Chikhazikitso ndi magawo a chitukuko cha nkhondo chikhalidwe

Kukhala m'dziko akhoza kukhala mfulu kwa icho. Mfundo zina mphindi pali zipolowe za zinthu zimene ayenera kuthetsedwa. Ndiye kodi chikhalidwe nkhondo chikhalidwe? Kodi izo zikuyamba ndi zimene agonjetsa? Kaya siteji ya chitukuko cha nkhondo chikhalidwe ndi amadza zabwino? nkhani zonsezi zogwirizana, chifukwa mawonekedwe zimachitika mwanjira bwino kwa aliyense.

Sociology ndi ofanana sayansi

A zambiri asayansi a ukatswiri osiyana kuphunzira mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo. zamaganizo ichi, womwenso m'madera angapo, Anthropology, nzeru, ndi zachuma ndi Chaanthu. Yotsirizira - sayansi mwana, popeza linalandira ufulu kokha m'zaka za m'ma XIX. Ndipo amafufuza zimene zimachitika kwa anthu wamba tsiku lililonse - ndondomeko mogwirizana awo. Mwanjira, mamembala onse a anthu kuti tilankhule wina ndi mnzake. Ndipo popeza kuti ichi chikuchitika, mmene anthu zinthu zinthu zina (ku maganizo a ena) - nkhani opatsa chidwi Chaanthu. Mwa njira, ngakhale mbiri yake yochepa, sayansi umenewu wakhala nthawi yokwanira yoti akhale ndi kukolezera kunja kwa sukulu zingapo ndi mafunde, kuganizira zochitika zosiyanasiyana ndi mfundo ina. Vzlyad maganizo osiyana ndi kulola alili kwambiri kapena zochepa coherent, ngakhale kafukufuku wotereyu ali kupitirirabe, chifukwa anthu akusintha, izo anaona chodabwitsa watsopano, pamene ena ukalamba ndi kuchepa mphamvu.

Mwanjira chikhalidwe

M'dziko nthawi zonse chitani ena ndondomeko zokhudza anthu angapo. Zikuchitika ankachita chikhalidwe kugwirizana ndi mzake. Iwo nthawizonse angapeze zingapo zochititsa:

• ali substantive, ie, ali ndi cholinga ndi chifukwa;
• Iwo anafotokoza kunja, ndiko kuti, zingaoneke ku mbali;
• ali situational ndi mosiyanasiyana zoopseza;
• Pomaliza, amasonyeza kuti zofuna zotengera malingaliridwe kapena zolinga za gulu.

The ndondomeko ya mogwirizana sikuti kuchitika mothandizidwa ndi njira wapakamwa kulankhulana ndi ndi bwino kuganizira. Komanso, ali ndi maganizo chibadidwe zosiyanasiyana, ngakhale kuti nthawi kuonekera. Mwa njira, pano malamulo a sayansi sizikhudza, ndipo aliyense kanthu amakwiya kuyankha ena - amenewa ndi umunthu.

Akatswiri mitundu zitatu za ankachita okhudzidwa: mgwirizano, kapena kugwirizana, mpikisano ndi nkhondo. iwo onse ali ndi ufulu chomwecho adakalipo ndipo zimachitika nthawi zonse, ngakhale ngati ali wosawoneka. Mawonekedwe yamasika zingaoneke mu zosiyanasiyana ndi manambala osiyanasiyana a anthu. Ndipo ngakhale chinkhoswe mu muyezo wina wa sayansi osiyana - Kutsutsana. Ndipotu, mawonekedwe mogwirizana amaoneka mosiyana ndi uthunthu osiyana kwambiri.

mikangano

Ambiri mwina kamodzi pa moyo wanga anawona kukangana ndi mkazi wake, mayi uja ndi mwana kapena wachinyamata amene sakufuna kulankhula kwa makolo awo. Izi chodabwitsa kuti akuphunzira Chaanthu. mikangano Social - ndi digiri apamwamba dissent pakati pa anthu kapena magulu, polimbana ndi zofuna zawo. mawu wabwera mu Chirasha ku Latin, pofunika "kugunda". Kusamvana maganizo zichitike mu njira zosiyana, kukhala zimayambitsa awo, zotsatira, ndi zina zotero. D. Koma zikamera nkhondo chikhalidwe nthawi imayamba ndi zotengera malingaliridwe kapena cholinga siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo la ufulu wina ndi zinthu, amene amayambitsa zotsatira. Zotsutsana alipo nthawi zonse, koma siteji ya chitukuko cha nkhondo chikhalidwe zionekera kokha pamene zinthu poipa.

