Cathedral wa Santa Maria del Fiore ku Florence: chithunzi, mapulani a nyumba, mkati

Independent alendo ofika ku Florence, guidebooks mwamphamvu amalangiza kudzandichezera, kupatula dera senor, the Old Bridge ndi Uffizi Palace, wotchuka kwambiri ndi kuzindikira chosaiwalika cha lodabwitsali Italy mzinda-owonetsera zakale - Cathedral wa Santa Maria del Fiore. Photos ndi mafano a wake umenewu mapulani mosakayika konse. Ndipo zithunzi amenewa nthawi zambiri ndi mpweya monga nyumba wandiweyani kuzungulira kachisi salola kupeza ngodya pomwe kugwila chinthu chonsecho. Koma ndi bwino kwambiri kuposa zithunzi adzaona Cathedral woyamba dzanja - pamene dzuwa gilds m'tchalitchi wofiira pang'onopang'ono kapena Italy veleveti usiku anayatsa nyali zochititsa chidwi zowunikira. Izi mpingo ndi chuma, zosangalatsa mbiri ndi chophiphiritsa. Mu mtima wa Florence Kubadwa Kwatsopano namatetule Titans unakhudzadi ake mwala.

Mbiri ya Cathedral ndi

Zomanga kachisi waukulu mu mzinda wa Analeredwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma khumi ndi chitatu. Koma inu simungakhoze kunena kuti Cathedral wa Santa Maria del Fiore ku Florence inamangidwa kuchokera zikande. Panali mpingo waung'ono wa Saint Reparate. Ndipo wotchuka Florence tchalitchi ndi wapadera kuti anayamba kumangidwa kumene nyumba m'mbuyomu silinakwaniritsidwe anawonongedwa. Reparata Woyera mpakana kumapeto kwa m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu anali ankaona patroness mumzindawo. Izi theka-lodziwika bwino chithunzi. Namwali ku Palestine kakusintha woyengeka wozunzikirapo zosiyanasiyana wankhanza Aroma kuti kudzipereka kwawo kwa Chikristu m'zaka III. Mpingo wa St. Reparata inamangidwa pafupifupi m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi. Komanso osati zingalowe m'malo a. Kale apo panayima m'kachisi wachikunja. Kumayambiriro kwa Chikhristu ndi mbali mobatizira wake inamangidwa (ubatizo wa neophytes chipinda). Amadziwika kuti mozungulira manda mpingo unali. Mochedwa kuchuluka tombstones nthawi Anam'samutsira kowonera zakale kachisi.

Medieval megalomania?

Chinthu choyamba chimene Ndimagoma alendo amene anabwera ku Duomo - tchalitchi, ndi kukula kwake. Mobatizira ndi campanile (belu nsanja) osiyana, ngakhale m'gulu zovuta mapulani. Koma nyumba ya kachisi ndi zodabwitsa kwambiri chifukwa cha kukula kwake chiphona. Nchiyani, megalomania ameneŵa? Kuti tiyankhe funso limeneli, tiyeni tikumbukire, pamene iwo anamanga Cathedral wa Santa Maria del Fiore. Florence kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XIII anakumana chitukuko zachuma ndi unapululutsa Championship mwa mayiko a m'tawuni. Ndipo predominated osati Italy, koma ngakhale lonse Ulaya. Kuti aonetse utsogoleri wake (makamaka Otsutsa yaikulu - Siena ndi Pisa), ndipo anaganiza kumanga yaikulu pa nthawi imeneyo pa tchalitchi ndi campanile apamwamba. Malinga ndi dongosolo, mpingo amayenera kugwira theka la kulankhula m'tauni, umene panthawi imeneyo anali atafika kufanana sikunachitekepo - anthu makumi asanu ndi anayi zikwi. Kapangidwe ka chotero lonse anatsutsa luso la zomangamanga akale. Iye analandiridwa ndi Arnolfo di Cambio, wazomangamanga wotchuka, amene polojekiti Florence kale anamangapo ndi Palazzo Vecchio ndi Woyera Cross Church.

