Aristotle ndi ndani? Kodi kudziwika, mbiri, chopereka kwa sayansi

Magwero a Aristotle ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi Macedonia. Mu 384 BC. e., pamene iye anabadwa, boma anali pa njira chitukuko zawo. Apa unali mzinda komwe Aristotle anabadwa. Wambiri mwa nzeru zapamwamba anayamba pamalo otchedwa Stageira (pali komanso spellings "Stagira" kapena "Stagira"). Malinga ndiye mwambo kwa anthu Unalimbitsa dzina chachiwiri, anachokera ku mzinda mbadwa. Choncho, Aristotle imatchedwanso Stagirite.

banja

Iye anabadwa pa Halkidiki chilumba. Tsopano ali kumpoto kwa Greece, kenako izo zinali kunja kwa mzinda wa Agiriki. Nearby anali Thrace zakutchire. Apa anakhala anthu losakanizika, kuyambira zaka za kuli chambiri akunjawo wosanganiza ndi Agiriki anabwera. Koma Aristotle anali oyera-blooded mbadwa ya anthu a Attica. atate wake Nicomachus anali dokotala wotchuka amene ankakhala ku bwalo la mfumu ku Makedoniya.

ntchito yake kwambiri ulemu mu masiku amakedzana. Agiriki ambiri amakhulupirira kuti madokotala onse anachokera kwa mulungu Asclepius. Choncho, banja nzeru zapamwamba anali wolemekezeka ndi wotchuka. Woganiza yekha anatengera mfundo zimenezi ndi kuziganizira yekha lakutali dzindza ya Asclepius. Zonsezi zikuwoneka zilizonse, koma nthawi kuti maganizo amenewa anali ofala kwambiri. N'zosadabwitsa kuti Aristotle anakwanitsa kuphatikiza maganizo kwambiri ndi chikhulupiriro mwa mpatuko anthu milungu Olimpiki.

Maonekedwe ku Athens

Anasunga umboni m'nthawi woganiza maonekedwe. Monga mnyamata anali nondescript. Ali ndi zaka 17, choyamba anapita ku Athens - Greece ndi pakati chikhalidwe kapena ndale. About nthawi iyi pali mpukutu ndithu zambiri. Akukhulupirira kuti mnyamata ndiye ntchito mpaka amacheza cholowa bambo ake, ndipo ngakhale chinkhoswe mu quackery anali mu utumiki usilikali. Kusinthanitsa wa mankhwala, nthawi yoyamba iye anakwera chilengedwe akatswiri amene anachita nawo mu kutsutsana ndi.

Plato Academy

Aristotle ndi ndani? Iye anatchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha ntchito yake aluntha. nthaka yabwino kwa uyu anapanga Academy, pamene anali ndi zaka 18. Pali mwamsanga anakhala wophunzira zazikulu za nzeru zapamwamba china chachikulu - Plato. The Zojambula pakhoma wotchuka ndi Raphael a "Sukulu ya Athens" akusonyeza anzeru awa awiri pa mtsutso mumangidwa nawo ophunzira onse a Academy.

Ndi apa kuti mnyamatayo ayamba kuchita kafukufuku ongolankhula, ndipo analemba mabuku wake woyamba zolembalemba. The mtundu wanyimbo choyamba kuti katswiri - nthanthi dialogues. Ichi chidachitika kutsatira chitsanzo cha mphunzitsi Plato, amenenso anayamba ndi mtundu uwu wa mabuku.

Mmodzi wa dialogues otchuka kwambiri nthawi imeneyo ankaona "Eudemus kapena Pa moyo." Iwo Aristotle limafotokoza nkhani ya munthu wina amene akuphunzira Plato, achotsedwa Academy.

oratory

Komanso, amadziwa Aristotle, nkofunika kuona kuti ntchito loyambirira la Academy monga chitukuko cha apamwamba. Kulankhula pamaso pa anthu ndi kulankhula kwa iwo lingaliro lake kwambiri akukonda Greece wakale. Choncho, nzeru zapamwamba chinkhoswe osati chiphunzitso komanso zonse lectured, kuphatikizapo Academy, kumene ankaona zapitazi mwini luso limeneli. talente yake tinaonera okamba ambiri nthawi wotsatira, kuphatikizapo Cicero, anazindikira kuti kusokoneza kwambiri maganizo Aristotle lomwe.

