Kodi sonnet? The ndakatulo, ndi sonnet. Olemba sonnets

A ankakonda olemba ndakatulo ndi mafani ndakatulo sonnet ndi anachokera ku ntchito za Provencal troubadours, amene analenga nyimbo yakale komanso anali woyamba kulemba nyimbo mu chinenero osati Latin. Dzina la mtundu wanyimbo amapita kumbuyo kwa Provencal mawu sonet - sonorous, sonorous nyimbo.

Kodi sonnet? Mbiri ya yatsoka

Albigensian nkhondo (1209-1229) zimene zinkachitika kum'mwera kwa France, anakakamizika troubadours ambiri kusamukira Sicily, kumene mu 1200s mu Naples pa bwalo ndakatulo ndi woyang'anira wa Frederick II, ndakatulo sukulu unakhazikitsidwa. nthumwi zake achititsa kuti kusintha kwa sonnet wa - Italy adadziyitaniranso SONETTO - ndi mtundu wanyimbo kutsogolera ntchito zake. andakatulo Sicilian anasangalala chilankhulo Tuscan, umene uli kale kumayambiriro kwa zaka 13-14 anapanga maziko a chinenero Italy. Ambiri a geniuses ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano analemba sonnets: Petrarch, Dante, Boccaccio, Per De Ronsard, Lope de A Vega, Shakespeare ... ndipo aliyense wa iwo akubweretsa kuti zili za ndakatulo ndi kanthu kena katsopano.

Features mosiyanasiyana

Classic sonnet tichipeza mavesi khumi ndi zinayi. Mu nthawi ya Italy ndi French Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndakatulo ndakatulo olembedwa mu mawonekedwe a quatrains awiri (quatrains) ndi awiri Terzigno (atatu), ndipo pa English - quatrains atatu ndi couplet wina.

Ndakatulo-Sonnet amazipanga kuimba, n'zosavuta kuti nyimbo izo. Ena mungoli anali kuthokoza kusinthana kwa rhymes chachimuna ndi chachikazi, zimatheka pamene maganizo imagwera pa otsiriza ndipo, chotero, pa syllable penultimate. Ofufuzawa anapeza kuti sonnet chakale lili 154 syllable, koma miyambo sikuti kumvera ndakatulo onse. Italy, France ndi England - chopunthira cha atatu a mawonekedwe a ndakatulo. Olemba sonnets - anachokera lililonse dziko - apanga kusintha mawonekedwe ndi zikuchokera.

korona wa sonnets

Izi mtundu wa ndakatuloyi unachokera mu Italy m'zaka 13. Mwa sonnets 15 Ndiyeno iwowa Nkhani yaikulu ndi lingaliro la ena khumi. Pachifukwa chimenechi, ife anayamba ntchito kumapeto. Mu sonnet chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi ofunika woyamba zigawo ziwiri, ndipo malingana ndi mwambo, ndi sonnet choyamba ayenera kuyamba mzere woyamba ndi kutha ndi wachiwiri lomaliza. No zochepa chidwi ndi mbali zina za nkhata-ndakatulo. The ena khumi sonnets otsiriza mzere wa yapita kwenikweni kukhala mzere woyamba wa lotsatira.

Woyimba Russian mu mbiri ya mabuku dziko kukumbukira mayina Vyacheslava Ivanova ndi Valery Bryusov. Iwo mwangwiro mukudziwa chimene sonnet, kotero chidwi ndi korona wa sonnets. Mu Russia, mawonekedwe kulemba chinayamba m'zaka za m'ma 18. Genius Valeriy Bryusov anali katswiri polemba chinenero ichi, ndi kumvera maziko okhazikika. ndakatulo yake yomaliza ku nkhata ya sonnets ( "chiwonongeko wakuti") akuyamba ndi mizere:

"Khumi ndi anai kundiuza kunali koyenera

Mayina a kukumbukira ankakonda moyo! "

Inu muyenera kucheza ndi kusanthula pang'ono kwa mtundu wanyimbo wa zikuchokera anali zomveka. Miyambo ya Vesi yomaliza ya sonnet loyamba limayamba komanso limatha - wachiwiri; sonnet lachitatu akuyamba mzere womalizira wa munthu yapita, mu nkhani iyi - "! mayina kukumbukira ankakonda moyo" Iwo akhoza kutsutsa kuti Valeriy Bryusov anafika angwiro polemba chinenero ichi. Pakali pano, 150 zolembalemba anayesedwa nkhata sonnets andakatulo Russian, ndipo pali 600 mu dziko la ndakatulo.

Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374). Chitaliyana Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Iwo anamutcha mwamuna woyamba wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi woyambitsa wa philology zachikhalidwe. Franchesko Petrarka anaphunzitsidwa wazamalamulo, anakhala wansembe, koma kodi satsatira mfundo za theocentrism. Petrarch anapita ku Ulaya, mu utumiki wa Cardinal anayamba ntchito yake zolembalemba m'mudzi wa Vaucluse kum'mwera France. moyo wake onse, nawatanthauzira za mipukutu ndikusankha zapamwamba wakale - Virgil ndi Cicero. Ambiri a ndakatulo yake, kuphatikizapo sonnets, Petrarch anaikidwa Buku la "Canzoniere", lomwe limatanthauza "Book of Songs". Mu 1341 pa zimene anachita zolembalemba chokhala ndi mlombwa wreath.

art Features

Mbali yaikulu ya Petrarch - kukonda ndi kukondedwa, koma kuti chikondi sayenera okha akazi komanso anzake, banja, chikhalidwe. Mfundo imeneyi zinali akamagwiritsa ntchito yake. M'buku lake "Kantsonere" amatanthauza imasonkhezera Laura de A kumene, mwana wamkazi Knight a. Collection linalembedwa pafupifupi onse moyo ndipo anali Mabaibulo awiri. Sonnets buku loyamba amatchedwa "Pakuti moyo wa Laura," chachiwiri - ". Pa imfa ya Laura" Okwana zosonkhanitsira - 366 mavesi. The sonnets 317 wa Petrarch anaona mphamvu zosatha zakukhosi. Mu "Canzoniere" wolemba akuona ntchito ndakatulo mu apadera okongola ndi nkhanza Madonna. Iye idealizes Laura, koma sasiya makhalidwe ake enieni. The ngwazi m'nyimbo akukumana ndi mavuto onse a chikondi unrequited ndi zowawa, kuti iye anali kuswa lonjezo wopatulika. Wotchuka sonnet wolemba - 61, limene anasangalala mphindi iliyonse anakhala ndi wokondedwa wake:

"Adalitsike tsiku, mwezi, chilimwe, ola
Ndipo nthawi imene maso anga anakumana maso amenewo! "

Collection Petrarch - kuulula ndakatulo imene iye akufotokoza ufulu mumtima mwake ndi ufulu wauzimu. Iye akudutsa, koma Sadandaula chikondi. Iye ankawoneka kulungamitsa ndi kulemekeza chilakolako lapansi, chifukwa popanda chikondi, anthu sangathe kupulumuka. Vesi, sonnet akuganizira lingaliro ili, ndipo amapitirizabe ndakatulo za nthawi.

Dzhovanni Bokkachcho (1313-1375). Chitaliyana Kubadwa Kwatsopano

The Kubadwa Kwatsopano wolemba kwambiri (amadziwika kuti ntchito yake "The Decameron") anali mwana wapathengo, moti poyamba anali ankanyoza, koma talente anapambana ndi ndakatulo wamng'ono anamuzindikira. Imfa ya Petrarch Boccaccio kwambiri mwakuti iye amalemba sonnet ulemu wake, umene muli lingaliro impermanence ndi moyo.

"Mwa Sennuchcho kuti Chino anagwirizana,

Ndipo Dante, ndi kwa inu

Ndiye chobisika kwa ife anapereka palokha mowonekera. "

Dzhovanni Bokkachcho odzipereka sonnets Dante Aligeri ndi geniuses ena, ndipo ambiri Chofunika - akazi. wokondedwa wake namutcha dzina lina - Fiametta, koma chikondi chake si monga chapamwamba monga Petrarch, ndi zambiri pansi. Iye pang'ono kumasintha ndi sonnet mtundu wanyimbo ndi amakondwerera kukongola kwa nkhope, tsitsi, masaya, milomo, analemba za kukopa wake kukongola ndi limafotokoza zofuna thupi. Dodger ndi ankakonda akazi akuyembekezera tsoka nkhanza: pachabe chikhalidwe zolengedwa wokongola ndipo anavutika kuperekedwa, Boccaccio mu 1362 anatenga maudindo oyera.

Per De Ronsard (1524-1585). The French Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Anabadwa mu banja la makolo olemera ndi mfulu, Per De Ronsard anali ndi mwayi chifukwa maphunziro abwino. Mu 1542, iye anapereka zochepa latsopano French ndakatulo mamita ndakatulo ndi rhymes, amene anali mpake kutchedwa "Mfumu ya ndakatulo." Kalanga, kupambana iye anazunzidwa analipira ndipo anataya kumva wake, koma iye sanangokhala chilakolako cha kudzikonda kusintha. MwaukadauloZida wakale ndakatulo iye ankaganiza Horace ndi Virgil. Per De Ronsard ankatsogoleredwa ndi ntchito ya akalambula wake: ankadziwa chomwe sonnet, ndipo anafotokoza za kukongola kwa akazi, kuwakonda. Wolemba ndakatulo anali muses atatu: Cassandra Marie ndi Elena. Mu umodzi wa sonnets, iye adzavomereza chikondi chake kwa munthu wina mdima tsitsi ndi zofiirira-eyed namwali, ndi limatitsimikizira ake kuti palibe redheads kapena svetlookie konse amayambitsa maganizo kuwala:

"Ndili ndi maso bulauni moyo ndi moto Woyaka,
Ndili ndi maso imvi ndi kuwona sindikufuna ... "

Mabaibulo sonnets anachita ndi Mlembi izi Russian olemba zaka mazana makumi awiri - Vilgelm Levik ndi Vladimir Nabokov.

