Zokhala dera - izi ndi ... Mfundo opareshoni

Zokhala dera - chipangizo kwa kupoletsa (kulenga) wa oscillations mu atomu. Kuchokera pomwe linayamba mpaka pano imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera ambiri sayansi ndi luso kuyambira tsiku ndi tsiku ku mafakitare lalikulu popanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana kwambiri.

Kodi izo zigwirizana?

The oscillation dera chikuphatikizapo koyilo ndi capacitor. Komanso, pakhoza kukhala resistor pano (variable kukaniza mchitidwe). An inductor (kapena solenoid, monga limatchedwa) ndi ndodo imene windings ndi chilonda zigawo zingapo, zimene zambiri ndi waya mkuwa. Ndi chinthu ichi amalenga oscillations mu dera la oscillatory. bala, yomwe ili pakati ena amati kutsamwa, kapena pachimake, ndi koyilo nthawi zina amatchedwa solenoid.

zokhala dera koyilo amalenga oscillations pokhapokha ngati Kusunga mlandu. Popereka panopa mwa izo, amasonkhana mlandu kenako amapatsa dera pamene voteji akutsikira.

koyilo mawaya zambiri ndi kukana otsika kwambiri, chimene nthawizonse sichitha. Dera oscillation dera zambiri amapezeka kusintha voteji ndi amperage. Kusinthaku umamumvera malamulo ena masamu:

• U = U ₀ * Ko (w * (TT _0), kumene
  U - voteji nthawi T,
  U ₀ - voteji nthawi T _0,
  yakumadzulo - pafupipafupi mu atomu oscillations.

Chinthu china chofunika kwambiri dera ali capacitor magetsi. mchitidwe tichipeza mbale awiri omwe analekana ndi dielectric a. The makulidwe a wosanjikiza pakati maelekitirodi ndi zosakwana kukula. Izi zimathandiza kudziunjikira pa-insulator mlandu magetsi, zomwe mungathe ndiye tumizani ku dera la.

Mosiyana capacitor batire ndi kuti palibe kutembenuka kwa zinthu ndi magetsi, ndipo pali kudzikundikira mwachindunji mlandu m'munda magetsi. Choncho, kudzera capacitor kungakhale opondapo kudziunjikira mlandu, amene angaperekedwe zonse mwakamodzi. Pankhaniyi, pano mu dera ali kwambiri.

Komanso, dera la oscillation wapangidwa wina mchitidwe more: a resistor. mchitidwe uwu ali ndi kukana ndi kulamulira panopa ndi voteji mu dera la. Ngati pa voteji zonse kuonjezera kulimbikira resistor, ndi panopa adzakhala ndichepe ndi lamulo Ohm akuti:

• Ine = U / R kumene
  Ine - panopa,
  U - voteji,
  R - kukana.

inductor

Tiyeni tione pa zochitika zonse za inductor ndi bwino adzamvetsa ntchito yake mu dera resonant. Monga tanena kale, kulimbikira kwa mchitidwe uwu amamuchititsa ziro. Choncho, pamene chikugwirizana ndi DC dera kudzachitika yochepa circuiting. Komabe, ngati koyilo zogwiritsidwa kwa AC dera, chimagwirira ntchito molondola. Apa tikutengegeredwa ku mapeto kuti mchitidwe ali ndi kukana kuti alternating panopa.

Koma n'chifukwa chiyani zimenezi ndipo mmene kukana kumachitika pamene alternating panopa? Kuti tiyankhe funso limeneli tiyenera kutembenukira kwa chodabwitsa cha kudzikonda inductance. Ndi ndime ya koyilo ziliri pa izo pali ndi electromotive mphamvu (EMF), amene amalenga chinthu cholepheretsa kusintha panopa. Ukulu wa mphamvu kumatengera zifukwa ziwiri: koyilo panopa ndi otumphukira za nthawi. Mwamasamu, kudalira imeneyi yafotokozedwera ndi aone kuti pali kuti:

• E = -L * I '(T), kumene
  E - EMF,
  L - inductance mtengo wa koyilo (aliyense koyilo ndi osiyana ndi zimadalira chiwerengero cha windings wa coils ndi makulidwe awo)
  Ine '(T) - nthawi otumphukira wa zikusinthira (mlingo panopa kusintha).