Chikhazikitso ndi chikhalidwe

Society ndi osiyanasiyana, ndi ubwino amafalitsidwa anthu ake osati mofanana. Kuyambira kale, anthu nthawi zonse anafunafuna njira amayendera kuti zonse zimene anali okongola, koma mpaka zonse zoyesa zimenezi analephera. heterogeneity amenewa ndi nthaka kwambiri kuti ndipamene maziko a nkhondo chikhalidwe pa mlingo zazikulu. Choncho chifukwa chachikulu ndi kutsutsana lakuthwa, chinthu chirichonse kuziluka pa ndodo.

Mosiyana ndi mpikisano kuti angakhale osokonezeka nkhondo, zimene angayambe mawonekedwe ankakwiya, mpaka chiwawa. Ndithudi, izi sikuti kuchitika, koma chiwerengero cha nkhondo, inawomba zachiwawa ndi zitsanzo limasonyeza kuti nthawi zina zikhoza kukhala zoopsa kwambiri.

Gawo

Pali ambiri mitundu ya mikangano yomwe zosiyanasiyana malinga akugwirizana ndi ntchito. The chachikulu ndi kutchulidwa ndi:

• Chiwerengero cha ophunzira: mkati, lotha, intragroup, intergroup, komanso mikangano ndi chilengedwe kunja;
• akukhudza: m'deralo, mayiko, mayiko, padziko lonse,
• Kutalika: zing'onozing'ono yaitali;
• mu muzochitika za moyo ndi maziko a zachuma, zandale, yamakolo, maganizo, banja, zoweta, zauzimu ndiponso makhalidwe abwino, ntchito, malamulo ndi zolimbana;
• chikhalidwe cha yatsoka: padera ndi dala;
• kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana: chiwawa ndi mtendere;
• pa zotsatira za: bwino, zinalephereka, zaphindu ndi zowononga.

N'zachionekere kuti, kuganizira kugunda makamaka, muyenera kukumbukira zonse za zinthu izi. Only ikuthandizani kuunikila ena zobisika, mwachitsanzo obisika zimayambitsa ndi njira, komanso kumvetsa kuti athetse mkangano. Komano, kunyalanyaza ena a iwo, mungaganize mbali zina zambiri.

Ndipotu, akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mikangano zobisika ali ovuta kwambiri. Tacit atasemphana osati zaphindu - zili ngati bomba ndi limagwirira kuchedwa kuti akhoza amaphulika pa mphindi iliyonse. N'chifukwa chake muyenera mwanjira kufotokoza kusiyana ngati: zambiri kusiyana maganizo nthawi zambiri amathandiza kuti zinthu zikuluzikulu, zimene kukwaniritsa magulu onse okhudzidwa.

siteji percolation

Chabe nthawi yovuta distancing kutenga mbali zosemphana ndi kuganiza za chinachake, chifukwa kutsutsana lakuthwa. Komabe, kuonerera pambali, mukuziona gawo lalikulu la mkangano chikhalidwe. Akatswiri osiyana zina zimatulutsa ndi wosiyana chiwerengero cha iwo, koma makamaka iwo amati anayi.