Cathedral wa Santa Maria del Fiore: wamanga

Pomanga mpingo tchalitchi chinali chinthu cha kutchuka. nyumbayi anali kukhala wapadera. Choncho, katswiri wa zomangamanga Arnolfo analoŵa kutali Gothic ovomerezeka, amene analamula kuti amange nyumba yopatulika mu mawonekedwe a mtanda Latin. Choncho, pamwamba pa mpingo akufanana kalata "T". Wazomangamanga anagwirizana mtanda Latin ndi rotunda centric, amene anavekedwa ndi mzikiti a. Atatu naves alinso ndi mizati ambiri spaced. Ndi chiyembekezo rotunda ndi pa guwa la yopemphereramo mu transept lapansi. Di Cambio sanathenso kuona kukwaniritsidwa kwa ana awo. Iye anafa mu 1302, ndi Cathedral wa Santa Maria del Fiore amene yokondedwa dongosolo kwa nthawi yaitali anatembenuka mu anasiya kumanga malo. mzinda chabe analibe ndalama zokwanira polojekiti wofuna. Kuchoka ku mavuto azachuma anapezeka mu 1330: a modabwitsa Mpingo Reparate "anapeza" zotsalira za Saint Zenobia, ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi cha ntchito recommenced.

Amlowam'malo lopambana

Woyang'anira "ntchito za m'ma" wakhala wamphamvu shopu ubweya amalonda (Arte Lana Della). Iye ganyu winanso koma zojambulajambula wotchuka wamanga Giotto. Koma mbuye anali ndi mtima wofuna kwambiri kukhazikitsa dongosolo kuloŵedwa m'malo. Ndipo iye anayamba kumanga campanile. Atamwalira (1337), yekha sitimayo ake m'munsi inamangidwa. Ndiyeno kachiwiri mantha ntchito kwa zaka khumi ndi ziwiri chifukwa Wamkulu Black Mliri. Mu 1349, ndi ndodo mwachangu, kutsogolera waukulu wamanga Francesco Talenti panatenga, amene adakali anakwanitsa kumaliza nsanja. Mu 1359 yomanga ankapita ndi Dzhovanni Di Lapo Ghini. Ndiye anadza zina. Cathedral wa Santa Maria del Fiore ku Florence anasintha kwambiri za mapulani. Ndipo iwo anali onse "ndi dzina." Timadziŵa ambuye monga Giovanni d'Ambrodzho, komanso Alberto Arnoldi, ndipo Neri Di Foravante ndi Andrea Orkanya ... Mwa 1375, potsiriza ankaiphwasula mpingo wakale wa St. Reparate, ndipo mu 1380 maphunziro nave chachikulu. Koma wapakamwa wa nyumbayi inatha ... Koma m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi.

mzikiti

Monga tanenera kale, Cathedral wa Santa Maria del Fiore inamangidwa ndi zina nyumba zonse zofanana Gothic ndi kandulo kuti sizinali zabwino. Indedi, mpingo waukulu wa Florence m'litali ndi mamita asanu okha wolephera Milan yotchuka Al Duomo (153 vs. 158 m). Malinga ndi dongosolo la wamanga di Cambio, ndi rotunda anali ndi korona m'tchalitchi. Koma pa tchalitchi kunali podbannik yaikulu kuti munthu kwa nthawi yaitali sanayese n'komwe kuyamba ntchito pa chilengedwe chake. Izo zinali kokha mu 1420 kuti vuto anabwera kuchokera wamanga kwambiri Brunelleschi. Iye akufuna kuti bungwe mzinda octagonal mzikiti dongosolo la njerwa. Izi Gothic Chipilala mawonekedwe ankayenera kuti akwatire ndi nyali kukongoletsa. Ntchito zovuta ndi okwera okwezeka ndi chakuti katawala sali kuimira pansi ndipo ananamizira malinga ofukula a tchalitchi. Chifukwa, pambuyo pa zaka 15 kuti chasanduka kuwala, kuuluka mzikiti mamita 42 kutalika, umene tsopano ndiyo silhouette khalidwe la Florence.

