Amphioxus mitsempha ya magazi: mbali structural

Pa nyanja mchenga amatsogolera demersal moyo, woyera ndi zonona yofiira kapena pang'ono pinkish translucent nyama otchedwa Amphioxus. makulidwe awo - 5 mpaka 8 masentimita thupi flattened laterally, mapeto kutsogolo kwake obliquely kudula, ndipo mkamwa mwake, anapangidwa ndi tentacles .. Mbali kumbuyo kwa thupi ali mawonekedwe a mpeni opaleshoni - Lancet. Chotero nyama zinkaoneka inconspicuous poyerekeza thunthu ndi zinyama kuphunzira mozama ndi cholinga chimodzi; Amphioxus kupeza ulalo pakati pa magulu awiri akuluakulu a zinyama - invertebrates ndi chordates.

M'nkhani ino Tikayerekeza Kapangidwe ka Amphioxus nsomba Bony, komanso kupereka yankho kwa funso zotsatirazi: zomwe ndi mitsempha ya magazi mu Amphioxus? Russian wasayansi A. O. Kovalevsky 1860 anasonyeza kuti nyama ali kufanana inakhala, kukhala zizindikiro za tizilombo nyama zonse zopanda mafupa.

kufalitsidwa

Taganizirani Kapangidwe ka mitsempha ya magazi a Amphioxus. Red madzi, ndi pigment ayi, limayenda limodzi msempha m'mimba, omwe nthawi zonse kugunda contractions chifukwa myoepithelial wosanjikiza coelom patsekeke. Ndiyeno magazi ndi owonjezera mpweya woipa umalowa mu mutu wa Amphioxus. Ziwiya branchial mpweya kuwombola amapezeka. Mtsempha wamagazi otaya mu zapambuyo pharynx anapatukana, pamene lamanja ndi mbali ya kumanzere kwa dorsal msempha. Amphioxus thupi kutsogolo gawo kupatsidwa magazi kuchokera carotid mtsempha wamagazi exiting kwa msempha. Mu arterioles ang'onoang'ono magazi mpweya kulemera ukufika ziwalo zonse za nyama. Mbali venous a dongosolo liyamba maukonde matumbo venules munali mpweya. Awa, magazi akulowa mtsempha podkishechnuyu.

Pali aumbike dongosolo zipata chiwindi. Anatomically, izo ili pansi pa matumbo chubu Amphioxus, decomposing mu zopezera venules, amene entwine mpanda wa dongosolo m'mimba. Ntchito yake kusamutsa poizoni woyeretsedwa ndi mwazi ndi okhutira mkulu mpweya woipa patsogolo mu nkusani venous. A mbali zonse za Amphioxus thupi anatumiza kwa kadinala (Aka jugular) mtsempha, ndiye Cuvier ducts.

Cuvier ducts

Izi mitsempha inakhala woyamba kuzipatula lancelet anapanga pamphambano ziwiya kadinala. Iwo ofiira madzi akubwera kuchokera kutsogolo ndi malekezero kumbuyo kwa thupi nyama. Cuvier ducts mwachindunji ikuyenda mu nkusani venosus, amene ankaona chiyambi cha msempha m'mimba. zotengera bwino m'kukoma inakhala embryonic, ndipo pambuyo embryonic nthawi cyclostomes chibadidwe (lamprey ndi hagfish), komanso nsomba ndi achule. Kufanana lalikulu ndi mitsempha ya magazi a Amphioxus ndi cyclostomes, ngakhale yotsirizira limapezeka mtima weniweni, wopangidwa mwa matenda ndi yamitsempha yamagazi.

nkusani venosus

Ndi mbali yoyamba ya msempha m'mimba, ndi Amphioxus dongosolo amenewa ndi bwalo chatsekedwa. Choncho, dongosolo la mitsempha ya magazi Amphioxus zikutsimikizira kuti magazi ake chatsekedwa. Mu nyama, mbalame ndi nyama zimene zili zina, gawo ili la akuluakulu anati kwa atrium bwino. Kwa izo madzimadzi venous akulowa ventricle ndi mu mtsempha wamagazi ndi m'mapapo mwanga. Akatero amayamba amayendera m'mapapo mu zamoyo ndi mtima zinayi chambered. Mu Amphioxus, komanso nthumwi za golovohordovyh mtima chikusowa venous nkusani anapereka unpaired chotengera limene madzimadzi venous amachokera m'mitsempha kwa chiwindi. Ndiye iye akupita mu msempha m'mimba. Ngati inu mukukumbukira Kapangidwe ka mitsempha ya magazi a Amphioxus ndi nsomba Bony, mudzapeza kuti kusintha kwenikweni anali msempha m'mimba, amene kusinthidwa nsomba mu mtima ziwiri chambered. Komanso, kupuma pamwamba makutu a nsomba Bony komanso kuchuluka chifukwa nthambi capillary maukonde gill mitsempha awo.

