Zolembalemba azimuth. mumaganiza zolembalemba ndi mafunde

Zolembalemba azimuth - izi ndi zimene kawirikawiri kuzindikiridwa ndi sukulu kapena gulu zolembalemba. Ndi gulu la anthu yolenga, yodziwika ndi mapulogalamu ndi mgwirizano zokongoletsa, komanso maganizo ndi luso kuyandikana. M'mawu ena, ndi mtundu yotsimikizika (monga subgroup) zolembalemba kuyenda. Ponena Mwachitsanzo, ku romanticism Russian, akunena za "maganizo", "Philosophy" ndi "yapachiweniweni singaimitse ntchitoyi" mafunde. The Russian mabuku kayendedwe akatswiri apeza, "sociological" ndi "maganizo" malangizo.

classicism

umenewu ndi kalembedwe luso zaluso ndi mabuku Europe m'ma 19. Dzinali amachokera ku mawu Latin «classicus» - wangwiro.

mumaganiza zolembalemba kwa zaka za m'ma 19 ndi makhalidwe awo:

1. Kukonda ku maonekedwe ndi zithunzi za luso lakalekale ndi mabuku monga muyezo zokongoletsa, tsiku lino, kuika patsogolo mfundo ya "onyenga a chilengedwe", kutanthauza kutsatira malamulo okhwima amene achotsedwa pa aesthetics wakale.

2. aesthetics maziko a rationality mfundo (ku Latin «chiŵerengero» zikutanthauza nzeru) kukaniratu maganizo pa ntchito luso ngati chilengedwe yokumba - kulengedwa mwadala, rationally bungwe nawatsimikizira anamanga.

3. classicism mafano palibe makhalidwe munthu, monga iwo apangidwa makamaka kuti akagwire generic, wokhazikika, zizindikiro kenako zokhalitsa kuti atumikire monga mwiniwake wa asilikali auzimu ambiri ndi chikhalidwe.

4. Chikhalidwe ndi maphunziro ntchito ya luso. Anabweretsa amgwirizano umunthu.

sentimentalism

Sentimentalism (yomasulira kwa English zikutanthauza chimatsogoleredwa "tcheru") - kwa mabuku ndi luso la m'ma 18 mu Europe. Chenicheni rationalism kukonzekera ntchito mavuto mu Choonadi ndi chomaliza. Kwenikweni mwazaka unachitika romanticism, Ine akanamupatsa zina zizindikiro zawo.

Zolembalemba kayendedwe, ndi ndakatulo nthawi imeneyi imakhala ndi mbali yake:

1. sentimentalism amakhalabe wokhulupirika kwa zolinga za umunthu normative.

2. Pamene poyerekeza ndi classicism ndi maphunziro pathos ake pachimake "uthunthu" zafotokozedwera mu malingaliro ndi kumverera.

3. mkhalidwe wa mapangidwe munthu wangwiro si a "woyenera mayiko ziŵalo", ndi bwino ndipo amasulidwe "maganizo chachibadwidwe".

4. mabuku otchuka sentimentalism wamkulu payekha: chiyambi (kapena kukhulupirira) ali demokalase dziko chochokera kwa anthu wamba ndi imodzi mwa adzagonjetsa sentimentalism.

5. sentimentalism sakudziwa za "zopanda chilungamo": zotsutsana maganizo, mopupuluma zopsa maganizo zazindikirika monga kutanthauzira rationalistic zilipo.

romanticism

Izi ndi olemekezeka mabuku pankhani mabuku a Europe ndi America wa 18 mochedwa - m'ma 19. Mu nyengo iyi ya chikondi chonse zachilendo lodabwitsa, zodabwitsa, amene akupezeka yekha mu mabuku.

mabuku Achikondi za m'ma 19 mu Russia anali yodziwika ndi:

1. Antiprosvetitelskoy malangizo proyavivlyalas akadali mu chisanadze Romanticism ndi sentimentalism, ndi Romanticism peaked. Social ndi maganizo preconditions angatchedwe anakhumudwa mu zotsatira za zisinthe ndi zipatso za anthu onse, pokwiya ndi chizolowezi, banality ndi prosaic moyo bourgeois. Chenicheni cha mbiri kosamugonjera "chifukwa", ndi irrationality, chidzalo cha zinsinsi ndi zosayembekezereka, ndi dziko lililonse kuti amadana ndi munthu payekha ndi ufulu wake achilengedwe.

2. chonse sizikuyenda bwino malangizo ndi lingaliro la "Weltschmerz", "dziko mtima woipa" (chitsanzo, J. zopeka otchuka. Byron A. Vigny, etc.). Nzika 'dziko loopsa lagona zoipa "makamaka momveka bwino amasonyezedwa" sewero la tsoka "kapena" Tsoka la tsoka "(ETA HOFFMANN, Poe).

