27 January - tsiku la kuchotsa anatseka misewu ya Leningrad. Moyo anatseka misewu Leningrad

Pa January 27, tsiku la kuchotsa anatseka misewu ya Leningrad, ndi wina wapadera m'mbiri ya dziko lathu. Lero, pa tsiku lino, tsiku usilikali Ulemerero pachaka. mzinda wa Leningrad (tsopano St. Petersburg) analandira May 1, 1945 mutu wa Hero-City. May 8, 1965 likulu kumpoto anali kupereka n'kulandira mendulo "Gold Star" ndi dongosolo la Lenin. Zikho wa Leningrad ndinalandira anthu mamiliyoni 1,496 a mzinda uno.

"Leningrad wazingidwa" - ntchito wodzipereka kwa zochitika za nthawi

Kukumbukira zinthu zimenezi amunamuna a dziko ali akabwezere lero. January 27 (tsiku zochotsa wa anatseka misewu ya Leningrad) mu 2014 - ichi ndi makumi chaka chikumbutso cha kumasulidwa kwa mzinda. St. Petersburg Committee Archive anapereka ntchito lotchedwa "Leningrad wazingidwa." Internet zipata "Archives wa St. Petersburg" analengedwa chionetsero pafupifupi mapepala osiyanasiyana archival zokhudza mbiri ya mzinda pamene azingidwa. Inasindikizidwa pafupifupi 300 yoyambirira yeniyeni m'mbiri ya nthawi. Mapale yagawidwa m'zigawo khumi, omwe limodzi ndi ndemanga a akatswiri. Iwo onse azionetsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo wa Leningrad pa anatseka misewu ya.

Kukhazikitsanso malo nkhondo nthawi

Today n'kovuta kuyerekeza achinyamata St Petersburg, kuti zazikulu mzinda-zakale, kumene amakhala, iye wakhala m'ndende kwa chiwonongeko ndi dziko la Germany mu 1941. Komabe, iye sanali adzipereke, pamene ankakhala ndi magulu Chifinishi ndi German, ndipo anatha kupambana, ngakhale anali mwakuwoneka likupita kufa. Kuti mbadwo lino la mumzindawo anali chithunzithunzi cha mmene anadutsa grandfathers kwambiri awo ndi grandfathers mu zaka (umene anthu kupulumuka kwa anazinga Leningrad anakumbukira pamene nthawi koipa), umodzi mwa misewu ya makono ya mzinda, Italy ndi Manezhnaya m'dera anali "anabwerera" kwa zaka 70 chikumbutso m'nyengo yozizira ya 1941-1944. Ntchito dzina lake "Street Moyo".

M'madera tatchulawa wa St. Petersburg mabungwe osiyanasiyana chikhalidwe, komanso masewera amene ngakhale mu nthawi ya anatseka misewu ya sanaleke ntchito zawo. Nawa Anapitirizabe mitanda mawindo a nyumba, monga pa nthawi imeneyo ku Leningrad, anapangidwa kuteteza kuukira mpweya, ankamangidwanso okwatiranawo matumba mchenga m'misewu, anabweretsa mfuti odana ndi ndege, magalimoto a asilikali chathunthu udindo wa kubereka pa nthawi. Choncho makumi chikumbutso kwa kuzinga mzinda wa Leningrad anali kupereka. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zipolopolo pa zochitika za zaka linanyeka za 3000 nyumba zoposa 7000 anali kwambiri kuonongeka. Anthu a anazinga Leningrad kuti adziteteze zosiyanasiyana shelling malinga inaimika. Iwo anamanga bunkers za 4 zikwi ndi pillboxes, zida ndi mfundo za 22 zikwi osiyana yowotcha mu nyumba ndi kumanga m'misewu makilomita 35 mavuto odana ndi thanki ndi okwatiranawo.

Kuzinga Leningrad: zochitika zazikulu ndi kanjedza

Umene unayamba mu 1941, September 8, chitetezo cha mzindawo unatenga masiku 900, ndipo zinatha mu 1944. 27 January - tsiku zochotsa Leningrad anatseka misewu. Pa zaka zonsezi, ndi njira yokhayo imene mzinda anazinga anabweretsa mankhwala zofunika, komanso katundu wa kwambiri anavulazidwa ndi ana zinachitikadi m'nthawi yozizira pa ayezi nyanja ya Ladoga. Inali njira ya moyo wa anazinga Leningrad. Pa ife angakuuzeni zambiri m'nkhani ino.

