Ing'onoing'ono National: vuto, chitetezo ndi ufulu

Funso la dziko anali nthawi zonse zikuchepa kwambiri. Ichi ndi chifukwa osati kwa zinthu zopangidwa, komanso chitukuko mbiri ya anthu. Anthu wosazindikira, mlendo nthawi anazindikira zoipa, monga kuopseza kapena "ankagwiririra" mchitidwe umene mukufuna kuchotsa. Masiku ano, nkhaniyi chapeza zambiri lachitukuko, koma anatsala makiyi. Limaletsa kapena ziyenera aliyense sizimatanthauza, chifukwa khalidwe anthu makamaka kutsogozedwa ndi ng'ombe nzeru pankhani "mayiko ena".

Kodi ochepa dziko?

National ing'onoing'ono - magulu a anthu amene mukukhala m'dziko makamaka, monga nzika zake. Komabe, iwo simuli anthu zamakolo kapena anakakhala gawolo ndiponso amaona kuti ndi osiyana mitundu ya anthu ammudzi. Ing'onoing'ono mwina ali ndi ufulu wofanana ndi maudindo monga anthu ambiri, koma mtima kwa iwo nthawi zambiri osati wabwino kwambiri pa zifukwa zambiri.

Vladimir Chaplinskiy, ndi Polish wasayansi amene ankaphunzira za nkhaniyi, akukhulupirira kuti ing'onoing'ono dziko - gulu Consolidated a anthu amene nthawi zambiri amakhala m'madera osiyana a dziko, ankafunitsitsa kudziyimira pawokha, izo safuna asiye mbali mitundu - chikhalidwe, chilankhulo, chipembedzo, , miyambo, etc. Mawu akuti n'zosangalatsa kumva ndi kwambiri zosakwana anthu mwachizolowezi. N'kofunikanso kuti ing'onoing'ono lidzapambana konse kutenga lalikulu boma kapena patsogolo mfundo zofuna zawo m'malo sidelined. Aliyense ochepa anazindikira adzakhala m'malire a dziko ndithu nthawi yaitali. Ndi chidwi kuti iwo amafuna chitetezo chapadera ndi boma, monga anthu ndi nzika angathe ikukhudzana kwambiri mwamakani kwa magulu ena mitundu. Khalidweli sizachilendo m'mayiko onse a dziko, anthu ena mafuko a anthu.

Kutetezedwa kwa ufulu wa ing'onoing'ono dziko - ndi nkhani yagona pa mayiko, chifukwa kukhazikitsidwa lonse la ing'onoing'ono sichichititsa kuti kusintha kulikonse. M'mayiko ambiri okha akutenga zochita woyamba malamulo, zomwe idzafotokoza za chitetezo cha ing'onoing'ono.

Zikamera m'magazini ino

ufulu ochepa akhala mutu otentha chifukwa chakuti funso ili mosamala kwambiri chokhudzana ndi lamulo la boma. Kumene, lingaliro la adanyamuka anaikidwa mu ntchito chifukwa cha tsankho la anthu pa malo mitundu. Monga chidwi m'magazini ino kuchuluka kokha, boma akhoza kuchotsedwa pa akungoonerera.

Koma zimene amati chidwi ing'onoing'ono? Zonse zinayamba cha m'ma XIX, pamene ambiri a ufumu anayamba udzangotha. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti anthu anali "wosayenera." Kugwa kwa Napoleonic ufumu wa Austria ndi Hungary, Ottoman Ufumu, World nkhondo II - zonse izi zinachititsa kuti kumasulidwa kwa anthu ambiri, ngakhale anthu. limati ambiri ufulu wodzilamulira pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Soviet Union.

Mawu akuti "woimira ochepa national" anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu XVII atumwi malamulo adziko lonse lapansi. Choyamba izo nkhawa chabe ing'onoing'ono dera. Kulankhula komanso anapanga funso la ing'onoing'ono anaukitsidwa yekha mu 1899 pa chimodzi cha congresses wa Democratic Social Party.

