Zomangamanga wotchuka ndi nyumba ya kalekale. amakedzana

Akukhulupirira kuti dziko wakale - chopereka cha chitukuko chimene chinalipo padziko lapansi kuyambira nthawi ya mbiri isanayambe kumayambiriro Ages Middle. Mafelemu ndi makonzedwe kwambiri - kwa mayiko a East ali nazo kwa America - wathu (oyambirira kulamulira kwa Africa ndi ku Ulaya).

cholowa chodabwitsa

Mu nthawi imeneyi, padali chitukuko zingapo ndi chikhalidwe chawo. Ife anapulumuka zomangamanga wotchuka ndi nyumba ya kalekale. Iwo sali ochepa, koma zinthu yowala ndi legacies akale monga "City kumwamba" kapena Machu Picchu ku Peru, Temple wa Jupiter Baalbek ku Lebanon, wotchuka mapiramidi Aigupto Giza, Cairo mzinda. mndandanda kumaphatikizapo zakale ngalande wa Roma moti anatuluka mu atumwi AD Khoma zenera Alexandria, zotsalira za akachisi Greek, Dzhervansky ngalande ku Iraq, m'tchalitchi konkire akachisi Roma.

Tsekani lotukuka

Pa paliponse, onetsetsani pali zinthu zakale. Koma anthu ku Ulaya (m'lingaliro Hrs mawu) Dziko wakale chikugwirizana kwenikweni ndi Greece ndi Rome, Mwiguputoyo Cleopatra monga ake okondedwa ndi Yuliy Tsezar ndi Anthony. Komanso, ndi zina maufumu a Roma ndinalota akapolo Egypt. mabuku Russian ndi luso mpaka chiyambi cha XX m'ma ogwirizana ndi nthano ya Greece ndi Rome. A chitukuko Mediterranean imatengedwa chopunthira cha anthu. Choncho, ganizirani za zomangamanga zambiri wotchuka ndi nyumba ya amakedzana ayenera kuyamba ndi Greece ndi Rome.

Acropolis - ngale ya zomangamanga mdziko

Greece ali kwambiri misewu komabe nthawi ya mbiri isanayambe ndi mabwinja wakale Greek zachifumu ndi nyumba achipembedzo lili dziko lonse. Ndiziyesa kovuta kwambiri, koma pali zinthu zimene amaona zizindikiro za dziko wakale. Ofunika kwambiri a iwo ali Acropolis, yomwe ili kumtunda ku Athens. Ndi Nyumbayi pachiyambi, ataima pa phiri, lomwe kufika msinkhu wa mamita 156 kutalika, ndi wofanana m'lifupi mamita 300 m'litali - 170. Ndi bwino zokhalamo chapamwamba mzinda, moyang'anizana ndi mosadziteteza m'munsi. Acropolis anali malo amene munali maguwa a milungu, ogula kwa mzinda, ndi anthu chobisa pa nthawi ya nkhondo. Wamkulu Acropolis ndi World Heritage Site. nkhani yake wakhala bwino kuphunzira.

Parthenon - Acropolis lalikulu

Tikumbukenso kuti ziboliboli ndi mafano pa Acropolis amene ali zakale ambiri padziko lonse. Ndi chinthu 21, lapadera kwambiri awa ndi Parthenon - khadi osati Greece, koma wonse wakale dziko.

M'gulu mndandanda wa "akachisi wamkulu wa dziko," linamangidwa pa maziko a kachisi wakale mu V m'ma BC mapulani ndi Callicrates Iktinos. Iye kulamulira mtunda lonse. Ndi abwino, zogwirizana dongosolo molemera mbali yapadera. Koma chilichonse pang'ono zambirimbiri ake olembedwa mabuku. Chinthu chokha chimene Tingaone - zonse ziri pa wozungulira wa wazunguliridwa ndi mizati (a mtundu wotchedwa periptera). Ichi ndi chomwe chimapangitsa kachisi ikupita wokongola.

Athens - ndi zakuya zomangamanga wakale

maofesi ena pa dera la Greece wakale, likulu opatulika a Atene, pa Acropolis akachisi amene timapemphera monga Erechtheion anadzipereka kwa lodziwika bwino ku Atene mfumu Erechtheus la Areopagi (ulamuliro), kachisi wa Athena Nike. Kwa likulu ndi mabwinja a akachisi ndi ena ambiri, monga onse a Greece - lotseguka mpweya Museum chikhalidwe wakale. Ndi Kachisi wa Olimpiki Zeus, Nike Aptera, Hephaestus, Kachisi wa Apollo pa Delphi, Poseidon pa Cape Sounion, Hera mu Peloponnese chilumba, Demeter mu Eleusis. Ndi zomangamanga wotchuka ndi nyumba akale, olengedwa mwa Greece.

malo patsogolo kulambira

Nsanja ya Mphepo mamita 12 mkulu ndi awiri m'munsi - - Pa nthawi ina ku Athens, mmodzi wa malo oyamba nyengo zinamangidwa 8 mamita The magawo a zakale izi wakale angwiro, iwo ndiwo amapanga lonse wa zomangamanga ndi mapulani anaphunzira padziko lonse..