kachitidwe Chipata kwa chiwindi outgrowth

Amphioxus mitsempha ya magazi, komanso inakhala zina, anatomically chikugwirizana ndi ziwalo m'mimba. M'mimba nyama zonse peresenti ndi morphologically ofanana ndi mankhwala a dissimilation: shuga, amino zidulo - kulowa capillaries ake. Kupitiriza kuphunzira Kapangidwe ka mitsempha ya magazi a Amphioxus, anawonjezera kuti onse a madzi kuchokera m'mimba zida za nyama akulowa outgrowth kwa chiwindi. Mofananamo, chiwindi nsomba, achule ndi inakhala zina, Amphioxus thupi uyu akuchita ntchito ya detoxification, yochotsa magazi akubwera kuchokera matumbo kwa mankhwala oipa - metabolites. Izo ndiye akulowa nkusani venosus. Kuwonjezera kuti kwa outgrowth chiwindi magazi afika mitsempha podkishechnoy.

Ventral ndi dorsal msempha

Ndi yaikulu wolumikizira chotengera. Ngati inu mukukumbukira Kapangidwe ka mitsempha ya magazi a Amphioxus, mudzaona pa zosayenda pansi pa khosi la nyama ndi msempha m'mimba, amene kuwonjezera symmetrically wophatikizidwa mtsempha wamagazi. Iwo nthambi mu cavities partitions gill. The dorsal msempha aumbike kumapeto kumbuyo kwa pharynx chifukwa cha mitsempha pophatikizana nadzhabernyh. Anatomically, ndi poyambira ndipo imafika ku mapeto kumbuyo kwa thupi Amphioxus, nthambi pa mitsempha imene kudyetsa ziwalo za nyama. Mu Amphioxus metabolites opezeka magazi umasefedweramo machubu wakupambulika dzinache protenefridiyami. Kuchokera msempha m'mimba kuti patsekeke thupi - wonse - zoyenera wolumikizira chotengera. Iye nthambi mu capillary glomeruli. Kudzera makoma awo, madzi a m'magazi kusefera ndi poizoni mu kusungunuka fomu protenefridii analandira, ndiye mu mezonefralny ritsa ndi zambiri cloaca lapansi.

Mitsempha ya magazi a Amphioxus ndi nsomba Bony

Taonani kufanana ndi kusiyana kwa kapangidwe ka chitetezo cha mtima superclass nsomba Bony ndi Golovohordovye mtundu umene adzaupereka lancelet. Onse magulu a nyama kufalitsa chomwecho. Koma mtima wa Amphioxus palibe, ntchito amatenga mbali ya msempha m'mimba, omwe yafupika ndi kubweretsa mitsempha gill ndi kuvumbitsira magazi. nsomba ali ndi mtima, ndi monga mwa cyclostomes, awiri chipinda (atrium ndi ventricle).

Mapangidwe thupi ili chifukwa kagayidwe mbali. nsomba mtima lili arcs Korinto pansi nsagwada m'munsi. Monga taona mwa mfundo zimenezi, dongosolo la mitsempha ya magazi a Amphioxus, kuonetsetsa zoyendera mpweya ndi zakudya, ndi zosiyana ndi zimene nsomba Bony.

Features la kusowa magazi zida za gill

Ngati inu mukukumbukira Kapangidwe ka mitsempha ya magazi a Amphioxus, kuyerekeza ndi nsomba Bony, mudzaona kusiyana chimakhudza kotunga magazi zida za gill. Kumbali m'munsi mwa pharynx ili msempha m'mimba. Kuchokera ku gulu lirilonse la gill arches zoyenera mitsempha, omwe amanyamula magazi venous. Kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha partitions mu makutu a (lancelet awiriawiri 150, ndi nsomba awiriawiri 4) anafotokoza chifukwa kuchuluka kagayidwe ndi kuwonjezeka mu malo okwana maukonde capillary mu oimira nsomba Bony. Lancelet akhoza kukhutitsa mwazi wake mpweya osati mwa dongosolo branchial mtsempha wamagazi, komanso mpweya mwachindunji mayamwidwe kudzera pakhungu zachiphamaso Mitsempha.

mtsempha wamagazi carotid

Ngati mukuziyenereza dongosolo magazi a Amphioxus ndi nsomba Bony, mudzaona kusiyana pa zotengera, wotchedwa carotid mitsempha. Iwo wolumikizira madzi ofiira a kumaso kwa thupi nyama. Nsomba Bony awiriawiri 4 mitsempha gill ikuyenda mu dorsal msempha, umene mizu anasiyanitsidwa carotid mtsempha wamagazi. Mu Amphioxus nambala ziwiya gill magazi kwambiri. Iwo kupereka ubongo ndi mpweya, umene uli mbali ina ya chubu ubongo ndi kusiyanitsidwa mu Dipatimenti. Iye amayang'anira ntchito reflex wa nyama. Kupereka ubongo manyuroni ndi mpweya ndi zakudya kumachitika chifukwa nthambi ya mitsempha carotid mu dongosolo capillary. Monga kudza mankhwala - metabolites womangidwa mwa mitsempha mu nkusani venous.

Nkhaniyi yakhala anaphunzira mitsempha ya magazi ndi mbali makope Amphioxus mu golovohordovyh.