Yeniyeni ndi yunifolomu tanthauzo la mawu akuti sakutero. Koma ulendo woyamba kupanga ochepa a akamanena za Austria zokomera Otto Bauer.

yosayambitsa

Yosayambitsa kwa ing'onoing'ono amitundu allocated mu 1975. Gulu la asayansi, akatswiri pa yunivesite ya Helsinki waganiza kukachititsa phunziro atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena pa mutu wa mafuko lililonse dziko. Mfundo zotsatirazi wa ing'onoing'ono amitundu allocated malinga ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku:

• magwero ofanana mitundu gulu;
• mkulu kudziletsa chizindikiritso;
• kutchulidwa makhalidwe chikhalidwe (makamaka m'chinenero chawo);
• pamaso pa bungwe linalake chikhalidwe amene amapereka mogwirizana zipatso mwa ochepa ndi kunja.

Chofunika, ndi ofufuza a pa yunivesite ya Helsinki sanatchule kukula kwa gulu, ndi mbali zina za kuzipenya chikhalidwe ndi khalidwe.

muyeso wina anganene kuti ndi zabwino tsankho limene ing'onoing'ono amapatsidwa ufulu muzochitika zosiyana za anthu. Izi zimatheka pamene ndondomeko yolondola ya boma.

Dziwani kuti dziko ing'onoing'ono dziko amene ali ochepa kwambiri a anthu amakonda kuwachitira chocheperako. Zimenezi zalongosoledwa ndi chodabwitsa maganizo - anthu saona kuopsa ndi amawaona kwathunthu ankalamulira magulu ang'onoang'ono. Ngakhale mbali kachulukidwe, chikhalidwe cha ing'onoing'ono dziko - chuma chawo chachikulu.

lamulo malamulo

Funso la ing'onoing'ono anaukitsidwa mwamsanga 1935. Ndiye Permanent Court of Justice Mayiko anati pamaso pa ing'onoing'ono - funso sanali a lamulo. Bwinobwino malamulo tanthauzo la ochepa dziko alipo mu 32 wa Copenhagen choyenera, ndime 1990 SBSK. Ilo likunena kuti munthu amadziwika ndi ochepa aliyense mozindikira, ndiye zosankha zawo.

The UN

Malamulo lamulo ing'onoing'ono alipo pafupifupi ku dziko. Aliyense wa iwo pali gulu la anthu ndi gulu mtundu, chikhalidwe, chinenero, etc. Zonsezi kumalimbitsa yekha anthu zamakolo za gawolo. M'mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi, pali malamulo omwe amalamulira chitukuko zing'onozing'ono mawu dziko, chikhalidwe ndi umoyo ndi zachuma. Pambuyo Assembly General UN anatenga Declaration ufulu wa anthu otsata ing'onoing'ono dziko kapena fuko, nkhani wakhala msinkhu lonse. Chikalata amakhazikitsa lamanja la ing'onoing'ono kudzidziwa dziko, kusangalala awo chikhalidwe yekha, chilankhulo chawo ndi kukhala ndi ufulu wa chipembedzo. Ing'onoing'ono akhoza kukhala ndi anzanu, kukhazikitsa kulankhula ndi gulu mtundu likukhala m'dziko lina, komanso kuchita nawo zosankha zimene zimakhudza iwo. Chikalata amakhazikitsa udindo wa State kuteteza ndi kuteteza ing'onoing'ono dziko, amaganizira zofuna zawo mu mfundo yachilendo ndi zoweta, kupereka zinthu kwa chitukuko cha zikhalidwe ochepa, etc.

chimango msonkhano

Creation wa UN anali chakuti malamulo amene anatsegula ufulu ndi udindo ing'onoing'ono dziko la inakhazikitsidwa m'mayiko ambiri ku Ulaya, okhala m'dera anapatsidwa. Dziwani kuti kwenikweni nkhani imeneyi Pambuyo pa phukusi la United Nations. Tsopano, funso ing'onoing'ono anafunika malamulo osati ndi boma lawo, ndipo pa maziko mchitidwewu padziko lonse.

