Mitundu chuma. makhalidwe a

M'kagulu zochitika sayansi wakhala yovuta mokwanira. Kusankha olondola a khalidwe kulekana adzakhala kwakukulukulu kudalira pa n'loonadi wake ndi kupambana. Kusankha mitundu ya zachuma mu njira zamakono sayansi ntchito zizindikiro zosiyana. Popeza njira kwa kaphatikizidwe ndi mapangidwe a kachitidwe ulimi, pali zingapo, ndi classifications adzakhala ndithu kwambiri.

I kwa mitundu ya zamalonda

Kwa mlingo wa abstraction tikaonetsetsa osiyanasiyana zamalonda ndi ntchito yawo inali kuposa pafupi njira yeniyeni zikuchitika mu moyo ndi zachuma, muyenera kuganizira malo amene iwo ali m'magulu.

Malinga ndi mtundu analipo a zachuma kuonetsetsa mitundu ya ndalama komanso malonda ndi mtundu zachilengedwe kuwombola. Ngati ife m'kagulu mitundu ya boma ya chuma mawonekedwe yaikulu ya umwini, zigwire dera, chuma payekha, mitundu wogwilizana ndi anthu kuphatikizapo a ulimi.

Mwa njira zochita ulamuliro zisudzo zachuma kusiyanitsa mitundu zazikulu, onse mu msika chikhalidwe, zinthu zogona. Ndi mtundu ambiri gulu. Kuperekedwa ndi mitundu ya zamalonda ndi chikhalidwe chawo chathunthu chithunzi cha mbali lotsegula la chuma cha zaka ziwiri zapitazi.

Other gulu la mitundu ya zamalonda

Ngati ife kuganizira muyezo wa njira yogawa ndalama, mukhoza kusankha mtundu wa equalization limodzi ndi kufalitsa ndalama malinga ndi dziko, ndi kufalitsa ndalama malinga ndi mfundo za ulimi, kufalitsidwa kwa kuchuluka kwa athandizira ntchito.

Malinga ndi kanthu boma kusiyanitsa free, owolowa manja, chinyumbachi gulu, mtengo womwe ndi kusakaniza mitundu ya chuma. Ndipo malinga ndi muyezo nawo za chuma dziko tingaone momasukirana ndi kutsekedwa kachitidwe.

Malinga ndi digiri ya kukhwima a dongosolo ndi odziwika mu akutulukira, akupangidwa mitundu okhwima ndi wa makhalidwe oipa a boma la chuma.

Machitidwe chikhalidwe gulu

Mu mabuku amakono Western, pali gulu ambiri, muli atatu okha osiyanasiyana zamalonda. Mabuku a K. R. Makkonnella ndi SL Brue olekanitsidwa machitidwe monga chikhalidwe, msika ndi lamulo mtundu wa chuma.

Komabe, m'zaka ziwiri zapitazi mu dziko, anali ambiri mitundu kachitidwe kasamalidwe. Zikuphatikizapo chuma msika ndi ufulu mpikisano (koyera bizinesi), chuma masiku ano msika (bizinesi, free), chikhalidwe ndi dongosolo utsogoleri-lamulo.

The zitsanzo kuperekedwa ndi osiyana zosiyanasiyana kutukula mayiko payekha. Choncho mitundu ya zamalonda ndi chikhalidwe chawo ayenera kuonedwa pamaziko mwa zizindikiro zimenezi.

bizinesi koyera

chuma Market, mpikisano ufulu ali, anapanga m'zaka za m'ma XVIII. ndipo unatha mu zaka zoyambirira za m'ma makumi awiri. Kwambiri ambiri mbali ya dongosolo analowa chuma masiku ano msika.

Maonekedwe osiyana ndi a bizinesi koyera umwini payekha chuma ndalama, limagwirira cha lamulo pa mlingo zazikulu zachokera ufulu mpikisano, ambiri ogula ndi ogulitsa, lomwe paokha m'munda lililonse. Wantchito ndi wazamalonda kumachita ngati wothandizira ofanana malamulo ubale msika.

Mitundu ya chuma msika mpaka zaka mazana makumi awiri anatsimikiza ndi vuto la zachuma ndi mtengo msika. dongosolo inali kusintha kwambiri, kuzolowera zimachitika uziyenda ubale chuma mudziko lonse.

bizinesi zamakono

Panopa msika chuma anatuluka mu m'ma makumi awiri. nyengo ya chitukuko mofulumira kusintha sayansi ndi luso. Nthawi imeneyi, boma anayamba mwakhama kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko.

