Anthu wosazindikira

History lagawidwa zigawo ziwiri: anthu wosazindikira ndi chitukuko. Koyamba siteji ya chitukuko anthu ndi ntchito wosazindikira kuti chimakwirira kutalika kwa nthawi ya zaka zoposa miliyoni, pamene panalibe formations boma, si koma m'chilamulo.

Asanabwere ake, dziko wosazindikira yafika nthawi yaitali zamoyo zinachita njira, imene panali kusintha mu chifaniziro chake yamakolo ndi chuma chipangizo. Pali magawo awiri waukulu wa anthu wosazindikira: choyamba - appropriating chuma, wachiwiri - zipatso chuma. kusinthaku kumachitika panthawi Neolithic (Neolithic Kukwera) mu 8-3 Zakachikwi BC

Gawo loyamba amakhala ndi mapangidwe a munthu monga munthu biosocial. Anthu ntchito zida zosavuta mwala, iwo ankakhala likuvutika kuyenerera mankhwala achilengedwe (kusonkhana, nsomba, kusaka), ankakhala moyo woyendayenda, ogwirizana magulu m'dera motsogozedwa ndi mtsogoleri. Izi mawonekedwe zosavuta moyo ndi gulu chikhalidwe kuwalitsa mlingo wochepa wa chitukuko ubale zipatso, moyo ndi chikhalidwe, wotchedwa wosazindikira gawo kapena mabungwe pachiyambi. Komabe, ngakhale wachisokonezo moyo wamkati wa nkhosa, izo kunachokera woyamba Zamakhalidwe wa anthu wosazindikira, malamulo, mfundo ndi dongosolo khalidwe.

achibadwidwe Natural ndi kuyamba kupereka njira olakwika pa moyo ndi chikhalidwe. Ubale m'gulumo ndi egalitarian. Yogawa chakudya ndi zinthu zina ndi yunifolomu. Maziko a kufanana izi lofanana kuwombola (monga chakudya, zipangizo, ndi akazi, ndi zina zotero). mtsogoleri wa gulu la mphamvu kumaonekera mogwira mtima kwambiri. chifuniro chake amaona ponseponse ng'ombe.

Kuvuta kuwonjezeka ubale chikhalidwe, kusintha mu ubale m'banja (maonekedwe a exogamy, kuwaletsa mabanja pachibale magazi) ndi Neolithic utasintha zinachititsa kuti zikamera a mabanja ndi mtundu. Panali kusintha mu ng'ombe pa dera mafuko, zomwe zinali zochokera zimakhalira pachibale. Anamanga rodoobschinnye ubwenzi zotheka matriliny kapena mfundo patrilineal.

Prehistory pambuyo ulimi Neolithic ndi kulowa wozungulira latsopano. Anthu kupita ku chuma akutulutsa, amene amalola iwo okha kuonetsetsa kupulumuka okha, komanso anayamba purposefully kupereka okha ndi chakudya ndi zinthu zina zofunika kwa moyo. Iwo wakhala chofunika kusintha kwa moyo wongokhala. Pang'onopang'ono, mabanja banja munthu kukhazikitsa ulamuliro pa dera ena. siteji wosazindikira kwasanduka motsimikiza kuti anakulira numerically ndi ofanana ndi makamaka m'dera opanga gulu. Gulu latsopano chikhalidwe zochokera wodzilamulira ndi somoregulyatsii.

Pa nthawi imeneyi chitukuko cha anthu wosazindikira chimatsatira kugawanika yoikika ntchito, yogawa chakudya ndi ukwati. Mfundo za kufanana ndi egalitarianism alipobe. Koma, nthawi yomweyo, kupanga ndi kugawa zathu- kutenga nkhani udindo ndi ntchito ya anthu ake (ndi kugonana, zaka, etc.). Ubwino wa timu wogwidwa ndi mtsogoleri wake. Omuzungulira iye anaikira mamembala gulu, amene pobwezera madalitso anawalola anazindikira mtsogoleri zinachitikadi. Choncho panali chisanadze boma boma.

M'madera onsewo alipo kale malamulo limagwira ntchito ziwalo zonse za gulu lake. mfundo angaperekedwe anali zogwirizana totems, ndi apamaliro m'nthano. Dongosolo la kufalitsa kupanga amakhala malamulo, kulamulira ndondomeko izi zimachitika pa mtsogoleri. Mugone Social yodziwika ndi kudzikonda kusinthasintha: akuthandiza zofuna, zikhulupiriro za chipembedzo ndi ziphunzitso zina phindu. Koma si kukusalani kubwerezabwereza kukakamizidwa mchikhalidwe kuti apanga dziko achikale. Pamene kuyan'anila taboo chigawenga angayambe anakankhidwira kunja kapena pansi imfa.