Kuchokera a 80 mwachangu kupita chilengedwe, chitukuko ndi kusintha pangano Multilaterial. Ine kumaliza ndondomeko izi yaitali kuti Analeredwa ndi M'chilamulo Convention kutetezela ing'onoing'ono National. Iye ananena kuti chitetezo cha ing'onoing'ono ndipo apatseni ufulu woyenera kuti akhale mbali zonse kunachitika cha polojekiti ndi chitetezo padziko lonse ufulu wa munthu. Pakali pano, a Convention M'chilamulo yosainidwa ndi mayiko 36. Msonkhanowo ing'onoing'ono National zasonyeza kuti dziko sanyalanyaza tsoka la mafuko payekha.

Pa nthawi yomweyo mayiko CIS asankha kuiona malamulo ambiri pa chitetezo cha ing'onoing'ono. Kukhazikitsidwa ambiri zikalata mayiko pa ing'onoing'ono dziko zikusonyeza kuti nkhaniyo unasiya kukhala boma ndipo anakhala padziko lonse.

mavuto

Tisaiwale kuti mayiko chizindikiro mapangano lonse, ndi mavuto atsopano. Chakudya cha Convention amafuna kusintha lamulo. Choncho, dziko ayenera kapena kusintha mtundu wake wa malamulo, kapena kulandira kuchuluka kwa zida osiyana lonse. Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti chikalata aliyense padziko lonse akulephera kupeza tanthauzo la mawu akuti "ing'onoing'ono anthu." Zimenezi zimabweretsa angapo mavuto, aliyense State Member payekha ali kulenga ndi kupeza zizindikiro kuti anazindikira amagwera ing'onoing'ono onse. Izo zonse zimatenga nthawi yaitali, kotero ndondomeko akupita pang'onopang'ono. Ngakhale ntchito mayiko pa nkhani imeneyi, kuchita, zinthu pang'ono poipa. Komanso ngakhale ndi muyezo wa amachita chosakwanira kwambiri ndi zolakwika, kuchititsa mavuto ambiri komanso kusamvana. Musaiwale za zinthu zoipa za kulikonse, amene yekha mukufuna ndalama pa Act makamaka. Choncho, timadziŵa kuti mavuto m'munda wa lamulo la malamulo adziko lonse lapansi kwambiri. Iwo anathana pang'onopang'ono payekha, malingana ndi ndondomeko ndi zofuna za dziko lililonse.

Malamulo lamulo m'mayiko osiyanasiyana

ufulu wa ing'onoing'ono dziko osiyana kwambiri m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Ngakhale ambiri ndi kuvomereza mayiko a ing'onoing'ono, ngati gulu la anthu amene ayenera ufulu wawo, koma maganizo a atsogoleri ena andale akhoza kukhala zotengera malingaliridwe. Chosowa i momveka kwa ochepa kusankha mwatsatanetsatane kumathandiza okha amenewa. Taonani zimene vuto ndi mavuto a ing'onoing'ono dziko mu madera osiyana a dziko.

Mabuku a Federation ndi Russian palibe tanthauzo enieni akuti. Komabe, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri osati zida lonse la Chitaganya cha Russia, komanso mu Constitution Russian. Tikumbukenso kuti chitetezo cha ing'onoing'ono imatengedwa pa nkhani ya makhalidwe a Federation ndi nkhani ya ulamuliro olowa a Federation ndi nzika za Ufumuwu. Ing'onoing'ono mu Russia ndi ufulu wokwanira, choncho sitinganene kuti Russia kwambiri ndiwofatsa dziko.

Chiyukireniya malamulo kuyesa kufotokoza mawu akuti "dziko ochepa", amanena kuti gulu lina la anthu amene sali Ukrainians pamodzi mizere mitundu, ndi mafuko awo ndife Akristu ndi dera mkati yokha.