Kuswa anatseka misewu anali January 18, 1943, ndipo kwathunthu chitakonzedwa Leningrad pa 27 January. Ndipo chinachitika mpaka chaka chotsatira - mu 1944. Motero, anthu anali kudikira nthawi yaitali mzinda wa Leningrad anatseka misewu adapachikidwa definitively. Anaphedwa pa nthawi imeneyi, malinga ndi ziwerengero zina, anthu 400 sauzande. Oposa 1.5 miliyoni. Asanaganize pa mayesero Nuremberg zotsatirazi chiwerengero - 632 000 akufa. 3 Only% ya iwo - kuchokera shelling ndi mabomba. Onse a anthu afa ndi njala.

Yambani chochitika

Masiku ano, olemba mbiri asilikali ndikukhulupirira kuti palibe mzinda m'dziko mbiri za nkhondo sanatipatse anthu ambiri kupambana nkhondo, koma nthawi kuti Leningrad. Pa tsiku pamene Wamkulu kukonda dziko lako nkhondo (1941, June 22), mu mzinda uno, ndi m'madera, nthawi iyo pansi malamulo achisilikali. Lopondereza German ndege usiku wa pa 22 pa June 23 koyamba anayesa kuukira Leningrad. kuyesa izi inatha anavutika. mzinda sankandilola palibe ndege mdani.

Tsiku lotsatira, June 24, Leningrad chigawo asilikali lidzasinthidwa kutsogolo kumpoto. Kronstadt yokutidwa mzinda ndi nyanja. Icho chinali chimodzi cha zapansi, ndiye pano mu nyanja ya Baltic. Ndi isanayambike asilikali mdani m'dera kuyambira July 10, anayamba chitetezo zozizwitsa, amene ayenera kunyadira mbiri ya Leningrad. September 6 waponya mabomba woyamba pa tawuni Nazi Kenako mwadongosolo pansi mabomba. Mu miyezi itatu, kuchokera September mpaka November 1941, maso mpweya anaukira anatsimikizidwa nthawi 251.

Kudzera m'zokuzira mawu ndi metronome wotchuka

Komabe, mphamvu anali kudzuka pamaso pa mzinda-ngwazi amuleka, m'pamenenso ogwirizana okhala Leningrad anali adani. Pofuna kupewa Leningrad udaperekedwa kunyanyala mpweya wapezeka mumsewu pafupi okamba 1,500 mu miyezi woyamba. Population ikulengezedwa pa wailesi mpweya kunkhondo. The metronome wotchuka, amene anapita mu mbiri monga chipilala chikhalidwe kulengeza kukana nthawi kudzera maukonde izi. Quick mungoli zinatanthauza kuti analengeza tcheru usilikali, ndipo pang'onopang'ono - ndi mthunzi. Michael Melaned, ndi Woitana yolengeza Alamu. Panalibe chigawo limodzi mu mzinda, kumene mdani chipolopolo akhoza kuuluka. Choncho, misewu ndi malo amene masamu, kumene wakhudzana wamkulu. Apa, anthu anaika zizindikiro kapena utoto analemba kuti malo amenewa ndi oopsa kwambiri pamene shelling.

City a dongosolo Adolf Hitler chinali inawonongedwa, ndi kuteteza asilikali ake - aphedwe. The Germany, atalephera pa ziwembu zingapo kugumula chitetezo cha Leningrad, anaganiza njala izo.

The shelling loyamba la mzindawo

Aliyense wokhalamo, kuphatikizapo ana ndi okalamba, anakhala zokometsera wa Leningrad. asilikali Special unakhazikitsidwa asilikali anthu, limene zikwizikwi za anthu amasonkhana mu mayunitsi olimbanawo ndi kumenyana ndi adani pa amadzibisa ndi nawo ntchito yomanga mizere kumbuyo. Iwo anayamba pa gulu la anthu a mzinda, komanso chikhalidwe cha zinthu zochititsa chidwi zosiyanasiyana ndi zida m'mafakitale miyezi ya nkhondo. Asilikali adani wotanganidwa mzinda pa August 20 Chudovo kutchinga sitima motsogozedwa Leningrad ndi Moscow.