1. Pre-nkhondo boma. Si koma pakokha zipolowe za zokonda, koma zinthu n'kogwiritsa izo, kusiyana nkhani kuoneka ndi kudziunjikira pang'onopang'ono kumawonjezera voteji. Ndiye pali chochitika kapena kanthu kuti akukhala otchedwa choyambitsa, kuti ndi chifukwa kanthu pamwamba.
2. Mwachindunji losemphana. Gawo escalation akugwira kwambiri: zipani zimavuta mu maonekedwe ena ndi ena, kufufuza osati kudzipereka kusakhutira, komanso njira kuthetsa vutolo. Nthawi zina zothetsera zimaperekedwa, nthawi zina atasemphana ndi zowononga. Osati nthawi zonse magulu onse nkhondo ndi kutenga njira yogwira, koma aliyense wa iwo amachita mbali. Kuwonjezera awiri mwachindunji zimavuta zipani zambiri panthawi imeneyi n'kusokoneza owayimira, kapena owayimira, chopezera kusuntha mavuto Pamudzi. Pakhoza kukhala otchedwa instigators ndi provocateurs - anthu, chikumbumtima kapena ayi kuchitapo kanthu kuti apitirize escalation a mkangano. Childs, amene yogwira zipani sizimacilikiza.
3. Maonekedwe a mkangano. Apo pakubwera nthawi imene magulu anasonyeza onse zodzinenera ndi okonzeka kupeza njira yothetsera. Pa nthawi imeneyi, kampani amagwira ndi zambiri zaphindu zokambirana. Komabe, kuti kupeza njira yothetsera, muyenera kudziwa zinthu zina zofunika. Choyamba, magulu mkangano ayenera kumvetsa zimayambitsa woona. Chachiwiri, iwo ayenera kukhala ndi chidwi chiyanjanitso. Chachitatu, muyenera kukhadzikika, ganizirani kulemekezana. Pomaliza, chikhalidwe lomaliza - kupeza malangizo wamba ndi kukhala njira yowona kuchotsa zotsutsana.
4. nthawi Post-nkhondo. Panthawi imeneyi, iwo amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito posankha zochita atatengeredwa chiyanjanitso. Pakuti nthawi zina maphwando akhoza kukhala ena kumangika akanali otchedwa "chitayiko", koma m'kupita kwa nthawi zonse zimapita kutali, ndi ubale ku Inde mtendere.

Izi magawo chitukuko cha nkhondo chikhalidwe bwino kuchita zonse. Monga ulamuliro, nthawi yachiwiri ndiyo nthawi yambiri ndiponso yopweteka kwambiri, nthawi zina mbali yayitali sitingathe kusamukira ku kukambirana zaphindu njira yotsatira. Tasiya ali omangika ndi kusokoneza maganizo lonse. Koma posapita nthawi apo pakubwera gawo lachitatu.

machenjerero khalidwe

Mu dera chikhalidwe pankhondo ya lonse ali zonse. Iwo akhoza kutenga malo mofulumira kwambiri, ndipo zikhoza kukhala zoopsa kwambiri, makamaka ngati mbali zonse ndi kuchita wodzitama ndi fanning zotsutsana yaing'ono mavuto aakulu kwambiri.

Pali zisanu zitsanzo waukulu zokhudza mmene anthu akuchita zinthu chisanadze nkhondo kapena siteji escalation. Iwo conventionally unakambidwanso mogwirizana ndi nyama, tingadziwe makhalidwe ofanana ndi zokhumba. Onse a iwo - mu amawasonyeza mosiyanasiyana - ndi zaphindu ndi wololera, koma kusankha aliyense wa iwo kumatengera zifukwa zambiri. Kotero, pali chinachake ku lotsatira mu gawo loyamba la nkhondo chikhalidwe ndi zochitika wotsatira:

1. Njira (kubereka). Msampha umenewu umaphatikizapo limodzi mwa magulu nsembe yamphumphu wa zofuna zake. Pankhaniyi, mwa mawu a "chimbalangondo" n'kofunika kwambiri kubwezeretsa bata ndi mutendele ndi osatsimikiza zotsutsana.
2. Osanyengelera (nkhandweyo). Ichi ndi chitsanzo zambiri ndale, imene mutu wa mkangano za ofunika kwa mbali zonse. Mtundu wa kuthetsa kusamvana zikusonyeza kuti adani onse zimapezeka kokha mu gawo.
3. Cooperation (kadzidzi). Njira imeneyi n'kofunika pamene kukondera akhoza kukhala. Ziri ngati zabwino, ngati mukufuna osati kubwerera, komanso kulimbikitsa maubale lotha. Koma iye akubwera okhawo amene ali ofunitsitsa kaye madandaulo pambali kuganiza constructively.
4. Kunyalanyaza (kamba). Chimodzi mwa magulu kudzera onse kupewa lotseguka mikangano, kuyembekezera palokha Kuthetsa nkani zochimwilana pakati. Nthawi zina kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi n'kofunika kuti yopuma ndi kuthetsa.
5. Mpikisano (nsombazi). Childs, chipani chimodzi unilaterally wasankha kuthetsa nkhaniyo. Izi zimatheka pamene pali nzeru kapena wodziwa zokwanira.