Mu Estonia lamulo "Pa kudziyimira pawokha chikhalidwe" limanena kuti ochepa - nzika za Estonia, amene akhudzana ndi mbiri yakale ndipo ethnically kalekale ndimakhalira mu dziko, koma amasiyana Estonians makamaka chikhalidwe, chipembedzo, chinenero, miyambo, etc. Ndi chizindikiro cha adzadziwire ing'onoing'ono.

Latvia anatengera M'chilamulo Convention. lamulo Chilativiya imalongosola zing'onozing'ono monga nzika omwe ndi osiyana chikhalidwe, chilankhulo, chipembedzo, koma zaka zambiri anamangiriridwa gawo. Zimasonyezanso kuti adzaupereka kwa anthu Chilativiya, kuteteza ndi kupititsa awo chikhalidwe mwini.

M'mayiko Asilavo, chiŵerengero cha anthu a ing'onoing'ono dziko wokhulupirika kuposa mayiko ena. Mwachitsanzo, m'mafuko aang'ono mu Russia pali pafupifupi ndi ufulu wofanana Russia zamakolo, pamene sakudziwika ngati alipo mu mayiko ochepa.

njira zinanso vutoli

Mu dziko muli mayiko amene amadziŵika ndi ulaliki wawo wapadera nkhani ya ing'onoing'ono dziko. Chifukwa izi zikhoza kukhazikitsidwa. Mmodzi wa ambiri - ndi zaka zakubadwa yaitali wosamwerana madzi ndi ochepa, limene kwa nthawi yaitali braked chitukuko cha dziko, kuponderezedwa anthu ameneŵa nafuna kuti atenge malo ambiri zaphindu anthu. maiko sakanavomereza kuyang'ana pa nkhani ochepa akhoza zimachitika France ndi Korea North.

France ndi kokha EU dziko amene kusaina M'chilamulo Convention kutetezela ing'onoing'ono National. Komanso kale kuti French Constitutional Council anakana ratification ya hayala European m'zinenero Regional kapena ochepa.

Mabuku boma la dzikolo, kuti mu France palibe ing'onoing'ono, ndi kuti mafunso oyendetsera dziko musalole kusaina France zida mayiko chitetezo ndi kujowina wa ing'onoing'ono dziko. mabungwe UN amakhulupirira kuti boma ayenera kwambiri kupendanso maganizo awo pa nkhani imeneyi, monga nduna dziko ali zambiri chinenero, mitundu ndi zipembedzo zing'onozing'ono, amene amafunika kukhala ufulu wawo. Komabe, pa nthawiyo, funso zii, monga France sakufuna kusintha zochita zake.

Korea North - Dziko kuti m'njira zosiyanasiyana ochokera m'mayiko ena. Nzosadabwitsa iye sanagwirizane pa nkhaniyi ndi maganizo ambiri. Zolembera zokhazikitsidwa ananena kuti Korea North - Dziko la mtundu wina, nchifukwa chake funso kuli anthu ochepa chabe sangaonekerenso mfundo. Komabe, n'zoonekeratu kuti si. Ing'onoing'ono alipo kulikonse, ili ndi mfundo wamba amene umatheka zinthu zakale ndi malo. Chabwino, ngati mumtima ing'onoing'ono aukitsidwa kwa mlingo wa anthu zamakolo yekha kwa bwino. Komabe, n'zotheka kuti ochepa kwambiri ndi tsankho mu ufulu wawo, osati ndi boma, komanso anthu, amene amadana ndi a chiwawa ndi ing'onoing'ono.

