Cavemen aphunzira kukhala chitsanzo chawo nthawi zambiri amapha. Komabe, pambuyo zolakwa wotelo dera lonse amayamba kuzindikira kuti chinachake sangathe chichitike. Choncho, zotsatira pa zomwe chitsanzo decelerates, anthu kungoti mukuopa kuyesa kuchitira mwina.

Akatswiri ambiri sachita nawo chiphunzitso kuti anthu wosazindikira pali kusiyana pa boma likuyendetsera. Komabe, Taylor ndinaganiza mwinamwake. Amene angwiro nzeru zawo mwambo, ali ndi udindo wapadera m'deralo, uyenera kulemekezedwa ndipo nthawi zambiri mphatso kwa servings owonjezera chakudya kapena wabwino ndiponso otetezeka nyumba.

ntchito wotchuka

Ngati ife tione lothandiza monga chikhalidwe wosazindikira, mwachidule, tingachite monga maziko m'dera chilichonse dzikoli. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti poyamba magulu onse amene nthawi anaonekera mu dziko, anayamba chimodzimodzi. Taylor mu "wosazindikira Culture" anafotokoza zinthu zambiri nthawi, ndi mawu onse akutsimikizira, kaya ofukula zinthu zakale wapeza kapena oyambirira zolemba m'nthano.

Malinga Tylor, wosazindikira chikhalidwe masiku ano kwambiri saganizira. Komanso, anthu ambiri masiku ano amakhulupirira kuti nyengo ya anali kuthengo. Izi ndi zoona, koma mwina. Ngati panyengo munthu akulingalira ziri yosema nkhwangwa, amene anathandiza mu kusakasaka yaikuluyi, monga mankhwala a mfiti bumbling, ndi chodziwikiratu kuganiza za zimene zidzachitike, sanachite wakale mlenje mankhwala mmanja mwanu.

Culture wosazindikira nyengo chidwi kafukufuku. Ngakhale kuti asayansi ambiri amanena kuti tcheru kuti wako, pali chiwerengero wopandamalire zinthu sanaidziŵe ndi unproven. Pali mfundo yekha ndi malingaliro. Ndipotu palibe amene anganene motsimikiza kuti kapena kupenta thanthwe bwino amayimira zapadera kapena kanthu. Prehistory ngati_ngati, komanso zinthu zina zambiri kuti simungathe kuzifotokoza lero, ngakhale ndi maganizo amakono wanzeru ndi luso.