Kutulukira ndi zokhudza chiphunzitso cha Plato

M'chaka cha 347 anafa, Plato. Naye Aristotle zinali kuchuluka yaikulu kusiyana maganizo, koma ndi mphunzitsi Vuto linali akuwasamalira yake yaikulu ndi kuthandizidwa. Woganiza sanathe kupeza chinenero ophunzira ena a Academy. Atatsala pang'ono kuti, Makedoniya mfumu Philip kuwonongedwa kwawo kwa Stageira nzeru zapamwamba, kenako anataya mipando iwiri yokha kumuyandikira. Choncho posachedwa Aristotle kumanzere Athens ndipo anapita kwa Asia Minor. Izo zinachitika pa mavuto mkati.

Ngakhale ndiye lidalembedwa ntchito ambiri, amene akwatirana nzeru za Aristotle. Mwachidule, iwo anasonkhana ndi Andronika cha Rhodes akamwalira wolemba ndipo amagwirizana ndi "Metaphysics".

Uchitel Aleksandra

Nthawi yoyamba pambuyo kusuntha, iye anakhala mu Aso ndi Mytilene, omwe anatchulidwa analemba yekha. Wotsatira unali pachilumba cha Lesbos, kumene ntchito za Aristotle anali kuphunzitsa. Ntchito imeneyi zinaonedwa, ndi nzeru zapamwamba anaitanidwa ku khoti Filippa Makedonskogo, amene anali kufunafuna mphunzitsi mwana wake Alexander. Izi mnyamatayo anali mkulu chomwecho, m'tsogolo anapambana theka la dziko lapansi lakale.

Ngakhale kuti Aristotle anabadwa ku Makedoniya, wakhala ankaona Greek. Woganiza ankakhulupirira moona mtima kuti ukulu wa chikhalidwe cha Agiriki ungaphatikizeponso m'mayiko onse oyandikana nawo. Panthawi imeneyi, Agiriki moyo watanthauzo kwambiri ndi omasuka kwambiri anansi ake ambiri. nzika ophunzira anakhala maziko a mtundu watsopano wa anthu.

ubwino Aristotle losadziwika. Books nzeru za kupitiriza lingaliro. Chinthu chokha chimene sichinali chokwanira cha Greece kugwirizanitsa ndi kukuza, mu maganizo ake, - amphamvu ndi olimba wofuna mfumu. Kuti anamuona mnyamata nzeru zapamwamba Alexander. Aristotle ananyamula maphunziro zonse ndi mabuku a mwanayo.

Nzeru zapamwamba ndithu kwambiri moyo wa mfumu ndi mwana wake. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri anatontholetsa mkwiyo irascible Alexander, amene anali kuyesera kumvetsera maganizo a aphunzitsi. Kuyambira Aristotle anatenga pa osati ndi akatswiri losafuna chidziwitso, komanso chidwi ndi sayansi ya zachilengedwe monga mankhwala ndi zimene chabwino chinkatsogozedwa m'nthawi yake. Mu pomenya nkhondo, Alexander nthawi zonse anali ndi buku la Iliad, omwe Aristotle anapanga chifukwa cha izo.

Lyceum

Mu 336 BC, Mfumu Philip anaphedwa ndi wompereka mwa omulondera ake. Alexander anali kuyima pa mutu wa boma, kenako analibe nthawi kuphunzira. Choncho, Athens kamodzinso anasonyeza kuti malo Aristotle kuthetsedwa. Wambiri mwa nzeru zapamwamba anapanga bwalo ndipo anabwerera poyambira. Koma iye sanakhale mphunzitsi pa Academy, monga kale. Chifukwa cha ichi anali kusiyana zambirimbiri ophunzira Plato, kusamalira mabungwe.

Choncho, Athens, sukulu - Lyceum, omwe anakhala mutu wa Aristotle. Books Woganiza ndi mphunzitsi mbiri yake amakopeka ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha ophunzira. Dzina la bungwe la inalandidwa chifukwa cha kuyandikana kwa kachisi Apollona Likeyskogo. Mukhoza ndikuganiza, choncho mawu wapita "sekondale."

Yerekezerani ndi Academy

Lyceum ndi Academy asanduka malo awiri odana wa maphunziro wakale. Pa nthawi yomweyo anali ndi dongosolo ofanana. Mwachitsanzo, Lyceum anali kugwirizana ndi mulungu Apollo ndi Academy wa Athens anali kachisi. Aliyense kusukulu anali zolimbitsa thupi yake. Zinali bungwe, kumene kuphunzitsidwanso maziko a kulemba, komanso kuchita thupi maphunziro. Mu Greece wakale, zambiri asangalala mwambo wa moyo wathanzi ndi masewera. anthu ambiri anzeru akhala mpikisanowo, ndipo ena anaonekera pa Games Olympic.