Maganizo a anthu

pa ing'onoing'ono dziko m'mayiko onsewa lamulo anati m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Ngakhale chilolezo cha boma la ing'onoing'ono, kusala ing'onoing'ono ndi wamba kulikonse, kusankhana mitundu, ndi kupatulana chikhalidwe. Chifukwa zingakhale ambiri maganizo pa chipembedzo, kukanidwa ndi kukana mitundu ina monga, etc. Nkosafuna kunena kuti tsankho ndi anthu - ichi ndi vuto lalikulu zimene zingachititse kuti nkhondo lalikulu ndi zovuta pa mlingo boma. The ing'onoing'ono UN mafunso ndi zogwirizana ndi zaka 60. Ngakhale izi, mayiko ambiri kukhala opanda chidwi ndi tsoka la gulu lirilonse mu dziko.

mtima Society ku ing'onoing'ono dziko zimadalira malamulo a boma, mwamphamvu ake ndiponso chikhulupiriro chawo. Anthu ambiri amakonda ndimadana nazo, monga kwa komabe si kulangidwa. Koma chidani sizidzatha monga choncho. Anthu kumanani magulu, ndipo pali kuyambira kusonyeza misa kuwerenga maganizo. chakuti munthu sangachite mwa mantha kapena ndi makhalidwe inayambika pamene pachigulu. zoterezi kwenikweni zachitika mu mayiko ambiri pa dziko. Pa mayesero onsewa, tidzapeza zotsatira zoipa, imfa ndi moyo wolumala.

Nkhani ya ing'onoing'ono dziko kulikonse ayenera kuuka kwa aang'ono, ana kuphunzira kulemekeza munthu wa mtundu osiyana ndi kuzindikira kuti iwo ndi ufulu wofanana. Yunifolomu kukula kwa vuto mu dziko: M'mayiko ena zikukangalika bwino maphunziro, anthu ena anagwira chidani wosazindikira ndi kupusa.

zoyipa

Tsankho ing'onoing'ono ndi mavuto ambiri ngakhale mu dziko ano zomveka. Nthawi zambiri, kusala ing'onoing'ono sayendera tsankho kapena udani, koma pa zinthu mwachizolowezi malinga ndi mbali umoyo ndi zachuma. Izi kwakukulukulu zimadalira boma, lomwe mwina si powasamalira zokwanira kuteteza kakhalidwe ka anthu nzika zawo.

Vuto ambiri m'munda wa ntchito, maphunziro ndi nyumba. Research ndi mafunso ambiri a akatswiri ŵa amanena kuti mchitidwe wa tsankho ndi ing'onoing'ono dziko kwenikweni malo kukhala. mabwana ambiri akukana kuvomereza ntchito pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Makamaka ngati nkhawa tsankho akubwera kuchokera Asia ndi anthu a Caucasus dziko. Ngati otsika, pamene mukufuna ntchito wotchipa, nkhani zochepa mu lemba mbalambanda, koma pamene naimirira bwino-analipira wa chizoloŵezichi ndi yowala kwambiri.

Ndi za maphunziro, olemba nchito sakhulupirira ndi masatifiketi kwa ochepa pa zifukwa zambiri. Inde akukhulupirira kuti ophunzira ochokera mayiko akunja kubwera basi kuti kalata pulasitiki ya maphunziro.

Nkhani ya nyumba komanso amakhalabe zogwirizana kwambiri. nzika wamba safuna kutenga kuopsa ndi kutenga kunyumba khoma anthu okayikitsa. Iwo amakonda kupereka phindu, kusiyana ndi kucheza ndi anthu ochokera m'mayiko ena. Komabe, magazini iliyonse ali mtengo wake. N'chifukwa chake ovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha Ophunzira omwe alibe nazo ndalama zawo kwambiri. Amene angakwanitse moyo wabwino, nthawi zambiri zimene akufunazo.

Chitetezo cha ing'onoing'ono dziko - ndi nkhani yofunika kwa dera lonse lonse, chifukwa munthu aliyense chifukwa cha zochitika m'mbiri akhoza kukhala membala wa ochepa chabe. Mwatsoka, si mayiko onse ali okonzeka kumvetsa ndi kuvomereza magulu mitundu, amene kale anali kudana. Komabe, kuteteza ing'onoing'ono dziko ndi mlingo watsopano chaka chilichonse. Izo zikusonyeza zochitika za pa dziko, chifukwa malamulo akukhala kwambiri okhulupirika.