Zinthu zonse pamwamba pa masiku amakedzana yekha Areopagi ndi nyumba zaboma, onse - ndi malo olambirira. Ndi malo opatulika waukulu wa Olympia, limene lili mu Peloponnese. Iwo analamulira Kulambira Zeus.

Home Business Khadi Rome

Great Roma - wamkulu Mediterranean chitukuko, akubwera kuchokera ku Girisi. Malinga ndi nthano, ana mwachindunji Eneya, ndi ngwazi ya Trojan nkhondo, abale Romulus ndi Remus, kudyetsedwa ndi nkhandwe, anakhazikitsa Rome ndi ufumu wamkulu amene anapereka dziko chikhalidwe kwambiri.

Nyumba ku Roma m'nkhani ino ndi 10 wamkulu dongosolo mapulani amene bwino kwa anthu ambiri a padziko lapansi, kutali kuphunzira. Amene sadziwa Colosseum - chizindikiro chachikulu cha Rome? Theka-imawonongeka akunja mpanda wozungulira atatu-tiered chowulungika m'bwalomo. Kale, chiwerengero cha arches pa khoma - 240, 80 iwo zili mu gawo m'munsi. The arches wa simenti loyamba ndi lachiwiri anali ziboliboli - ntchito za ambuye zabwino wa Rome.

Kwambiri bwino kuti khalidwe

Apiyo lachilendo kwa ambiri chifukwa cha kutha chisoni kwa Anzake a Spartacus moyo zamangidwa mizati ili motsatira izo, kudziwa sukulu. Ndipo akatemera chomaliza cha mwambo American filimu anakhudza filmgoers padziko lonse.

zomangamanga wotchuka ndi nyumba ya Kale, ili ku likulu la dziko wakale, ndiye woyenera wa Roma Forum, umene uli kale mu ulamuliro wa Tarkvikiya Chathu inasandulika chilikati cha ndale, chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo moyo wa Roma. Apa ndi Kachisi wa Vesta, Vasipashani ndi Saturn. Ndi aliyense wa iwo zogwirizana masamba movutika kapena osangalala m'mbiri yakale. Ndi chiyambi cha II m'ma AD amanena mwangwiro anasunga ndime Trajan a. madigiri 185 anakonza mkati m'dera kuonera ili, ili pa mtunda wa mphindi 38. Ziboliboli Apollodorus Damasiko wachita anamangidwira mu chaka 114. Umasonyeza chigonjetso pa Dacians.

Taonanitu mndandanda uli mmunsiwu

Wapadera Roma Pantheon - Kachisi wa milungu yonse. Inamangidwa mu 126 AD iye, umaposa pa Piazza Della Rotonda.

Zikuwoneka ngati nyumba wotchuka ndi nyumba zakale, mukhoza kuona mwa kuyang'ana pa nsangalabwi kupambana Chipilala cha Tito. Ndi nyumba yakale anamumanga 81, polemekeza adani a Yerusalemu. Ataliatali Chipilala pa Via Sacra. Single mosiyana, ali ndi kutalika kwa 15,4 m, m'lifupi mpaka 13.5 m, ndege mozama za 5 meters, m'lifupi - mamita 5,33. M'zipata ngati kutcha galeta aliyense, kuphatikizapo Quadriga. Anasunga anatsalira-ziboliboli zosonyeza Tito ndi zikho. Kachisi wachiyuda anawonongedwa ndi iwo pansi, ndi opambana anapita ku kachisi wake waukulu - zazing'ono. Zonsezi Tingaone pa chosemacho.

Wotchuka Roma osambira ndi akachisi wapadera

Osambira wa Caracalla kupitiriza mndandanda wa katswiri wa zomangamanga Roman. Kumene dzina? Caracalla - dzina lakuti la Marcus Aurelius, amene anakhalako m'zaka za m'ma III AD. Roman kusamba - ndi dziko wapadera, kumene osankhika a anthu anachereza, chinkhoswe masewera anatsogolera mtsutso aluntha, kunena mapangano. Anamuperekeza machesi makoma ndi wosasintha leni anapangidwa kuchokera mitundu zabwino za nsangalabwi, paliponse panali ziboliboli, kuphatikizapo fano la Apollona Belvederskogo.

Seventh malo pa mndandanda wa "The nyumba mapulani a Roma" amatenga zikuchokera kwa makachisi awiri a osiyana kasinthidwe - amakona anayi ndi lozungulira. akachisi izi zinamangidwa polemekeza Portunus (madoko woyang'anira) ndi Hercules. Iwo zili kumanzere mtsinje wa Tiber, mu malo omwewo ntchito moor zombo.