The Aristotle wotchuka, ndi kuti aone mmene matenda, chifukwa nayenso anali dokotala. The Academy ili mu mzinda kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Athens, pamene Lyceum unali kum'mawa kwa mzinda pafupi ndi chipata Dioharovymi. Malowa amadziwika akasupe ake ndi madzi akumwa. malingaliro Aristotle akhala anauzira wophunzira wake Antisthenes kukhazikitsa sukulu ina yapafupi. Zinali Kinosarg.

The tsiku lililonse nzeru zapamwamba ndi mutu wa sukulu anali wotchulidwa mwadongosolo. M'mawa ankachititsa makalasi ndi ophunzira yekha yekha, talente wolemekezeka ndi maganizo lakuthwa.

Padagwa chakudya ndi abwenzi, amene anafunsidwa asayansi, zimene lamulo ngakhale otukuka. Mwachitsanzo, kamodzi pa masiku khumi ndinali wapampando wa "msonkhano". Madzulo mphunzitsi anakhala nkhani yaitali kapena phunziro mu luso anthu kulankhula kwa osiyanasiyana omvera.

The Lyceum kunali laibulale yaikulu, umene unakopa ophunzira chidwi. Iye alibe anapulumuka masiku ano, koma ntchito kupulumuka zinalembedwa Lyceum, ndi nambala yaikulu limasonyeza kuti olemba ena ndi ntchito. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa pamene tikumbukira amene ali Aristotle chifukwa unali Greece. Iye anali mphunzitsi wa Alexander, yemwe anali woyang'anira wake ndi kuthandizira. golide wa ku Makedoniya kugula mabuku ambiri kawirikawiri ndi lofunika, amene sanali ngakhale Plato Academy.

policy

Mu zaka za moyo wake mu Lyceum, Aristotle analemba limodzi la buku lake otchuka pa dziko. Iwo ankatchedwa "Ndale". Lili ndi ndizosowa chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro ndi boma, komanso mafunso a ukapolo, nzika, banja ngati gawo la anthu, ndi zina zotero. Ntchito D. Aristotle ankafuna zopanga dongosolo la polis abwino.

lonena agawidwa 8 mabuku. Aliyense wa iwo chimakwirira nkhani yeniyeni ya zomangamanga boma. wolemba amaganizo a Plato Mwachitsanzo, anayerekezera demokalase ndi oligarchy, komanso ankalankhula za maphunziro a achinyamata. Zonsezi afike nzeru za Aristotle. Iye mwachidule kuwunikira zimayambitsa nkhondo anthu ndi wankhanza. Komanso wolemba kwa nthawi yoyamba anapereka kugawana mphamvu m'magulu atatu: milandu, akuluakulu ndi malamulo. Ndiko kuti, izi ndi kachitidwe komwe panopa alipo m'maiko ambiri. Ngati zimene wotchuka Aristotle, tanthauzo la kasamalidwe kwambiri moyenera ndi bwino kampani.

Kuthawa Athens ndi imfa

Mu 323 BC, iye anamwalira , dzina lake Aleksandr Makedonsky. Izo zinachitika ku Babulo - likulu lake. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, anapita ku East, mfumu sanabwerere kwawo kapena ku Greece. Anakwanitsa malire a India. mphamvu yake yatsopano wasonkhanitsa anthu ambiri. Onse a iwo anali ndi akapolo Agiriki. Komabe, Agiriki okha ku Makedoniya ankazunzika.

Choncho, pambuyo pa imfa ya Alexander ku Athens anayamba malankhulidwe mtundu. Aristotle anali pansi pa zothandizira mipingo yawo ya mfumu. Koma atachoka ku moyo nzeru zapamwamba akale ndidzakhala kukhala likulu la opanduka Greece. Ngakhale kuti nzeru zapamwamba wagwira ntchito mwakhama pa sukulu ndipo sanasiye Athens pa zaka, iwo amaona mlendo chifukwa cha chiyambi Makedoniya.

Lyceum sanali ngakhale nthawi kuti katundu wake m'njira mosamala mawu. The Earth sikuli kwa nzeru zapamwamba, chifukwa iye sanali nzika ku Atene. Ngati nzika mbuli anafunsidwa amene ali Aristotle, iwo anayankha kuti ndinali mlendo. Kuti zinachitikadi nkhanza.

Zaka Aristotle momvetsa pachilumba cha Euboea, kumene zokakhala pofunafuna mtendere ndi zachinsinsi. Izo zinachitika mu chaka 322, ndiyo yekha chaka atachoka Athens. Pali zosatsimikiza lomwe ali kwambiri mavuto nzeru zapamwamba poizoni okha ndi aconite. Ndi chomera chakupha, mlingo wochepetsetsa wa Tingafinye wa tingayambe kulephera mtima.