3. Chikhulupiriro mu mzimu wamphamvuyonse wa munthu, kuitanidwa kwake kwa watsopano. Litkratory anatsegula zovuta wosadziwika, akuya umunthu. Anthu iwo - ndi microcosm, dziko pang'ono. Choncho anapita absolutisation umunthu kuyamba, nzeru za anthu azikhala. Center ntchito chikondi wakhala amphamvu, anthu imachita, monga kuyenera anthu, malamulo ake abwino ndi za chikumbumtima malamulo.

naturalism

Latin kwa chilengedwe - mabuku mumaganiza za Silver Age, amene kenaka mu US ndi Europe.

Features:

1. wofuna cholinga zenizeni, zolondola ndiponso expressionless chithunzi cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi vuto limeneli chifukwa chilengedwe thupi ndi chirengedwe, ndi kuzindikiridwa Nthawi zambiri, monga mwachindunji malo chuma ndi zoweta. Izi sizitanthauza kuti zinthu chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale. Ntchito yaikulu ya naturalists - kuphunzira anthu ndi chidzalo chomwecho chimene naturalists kuphunzira chikhalidwe, ndinu sayansi kukhala ngati.

2. Zonse za luso ankatengedwa monga "zikalata anthu", waukulu zokongoletsa i ankaona wathunthu ndipo kumalizidwa mwa izo zokhudza chidziwitso.

3. zolembalemba anasiya moralizing poganiza kuti zithunzi kwenikweni ndithu limaonetseratu palokha. Iwo ankaganiza kuti mabuku komanso masayansi, alibe ufulu kusankha zinthu, ngati palibe wosayenerera olemba kapena nkhani zosafunika. Chifukwa cha mphwayi ichi poyera komanso plotless nthawi zambiri ndi ntchito za nthawi.

Kuzindikira

Kuzindikira amatchedwa luso ndi mabuku pa m'ma 20. Pamafunika chiyambi chake mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano ( "Kubadwa Kwatsopano Kuzindikira"), komanso kufufuza choonadi ( "Choonadi Kuzindikira"). Kuzindikira kanali koyamba mu akale ndi akale nthano zakale.

Mbali yaikulu ya otaya ndi:

1. ojambula akamachita dziko kunja m'njira zogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lalikulu la zochitika za dziko.

2. Kuzindikira mabuku anasonyeza nzeru za munthu komanso anthu ozungulira.

3. Kudziwa ndi lero mothandizidwa ndi mafano, amene analengedwa chifukwa kulemba mfundo zenizeni ( "mu mlengalenga mmene anthu a m'nkhaniyi lililonse").

4. Zosatheka luso akutumikira moyo otsimikiza luso, ngakhale kusamvana zomvetsa chisoni nkhondo. Ichi ndi maziko nthanthi - mpatuko, yonena mu knowability ndi adequacy wa chinyezimiro cha dziko loyandikira, omwe ndi osiyana ndi romanticism.

zaka Silver

mumaganiza zolembalemba ya Silver Age ali ziwalo:

• kopanda kuli maiko awiri (weniweni ndi extramundane);
• zizindikiro chizindikiritso mwachoonadi;
• tione mwapadera pa yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale zachilengedwe monga mkhalapakati m'chifanizo cha dziko komanso muzimvetsetsa ake;
• razrabatyvanie zvukopisi osiyana kulandira ndakatulo;
• kumvetsa dziko ya mystification;
• zosiyanasiyana zomwe zili (lingaliro, zophiphiritsa);
• Hunt mawonekedwe achipembedzo ( "achipembedzo kumverera ufulu");
• ottritsaetsya Kuzindikira.

Literature za m'ma 19 ku Russia

Magwero a magulu luso mu Russia amagwirizana ndi mpweya chikhalidwe ndi maganizo a moyo wa anthu Russian - kuwuka dziko pambuyo First World nkhondo. Ichi chinali chiyambi osati kupanga, komanso chikhalidwe wapadera wa malangizo a alakatuli Decembrist (mwachitsanzo, ochirikiza V. K. Kyuhelbeker, KF Ryleev AI Odoyevski), ntchito yake anali zamoyo maganizo a Civil Service, lodzala ndi mzimu wa kulimbana ndi volnolyubiya .

Mbali khalidwe la Romanticism mu Russian

Mbali yofunika kwambiri ndi kufulumiza wa chitukuko cha mabuku Russia m'zaka za m'ma 19, amene amayamba chifukwa cha 'kudziponya "ndi kaphatikizidwe kosiyana relive magawo m'mayiko ena. Russian romanticism odzipereka mumaganiza predromanticheskie pamodzi ndi zochita za Choonadi ndi Classicism: kukayikira udindo wa nzeru m'chilengedwe chonse, mwambo wa chikhalidwe, tilinazo, elegiac melanholizm osakaniza ndi inalamula tingachipeze powerenga za Mitundu ndi zimafotokoza didacticism wofatsa, komanso polimbana ndi fanizo owonjezera kuti "molondola amgwirizano" .

Akhmatova kwa

Zolembalemba Akhmatova kwa kunja ankawonjezera chinenero, kubweretsa onse ndi nawatsimikizira kuwomba ganizo wosavuta (kuyambira Acmeism yokha amamuchititsa lichotse kuchulukana kuti zinkachitika mu mabuku a zaka).