mkati

Pa maulendo osakonzekera izo wopanga osokoneza kuganiza - Cathedral wa Santa Maria del Fiore ku Florence. Photos kachisi zambiri kusonyeza kunja ake wolemera yokongola. Komabe, mkati ndi mwina, poyerekeza ndi wapakamwa zomangamanga zikuwoneka osauka. Linanena kuti m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri Russian wapaulendo - ndi PA Wandiweyani. Iye analemba kuti "mpingo ndi wamkulu ndi kwakukulu ndithu ndi modabwitsa", koma "palibe chipewa palibe." Ndi zotheka kuti kuganiza izi analengedwa ndi Mosiyana ndi matchalitchi Orthodox. Inde, ndi alendo makono kuti mpingo akufanana ndi mwaukhondo anapanga bokosi lamaliro, amene ali kanthu mkati. Otsutsa kuona kuti kunja a tchalitchi ankavutika ndi malamulo a malemu Italy Gothic. Mkati anakhala zochitika za kwambiri kufika luso kuyesera Kubadwa Kwatsopano ambuye. Paulo Temple wapangidwa kwathunthu wa nsangalabwi. Guwa waukulu wapangidwa alabasitala okongoletsedwa ndi ziboliboli. Ambuye ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabo (zobiriwira, woyera ndi pinki), kukwaniritsa ndi sewero chilengedwe cha kuwala. Kubadwa Kwatsopano zounikira zinalengedwa ndi zazikulu othimbirira galasi mawindo.

Campanile

Kugwiritsa chakuti pomanga belu umaposa panalibe bwino ovomerezeka Giotto zidzaululika kwathunthu luntha lake la mbuye. Iye anandiuza kuti malangizo a mzinda twente-mita nsanja amakona anayi, mbali yokhala ndi mipanda yolimba buttresses. Pamakoma openwork analenga zikomo ndi maganizo mawindo awiri. Komanso, Pamakoma onse a belu nsanja ali azigometsa ndi ziboliboli osiyanasiyana ndipo inlays. Ngakhale mwini kwambiri anafa chiyambi cha ntchito, ambuye ena bwino Pamilunguyo mapulani ake ndi zojambula. Chifukwa, "Giotto a Campanile" amadziwika osachepera mu dziko kuposa ndekha Cathedral wa Santa Maria del Fiore, zomwe amakambirana.

mobatizira

Amadziwika kuti mobatizira analipo kale mu chaka 897, ngakhale pamaso pomanga mpingo wa Saint Reparate. Ndiye mobatizira anayima pambali pa akachisi a kupembedza, ndi Cathedral wa Santa Maria del Fiore yotero. Modern tione mobatizira anapeza pang'onopang'ono. Inamangidwa mu 1059 mpanda wa zaka anayenera ndi nsangalabwi akuda. Thupi la hema anamangidwira m'zaka XII. Kubadwa Kwatsopano mobatizira anapereka zitseko atatu mkuwa ndi ziboliboli nsangalabwi pa iwo. Ndipo ulemu wa christening kukongoletsa Florence atamenya mpikisano wa Osema bwino mu Tuscany. Kumangidwa amalenga maganizo olakwika a yosanja katatu, koma kwenikweni pali milingo awiri okha. Chifukwa nkhambakamwa izi kuwala ndi kunja khoma cladding nsangalabwi.

The kachisi ndi mzinda

Osati kukula ndi katswiri kamangidwe kake, koma mbiri yake ndi chidwi chachikulu cha Santa Maria del Fiore. Florence, ndi mbiri yake zaka zakubadwa kumagwirizana ndi kachisi wake waukulu. Ambiri a zochitika zazikulu m'mbiri chinachitika mu mpanda wake. Apa anapanga Polalika za kulapa Savonarola. Mu kachisi uyu anaphedwa m'bale wake wa mkulu wa Florence, Lorenzo Zazikulu - Dzhuliano Medichi. Ndipo mu crypt a tchalitchi anatonthozedwa ndi Giotto, mlembi Campanile ndi Brunelleschi - mlengi wa mzikiti lapansi.