Uilyam Shekspir (1564-1616). English Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Kuwonjezera comedies ndi zapamwamba ndiponso mavuto kutchulidwa chuma mabuku dziko, Shakespeare analemba 154 sonnets, kwenikweni otsutsa chi zolembalemba. zolemba zake anauzidwa kuti "fungulo ili, anatsegula mtima wake." Mu ena sonnets wolemba zomwe akudziwapo wake wauzimu, pamene ena anali odzilamulira, modabwitsa. Shakespeare zoyenera chetyrnadtsatistrofnye ndakatulo mnzake ndi Swarthy Lady. Aliyense sonnet ndi achilendo ambiri, choncho n'zosavuta kudziwa panopa mmene anawasiyanitsira maganizo a wolemba: ngati ntchito loyamba la ngwazi m'nyimbo imakhumbira kukongola, pambuyo 17 sonnets kubwera anapempha reciprocity. Mu ndakatulo pansi chiwerengero 27-28, kumverera - si chimwemwe koma Munthu akamakonda.

sonnets Shakespeare anawalemba osati chikondi mitu: nthawizina wolemba amachita monga nzeru zapamwamba ndi, kulota za moyo wosatha, ndipo anadzudzula kwambiri khalidwe loipa. Komabe, mkazi iye - pali wangwiro, ndipo tikhoza kunena kuti kukongola tidzayesedwa kuti ndipulumutse dziko lapansi. Mu sonnet wotchuka 130 Shakespeare imakhumbira kukongola kwa dziko wake wokondedwa: maso ake sizimagwirizana ndi nyenyezi, complexion ali kutali ndi mthunzi yowawitsa ya duwa, koma iye akuti mu couplet otsiriza:

"Koma iye anapereka kotero nkomwe,

Amene poyerekeza zobiriwira anapotoza. "

Italy, French ndi English sonnets: kufanana ndi kusiyana

Kubadwa Kwatsopano anapatsa anthu katswiri ambiri mabuku. Popeza anayamba mu Italy m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu, patapita pang'ono lothandiza kwapita kwa France, ndi zaka ziwiri kenako - mu England. Lililonse wolemba, pokhala nzika ya dziko umabweretsa mu mawonekedwe a sonnet ndi zina, koma anapitiriza kukhala nkhani zogwirizana kwambiri - apadera akazi kukongola ndi chikondi pa iye.

The tingachipeze powerenga Italy sonnet quatrains olembedwa pa rhymes awiri, Terzetto mpata kulemba ngati awiri kapena atatu, ndi kusinthana kwa rhymes mwamuna ndi mkazi anali okhulupirika. M'mawu ena, yomwenso mu Vesi akanakhoza ugwe otsiriza, ndi pa syllable penultimate.

Mu France, loletsa anali ndi akapolo kubwerezabwereza mawu ndi ntchito rhymes imprecise. Quatrains ku tercets mosamalitsa anapatukana syntactically ena. Ndakatulo ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano ku France analemba sonnets desyatislozhnikom.

luso chinafika ku England. Andakatulo mukudziwa chimene sonnet, koma m'malo mawonekedwe nthawi zonse, wopangidwa mwa quatrains awiri awiri TERCET anali quatrains atatu ndi couplet wina. Yomaliza ndime imatengedwa chinsinsi ndi anasenza limaonetseratu aphoristic limakhulupirira. Tebulo zikusonyeza Mabaibulo dekhetsa wa rhymes m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.

sonnet lero

Chetyrnadtsatistrofnaya ndime choyambirira mawonekedwe ali bwinobwino kusanduka ndi ntchito ya olemba mabuku. Mu zaka mazana makumi awiri, ambiri ndi French chitsanzo. Pambuyo Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak kwakukuru anawamasulira sonnets Shakespeare, olemba ndi chidwi ndi maonekedwe English. Yotsirizira zikufunika ngakhale tsopano. Ngakhale kuti sonnets onse amasuliridwe geniuses lopambana mabuku, chidwi polemba chinenero adakali zogwirizana lero: mu 2009 Alexander Sharakshane lofalitsidwa chopereka ndi Mabaibulo a sonnets Shakespeare.