DC Mphamvu pa nthawi sidzasinthika, kotero kukana kwake atadziŵa uka.

Koma pa AC magawo ake onse zikusintha mu lamulo sinusoidal kapena cosine, kuchititsa electromotive mphamvu, amene kumathandiza kusintha. kukana amatchedwa kupatsidwa ulemu ndi masamu mfundo:

• X _L = yakumadzulo * _L, kumene
  yakumadzulo - pafupipafupi oscillation dera,
  L - inductance wa koyilo lapansi.

The mwamphamvu ziliri pa solenoid ndi linearly kumawonjezera ndi amachepetsa malinga ndi malamulo osiyana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati mwasiya otaya ziliri pa koyilo, izo kupitiriza kwa kanthawi kupereka mlandu mu dera la. Ndipo ngati ichi mwadzidzidzi usokoneze otaya panopa, padzakhala anawomberedwa chakuti mlandu adzayesa kutuluka ndi anagawira koyilo. Izi - vuto lalikulu mafakitale. Amenewa (ngakhale kwathunthu zokhudzana ndi dera la oscillation) zingaoneke Mwachitsanzo, pamene kuchotsa pulagi ku zitsulo ndi. Pankhaniyi skips mphamvu kuti zimenezo lonse sangativulaze munthu. Ndi chifukwa chakuti maginito Kodi kutha nthawi yomweyo, koma pang'ono ndi pang'ono ankakhala moyo wotayirira, kumukopa mafunde mu ochititsa ena. Mu lonse mafakitale mphamvu panopa nthawi zambiri zazikulu kuposa masiku volts athu 220, kotero kusokoneza mu unyolo kupanga zingachititse nsakali ndi mphamvu kwambiri kuti adzachititsa kwambiri kuvulaza onse zomera ndi munthu.

Koyilo - Kodi maziko a kuti kumene oscillation dera ndi. Inductor m'gulu solenoids sequentially anawonjezera. Kenako, ife tione pa zochitika zonse za kapangidwe ka mfundo.

Kodi inductance?

Inductance koyilo zokhala dera - ndi chizindikiro munthu amene ali numerically wofanana ndi mphamvu electromotive (mu volts), lomwe limapezeka mu dera pamene kusintha panopa 1 A 1 chachiwiri. Ngati solenoid ndi chikugwirizana ndi DC dera inductance ake limafotokoza mphamvu ya maginito, amene analengedwa ndi panopa ili ndi njira:

• W = (L * I ²⁾ / 2, pamene
  W - ndi maginito mphamvu.

inductance koyefishienti kumatengera zifukwa zambiri: Masamu solenoid, ndi makhalidwe maginito ya pakati ndi chiwerengero cha coils wa waya. Mbali ina ya chizindikiro ichi ndi kuti nthawi zonse zabwino, chifukwa zosintha zomwe zimatengera, sangakhale negative.

inductance lingatembenuzidwenso limanenedwa ngati katundu wochititsa ndi sitolo mphamvu ziliri pa maginito ilipodi. Iwo amayezedwa Henry (dzina la wasayansi American Dzhozefa Genri).

Komanso solenoid oscillation dera tichipeza capacitor, amene ayankhidwa hereinafter.

capacitor Zamagetsi

Capacitance anatsimikiza ndi oscillator dera capacitance magetsi capacitor. chikuoneka zalembedwa pamwambapa. Tsopano tiyeni tione zinthu zakuthambo njira zimene zimachitika mmenemo.