Planning kuoneka ngati chida cha boma malamulo chuma. Izi mitundu ya Economics limakupatsani mofulumira kusintha kusintha zosowa msika. Kuchokera pa amachita kafukufuku msika ndi kukula ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu, komanso ndi odziŵa madera patsogolo pa STP.

Makampani akuluakulu ndi boma anayamba kuonetsetsa zinthu zambiri chitukuko cha chinthu anthu (maphunziro, umoyo, yothandiza). Boma m'mayiko olemera lero potsogolera mpaka 40% a azimayi bajeti kuti kuziziritsa umphawi. Kupeza Companies amasamala antchito awo, Kupeleka ndalama kwa kusintha kwa kantchito ndi zotchinjiriza moyo kwa antchito awo.

Dongosolo mwambo wa kasamalidwe

M'mayiko chuma zochepa otukuka kusunga dongosolo la ntchito yakalavula gaga ndiponso luso m'mbuyo. Mu mayiko ena awa chimakhala chogwidwa ndi mitundu lachilengedwe limodzi la kufalitsa mankhwala analenga. The mitundu ikuluikulu ya chuma m'mayiko underdeveloped m'munda wa kasamalidwe kumapereka lingaliro la kukhalapo kwa ambiri mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi mafakitale. Izi ya mabizinezi wamba Chotsimikizika. A mbali yaikulu pa chuma cha mayiko awa likulu yachilendo masewero.

Anthu, onyamula dongosolo miyambo chuma zofunika kukonza miyambo, zikhalidwe amakonda kupembedza, Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira magawano ndi zinthu zina kulepheretsa patsogolo sayansi.

State redistributes ndalama dziko kupyolera bajeti. udindo wake ndi wokangalika, lomwe ndi boma allocates ndalama kwa anzawo a zigawo osaukitsitsa wa anthu.

dongosolo Administrative-lamulo

dongosolo lino dongosolo centralized zachuma. ulamuliro wake anawonjezera kale kum'mawa kwa Ulaya, m'mayiko ena Asian komanso mu USSR. dongosolo la zachuma akadali amatchedwa centralized. Iwo amakhala ndi umwini chikhalidwe, zomwe kwenikweni ndi boma, onse chuma chuma, bureaucratization cha chuma, kukonzekera utsogoleri.

Dongosolo centralized zachuma amagwiritsa ntchito akuyendetsa pafupifupi kupanga lonse ku likulu limodzi - mphamvu. State kwathunthu akulamulira kameredwe mankhwala kupanga. Ndi monopolization a m'madera onse a chuma. Chifukwa cha chopinga anaona sayansi ndi luso patsogolo.

Mu dongosolo lino anali zoikamo yake yeniyeni M'zikhulupiriro. Iwo anafotokoza njira wakulera buku ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi zovuta kwambiri kukhulupirira izo molunjika kwa alimi. The Alangizi chapakati anatsimikiza kapangidwe ka zosowa wonse wa anthu. Kuoneratu kusintha zosowa za chotero mwaunyinji sizingatheke. Choncho, kukakomana ndi kochepa kwambiri a iwo.

dongosolo obwerawa zachuma

Mu zinthu ziliri mu dziko zimachokeradi dongosolo lililonse ndi maonekedwe a mtundu umodzi wokha wa bungwe chuma cha boma. Mtundu wa chuma losanganikirana. Iwo amakhala ndi kaphatikizidwe ndi zolimbana udindo wa dziko ndi limakhala wa kudziyimira pawokha ndalama kupanga.

Boma dongosolo lino akuchita ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika, msonkho ndi ndondomeko chikhalidwe. boma amathandiza ogwira mwawomwawo, komanso mankhwala, maphunziro komanso chikhalidwe mabungwe. mfundo za boma umalimbana popewa ulova ndi mavuto. Imalimbikitsa bata ndi kukula chuma.

The downside a dongosolo zokambidwa ndi kupanda zitsanzo chilengedwe chitukuko ndi kukula kwa mipherezero, malinga ndi specificities dziko.

Popeza kuti takambilana panopa, akale ndi amakono mitundu ya zachuma, amatha kusiyanitsa makhalidwe awo zabwino ndi zoipa. Njira imeneyi adzalola kudzatunga mfundo za moyenera lililonse gulu la ntchito za chuma cha boma. Kugwiritsa mbali zabwino mwa aliyense dongosolo, boma bwino kusamalira chuma mu panopa ndi nthawi anakonza.