Monga chitukuko cha nkhondo chikhalidwe atuluka siteji wina ndi mzake, khalidwe chitsanzo zingasiyane. Dongosololi kumatengera zifukwa zambiri, ndipo amadalira mmene ikutha. Ngati zipani amalephera kupirira paokha, mungafunike mkhalapakati mwachitsanzo mkhalapakati kapena chigamulo.

zotsatira

Chifukwa ena amaganiza kuti kugunda kwa mfundo zosiyanasiyana view wosachita chabwino chilichonse. Koma si choncho, chifukwa aliyense chodabwitsa, monga mbali zoipa ndi zabwino. Choncho, pali zotsatira za mikangano imene imachitika kuti angatchedwe positive. muyenera kusiyanitsa pakati pawo ndi:

• kupeza njira zatsopano kuthetsa mavuto osiyanasiyana;
• zikamera wa kumvetsa mfundo zofunika za ena;
• kulimbitsa ubale intercompany pankhani kusiyana kunja.

Komabe, palinso mbali zovuta:

• mavuto zolimba;
• kusokonezeka ubale lotha;
• asamathere tcheru kuchokera zofunika kwambiri.

Asayansi ambiri sayamikira zotsatira zake za nkhondo chikhalidwe ndi wapadera. Ngakhale chitsanzo chimodzi chodziwika tiyenera kuziganizira okha yaitali, kuganizira momwe polojekitiyi yaitali zochita zonse atengedwa. Koma, kamodzi kusiyana uka, ndiye iwo zifukwa zina zofunika. Ngakhale kuti kukhulupirira, pokumbukira zitsanzo lowopsya la nkhani nkhondo yoopsayo, zachiwawa chiwawa ndiponso kunyongedwa.

ntchito

Ntchito ya nkhondo chikhalidwe si yapafupi monga zingaoneke. Mtundu uwu wa mogwirizana ndi imodzi mwa ntchito kwambiri. Komanso, monga ofufuza ambiri, ndi zipolowe zinthu ndi sizidzatha gwero la Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe. zitsanzo taphunzira zachuma, zipani, chitukuko lonse - onse chifukwa cha mikangano lonse. Koma izi zimachitika pokhapokha pamene kusiyana pakati pa anthu ukufika pachimake, ndipo pali mavuto pachimake.

mwanjira ina, koma asayansi ambiri chikhalidwe amakhulupirira kuti pali pamapeto pake awiri Zimatheka zochitika mu chochitika zotsutsana lakuthwa: kugwa kwa dongosolo pachimake kapena kupeza kukondera kapena kugwirizana. China chirichonse, posapita nthawi kumabweretsa wina wa njira izi.

Pamene zabwinobwino?

Ngati mukukumbukira akamanena za nkhondo ya chikhalidwe, zimaonekeratu kuti kusokonezedwa aliyense mu mawonekedwe poyamba ali mbewu ya choonadi. Choncho, kuchokera amazionera za khalidwe la anthu, ngakhale lotseguka nkhondo - zabwinobwino mtundu wa mogwirizana.

Vuto lakulimbana ndi anthu zopanda chilungamo komanso kaŵirikaŵiri pa maganizo ndi amazigwiritsa ntchito pa zofuna zawo, ndiyeno siteji ya chitukuko cha nkhondo chikhalidwe yochulukirapo pa escalation ndi mobwerezabwereza anabwerera kwa izo. cholinga atayika, zilibe m'njira iliyonse. Koma mwachimbulimbuli kupewa mikangano, kosalekeza nsembe zofuna zawo - zoipa. Mtendere, mu nkhani iyi, si koyenera, ndi zina zofunika kudzisamalira okha.