M'nyimbo heroine Akhmatova kwambiri wamba kuyang'ana moyo weniweniwo. Iwo amaganiza m'magulu osiyana. Iwo - mkazi anakhumudwa ndi chikondi, amene amaganiza kuti anatsegula chinsinsi cha chikondi ngati kulibe. Koma posachedwapa, heroine moyo ndi magalasi pinki pa maso onse atangoona umbuli. Iwo akudikirira, anaopa kulekana okondedwa, anaimba kuti "chikondi nyimbo". Koma anali uko mu kamphindi. Kulingalira mwini sizimamukondweretsa iwo. Mu ndime kuzembera mzere "Kuyambira nthawi zonse zikuwoneka odwala." Ngakhale chipangizo mauthenga encrypted ali bwino kwambiri. Mkazi aliyense amene wachotsedwa chikondi, adzamva chimodzimodzi.

Mayakovsky

Ndakatulo ndondomeko Russian, komanso buku azimuth Mayakovsky kwa zaka ziwiri (mpaka 1920) anali yodziwika ndi kuchuluka makamaka ndi kuchuluka: zaka izi zinali chiyambi cha magwero ndi mapangidwe magulu masiku ambiri mabuku ndi zinthu, ndi mbiri yawo chitukuko zogwirizana maluwa a zilandiridwenso ojambula zithunzi wotchuka mawu. Basi mu nthawi ya kusintha kwa zinthu zinasintha ntchito wolemba Vladimir Mayakovsky.

Yesenin

Yesenin ankadziwa mabuku m'nthawi yovuta kwa iye. The nkhondo imperialist, imene Russia anali nawo, anapeza kugawanika zikuchepa kwambiri. The kugawanika mu mabungwe mabungwe a luso zinakonzedwa Russian anzeru pa zaka ziwiri zapitazi, ndi kuzama kwa zisinthe mu 1907. Zolembalemba kwa Esenina decadentist zimatanthauza malangizo pachiyambi, kusiya mabuku mwambo kuti nthawi mwapang'onopang'ono nzika, ntchito zake ziziyang'aniridwa pryzvami "nkhondo mpaka kumapeto owawa." Komanso, mothandizidwa ndi nkhondo Russia anali Ali SRs ndi Mensheviks, amene anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa Russian mabwalo anzeru. Iye anathandiza nkhondo ndi ndakatulo kwambiri. Nthawiyi, zochita zolembalemba ya Silver Age ndi maziko ake kuti alinkuthedwa. Luntha ndi demokalase makamaka Russian chikhalidwe akhoza musaumitse malo a mabuku ndi luso, kuti mawonedwe kapena kusuntha kusintha.

Russian Acmeism

Zolembalemba azimuth Acmeism ali kukwezeka chidwi mayanjano chikhalidwe, izo walowa mu mpukutu ndi nyengo yapita mabuku. "Zingwe za ubyvshey chikhalidwe dziko" - kotero O.E.Mandelshtam kenako kuzindikiridwa Acmeism. Lokhala wosasangalala ndi zolinga "wa mabuku zosowa" ndi mwambo wa "chitsulo vesi" Lermontov mu Gumilev; chithunzi akale Russian Literature Dante komanso mabuku maganizo a Anna Akhmatova; Zenkevich lingaliro la nzeru achilengedwe wakale dziko Mandelstam; dziko lachinsinsi la NV Gogol ku Narbut GSSkovoroda - ndipo ichi chosachokera mndandanda wonse wa zigawo chikhalidwe kuti amakhudzidwa acmeists. Aliyense wa Acmeists Motero adzadziwire kulenga. Pamene N.S.Gumilev ndakatulo zake zinasonyeza "amphamvu umunthu" ndi ntchito M.A.Kuzmina matalala khalidwe acmeism aestheticism, ndi zilandiridwenso Anna Akhmatova ndi Yesenina anayamba pang'onopang'ono kunakula kale yopapatiza malire acmeism, imene anapambana chenicheni poyambira ndi zolinga kukonda dziko. Inayambira Acmeists mu luso akadali ntchito ndi ena akuyimba ano.

Zolembalemba zochita za m'ma 20

Choyamba, ndi lathu kwa tingachipeze powerenga za, chachikale chinkawavuta ndi tsiku ndi tsiku nthano; chitsanzo cha nthawi ozungulira; m'nthano bricolage - ntchito anamanga monga collages reminiscence ndi osagwidwa Nyimbo ya kudziwika.

Zolembalemba Pa nthawi imeneyo, ali zigawo 10:

1. Neomifologizm.

2. Autistizm.

3. nkhambakamwa / zenizeni.

4. Patsogolo kalembedwe pa storyline.

5. lemba mu lemba.

6. Kuwonongedwa kwa chiwembu.

7. Pragmatics, osati manenedwe.

8. malembedwe osati mawu.

9. Observer.

10. Kulakwila mfundo za malemba Mgwirizano.