Sititha Komabe, magulu a asilikali pansi pa dzina "North" kuthyola Leningrad paulendowu, ngakhale kutsogolo anafika pafupi ndi mzinda. Mwadongosolo shelling anayamba kuyambira 4 September. Patapita masiku anayi, mdani anagwira m'tauni ya Shlisselburg, chifukwa mu kulankhulana dziko ndi Big Leningrad mobisa inaima.

Chochitika ichi chinali chiyambi cha kuzinga mzinda. Kunapezeka kuti anthu oposa 2.5, kuphatikizapo ana 400,000. Mu mzinda pamwamba pa anatseka misewu anali Sikuti chakudya. Iwo ali monga wa September 12 apeza kwa masiku 30-35 (mkate), masiku 45 (mbewu monga chimanga) ndi masiku 60 (nyama). Ngakhale austerity khala zikhoza kukhala zokwanira okha November, ndi mafuta madzi - pang'ono kutha wa panopa. mfundo chakudya amene loletsa dongosolo kovuta, anayamba pang'onopang'ono kuchepa.

Njala ndi kuzizira

zinthu zikuchitika chifukwa chakuti yozizira ya 1941 oyambirira mu Russia, ndi Leningrad - woopsa kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, thermometer anauponya ndi gulaye ndi chizindikiro madigiri -32. Zikwi ambiri anafa chifukwa cha njala ndi ozizira. Nsonga ya imfa ndi nthawi November 20 25 December 1941 zovuta izi. Nthawi imeneyi, asilikali chakudya mkate anali kusanduka kwambiri - mpaka magalamu 500 pa tsiku. Kwa anthu amene akugwira ntchito ku masitolo otentha, iwo nkhani magalamu 375 okha, ndi ena ogwira ntchito ndi akatswiri - 250. kwa zigawo zina za anthu (ana, amadalira ndi ogwira ntchito) - 125 okha Grammian. Panali pafupifupi palibe mankhwala ena. Iwo anafa ndi njala tsiku ndi tsiku kwa anthu oposa 4 zikwi. chiwerengerochi ndi apamwamba kuposa nthawi 100 chisanadze nkhondo kungachititse imfa. Amachuluka pamene imfa mwamuna pa mkazi. The kugonana fairer ndi mapeto a nkhondo anapanga mbali yaikulu ya anthu a Leningrad.

Udindo wa Moyo Misewu kuti Chigonjetso

Chokhudzana ndi dziko ikuchitika, monga zanenedwa, The Road wa Moyo anazinga Leningrad, kudutsa Nyanja Ladoga. Icho chinali msewu okha amene analipo pa nthawi kuchokera September 1941 ku March 1943. Zinali pa msewu uwu anapambana achoke zida mafakitale ndi anthu Leningrad, yobereka chakudya mzinda, komanso zida, zida, mafuta ndi reinforcements. njira iyi zonse Leningrad anapulumutsa matani oposa miliyoni 1,615 Katundu anasamutsidwa za miliyoni 1,37 anthu. Mu katundu yozizira poyamba ankalandira matani pafupifupi 360 zikwi, ndi anthu anasamutsidwa kuti 539,4 zikwi. Munyandza mzere pansi, nayikidwa mu Pofuna kupereka mankhwala mafuta.

Chitetezo cha Moyo Misewu

Zonse mabomba ndi shelled Road la asilikali Moyo Hitler kusokoneza njira yokhayo chipulumutso. Ndi kuteteza ku kunyanyala mpweya, komanso kuonetsetsa uyende njira ndi mphamvu za dziko ankagwira mpweya chitetezo. Mu achikumbutso zosiyanasiyana ndi zipilala tsopano moyo imeneyi ndi ungwazi a anthu amene anachita chotheka kuletsa kayendedwe pa izo. Ina mwa awa ndi "mtima wosweka mphete" - zikuchokera on Lake Ladoga, ndi gulu lotchedwa "Rumbolovskaya Mountain" ili Vsevolozhsk; "Flower a Moyo" (chipilala m'mudzi Kowalewo), amene odzipereka kwa ana, amene ankakhala mu Leningrad zaka zimenezo, komanso mu mudzi ndi dzina la Black Mtsinje Chikumbutso ovuta, pamene asilikali aphedwa Ladoga msewu, anagona mu manda oikamo.