Mausoleum ndi mphanga

Pansi chiwerengero chitatu ndi Field ya Mars - kumanzere-gombe mbali ya Rome. Kumbuyo kwake limapezeka Mausoleum wa Hadrian - mapulani chipilala, manda a m'banja lachifumu. Pa apakati ndi mbali wofanana mamita 84, ndi pedestal wokwera yamphamvu m'mimba mwake wa mamita 64 ndipo aposa Mfumu fano mu chifaniziro cha Sun, ndi quadriga ulamuliro (timu ya 4 akavalo). Mwa maikidwe ndi nyumba yaikulu sichinayambe ntchito, izo zakhala njira chinthu.

Chotsiriza mu mndandanda wa katswiri chofunika kwambiri a kamangidwe ka ufumu wa Roma ndi mphanga wotchuka. nyumba iyi maukonde (a okwana 60) olumikizidwa kwa mzake ndipo anapereka m'manda (za 750,000 manda), ndi utali wonse wa 170 Km. Ambiri a iwo athamanga pamodzi Apiyo.

katswiri wa East

The kwambiri nyumba mapulani a dziko woyenera anawonjezera chipilala china odzitukumula. Izi Wall la China, komwe kutalika kwa m'mphepete m'mphepete wofanana makilomita 21196 Wamkulu. Kumanga kachisanu (miliyoni basi) a anthu mu III m'ma BC, mosapita Anaika malire a boma anapanga China angaloŵe. Ndi chipilala wapadera wa masiku amakedzana. A pagodas ndi Chibuda mchitidwe umenewu wa India? Komanso manda a anthu akale.

Woyamba Russian ngale mapulani

Zonsezi pamwambapa, komanso nyumba ya Russia wakale, amanena kuti cholowa kwambiri padziko lonse. Only lotukuka poyerekeza ndi ena ali wamng'ono. The wamkulu mu dziko lathu akuti ndi mamangidwe a Novgorod, Pskov, ndi Kiev, lomwe ndi 989 ndi 996 chaka anamangidwira Chachikhumi mpingo, anawononga Batu.

Kuda wakale ndi miyezo yathu mapulani chipilala cha Kievan Yairo ndi Chiwalitsiro Cathedral mu Chernigov, bwino anasunga ndipo tsopano ndiyeno St. Sophia Cathedral ku Kiev. Pa mtima wa woyamba nyumba mtanda mzikiti nthawi zonse kuyika mtanda, koma anakwatira mzikiti kachisi. Mipingo iyi ndi mtundu waukulu wa nyumba akale azipembedzo Russia.

ambuye Byzantine ndi ana awo

Mwala woyamba akachisi omangidwa alendo mabwana Byzantine. Russian nyumba zachipembedzo si kubwereza zomangamanga mwachimbulimbuli Byzantine. mipingo yathu ndi khalidwe la umunthu yowala. Yaroslav Mudry, ndipo zimayesetsa nyumba yaikulu. Iye ndi nkhawa yakuti dziko lalikulu wachita anatengera chipembedzo chatsopano, ndimafuna kukhazikitsa yomanga wake waulemerero wa kachisi. Yaikulu, opanda analogues pa nthawi kulikonse, ngakhale mu Ufumu wa Byzantine, anakhala 5-nefny 13 ozungulira St. Sophia Cathedral ku Kiev, kuwonjezekeredwa mu 1017.

chigonjetso cha Orthodox

Iwo Pambuyo pake Sofia aang'ono a Novgorod (1045-1050) ndipo Polotsk (1060). Iwo amaonedwa kukhala 5-nefnymi, ngakhale mipingo kwambiri Russian - 3 nefnye. Dome anakhalabe zipilala mkati - choncho dzina: 4-, 6- ndipo ngakhale 8-stolpnyj.

Mwapadera anaitanidwa Agiriki anali mu zaka 1073-1079 inamangidwa ndi Mfundo Cathedral wa Lavra Kiev-Pechersk. kachisi uyu, linkadziwika kuti "Wamkulu Church", wakhala chitsanzo pomanga dziko lonse nyumba chikale. Chotero nyumba wodziwika bwino ngati Vydubychi ansembe yotchedwa mu Kiev (1070-1081), Mpulumutsi pa birch makungwa (1113-1125), a mtundu watsopano wa aang'ono monga iwo onse ndi kutambasuka (nartesk) ndi masitepe. Mu kwambiri wakale akachisi khonde kulibe.

Popeza yomanga Boom kufalitsidwa ndi Yaroslav Wanzeru zakuya, akalonga onse aakulu chinkhoswe mu yogwira chitukuko m'tawuni. Kuwonjezera zipilala kamangidwe, ana anakhalabe katswiri wa matsenga ndi mabuku. "Nthano ya makedzana Zaka" anali woyamba kutchulidwa chaka 852.