Kuchotsa kuzinga Leningrad

Kuzinga Leningrad linathyoka kwa nthawi yoyamba, monga tanena kale, mu 1943, pa January 18. Izi mphamvu wopereka Volkhov ndi Leningrad amadzibisa, pamodzi ndi Baltic zombo. The Germany anali anakankhira mmbuyo. Opaleshoni "Iskra" unachitika ndi njira ambiri a magulu a Soviet Army, amene ambiri anayamba m'nyengo yozizira ya 1942-1943, pambuyo asilikali mdani anazungulira pa Stalingrad. Army "North" anapereka asilikali Soviet. January 12 unkatchedwa asilikali amanyansidwa wa Volkhov ndi Leningrad amadzibisa, ndipo ndi ogwirizana mu masiku asanu ndi limodzi. Pa January 18, mzinda anamasulidwa Schlisselburg, ndi Achotsa mdani pamalo abwino zofunika kum'mwera kugombe la nyanja ya Ladoga. Pakati ndi mizere anapanga kulowera amene m'lifupi anali 8-11 Km. Kudzera kwa masiku 17 (tangoganizani za nthawi ino!) Road ndi njanji mayendedwe anaikidwa. Pambuyo pake, mwa kundipatsako kwa mudzi wa bwino kwambiri. The anatseka misewu kwathunthu kuchotsedwa pa 27 January. Tsiku la kuswa anatseka misewu ya Leningrad zinali zodzaza ndi makombola kuti zidawala thambo la mzinda uwu.

Kuzinga Leningrad wakhala mu mbiriyakale aakulu. Ambiri mwa anthu amene anamwalira pa nthawi anawaika m'manda lero pa Piskarevskoe Chikumbutso manda. Kutetezedwa unatha, kukhala yeniyeni, masiku 872. Leningrad nkhondo pambuyo izo kenanso. m'tawuni zasintha kwambiri, izo zimayenera kumanganso ambiri a zinyumba, ena - kumanga mwatsopano.

Zolemba za Tani Savichevoy

Pa nkhani lowopsya la zaka udabuluka kwambiri za umboni. Mmodzi wa iwo - nkhaniyo mwa Tanya. Leningradka Savicheva Tatyana chiyambi cha khalidwe lake pa zaka 12. Izo sizinali lofalitsidwa, chifukwa tichipeza kulembamo zinayi zokha yoopsa pa mamembala momwe zonse kupha banja la mtsikana Leningrad pa nthawi. analephera kuti apulumuke Tanya kwambiri. kope ili ngati mkangano onena fascism, inali kuperekedwa pa mayesero Nuremberg.

Ndi chikalata ichi tsopano mu m'nyumbayi wa mzinda-ngwazi, ndipo bukuli limasungidwa mu galasi mlandu chikumbutso zatchulidwazi Piskaryovsky kumanda kumene m'manda 570.000 Leningrad pa kuzinga anamwalira chifukwa cha njala kapena mabomba kuchokera 1941 mpaka 1943, ndipo mu Moscow pa Poklonnaya Hill .

Anamwalira mphamvu chifukwa cha njala dzanja analemba mouma zoumbika mosiyanasiyana. Ana anakhudzidwa akuvutika moyo sanathe kukhala ndi maganizo moyo. Mtsikana yekhayo nkhani m'khutu moyo wake - "maulendo a imfa" m'nyumba banja lake. Tanya analemba kuti Savichevs onse anamwalira. Komabe, iye sanamuzindikire, siumafa m'badwo umenewo lonse. Iye anapulumutsidwa ndipo anatengedwa kuchokera mlongo Nina. Iye anabwerera mu 1945 mu Leningrad, kunyumba kwake, adapeza mwa pulasitala, zinyalala ndipo anabala makoma kope Thani. M'bale Misha komanso anachira kuyambira analandira kutsogolo kwambiri ndiwobvulazidwa. Bakuman kwawo kutumikira magulu ukhondo kuti alakwa mzinda kunyumba. Iye anakomoka ndi njala. Iye, sadzachitanso moyo, anasamutsidwa mu msasawu moyo. Apa, ana amasiye ambiri ali wamphamvu, koma Tanya anali moti. Madokotala anamenyera moyo wake, koma iye anafa mkati mwa zaka ziwiri. Iye anamwalira mu 1944, July 1.