Popeza mbale capacitor anapangidwa kwa wochititsa, ndiye kuti akhoza ikuyenda magetsi. Komabe, pakati pa mbale awiri ndi chinthu Insulator (iwo akhoza kukhala mpweya, matabwa kapena zinthu zina ndi kukana mkulu Chifukwa chakuti woyang'anira sanayende kuchokera kumalekezero a waya kwa ena., Pali kudzikundikira kwa mbale capacitor Choncho kumawonjezera mphamvu ya maginito ndi magetsi. minda mozungulira icho. Choncho, pa kuchotsa mlandu atuluka magetsi onse anapeza pa zipangizo, liyamba opatsirana dera la.

Aliyense capacitor ali voteji oveteredwa, mulingo woyenera kugwira ntchito. Ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mchitidwe pa voteji kuposa mwadzina, yamoyo yafupika kwambiri. The capacitor a dera la oscillatory nthawi zonse anakhudzidwa ndi mafunde choncho pamene anasankha ayenera kukhala osamala kwambiri.

Kuwonjezera capacitors ochiritsira amene tinakambirana, palinso magetsi awiri wosanjikiza capacitors. Ichi ndi chinthu zovuta kwambiri: zikhoza kukhala mtanda pakati batire ndi capacitor anafotokoza. Childs, dielectric mu magetsi awiri capacitors wosanjikiza ndi zinthu organic, pakati chomwe ndi electrolyte. Pamodzi kulenga magetsi wosanjikiza awiri, amene amalola kudziunjikira mu ndondomeko imeneyi pa mphamvu zina kuposa capacitor ochiritsira.

ndi mphamvu capacitor ndi chiyani?

Capacitance wa capacitor ndi chiŵerengero cha mtengo capacitor ku voteji pa imene ili. Aziwerenga izi zikhoza kukhala zosavuta mothandizidwa ndi chilinganizo masamu:

• C = (e ₀ * S) / D, kumene
  imelo ₀ - dielectric zonse zakuthupi dielectric (tabular phindu)
  S - m'dera la mbale capacitor,
  D - mtunda pakati pa zipangizo.

The kudalira wa capacitance wa capacitor pa mtunda pakati maelekitirodi ndi chafotokozedwa ndi chodabwitsa kupatsidwa ulemu electrostatic ndi zosakwana mtunda pakati pa mbale, m'pamenenso iwo bwanji mnzake (coulomb), wamkulu mlandu maelekitirodi ndipo sakhala ndi nkhawa. Ndipo pamene voteji mtengo wa ukuwonjezeka mphamvu, chifukwa akhoza kutchulidwa ndi chilinganizo zotsatirazi:

• C = Q / U, kumene
  Q - mlandu mu coulombs.

Ndi kulankhula za mayunitsi a muyeso wa kuchuluka izi. Capacitance amayezedwa farads. 1 farad - mtengo mokwanira lalikulu, kotero capacitors zosatha (osati supercapacitors) kuti ndi capacitance amayezedwa picofarads (wina trillionth farad).

resistor

Panopa mu dera resonant chimadaliranso kulimbikira kwa dera la. Ndipo pambali zinthu ziwiri anafotokoza amene amapanga ndi dera zokhala (koyilo, capacitor), pali lachitatu - ndi resistor. Iye ali ndi udindo polenga m'mbuyo. Resistor isiyana ndi zinthu zina kuti ali ndi kukana mkulu, sipangakhalenso zosiyanasiyana ena zitsanzo. Dera resonant izo amachita mphamvu kulamulira ntchito ya m'munda maginito. N'zotheka kugwirizana resistors angapo mu nkhani kapena zochitika, potero kukula kulimbikira dera la.

Kulimbikira kwa mchitidwe uwu chimadaliranso kutentha, kotero chisamaliro ayenera kumwedwa kwa ntchito yake mu dera, chifukwa ndi usavutike pa ndime ya panopa.

kukana The amayezedwa ohms, ndi mulingo wake akhoza kuchita masamu pogwiritsa ntchito njira:

• R = (p * l) / S, kumene
  tsa - zakuthupi resistivity resistor (amayezedwa (ohm * mamilimita ²⁾ / m);
  L - kutalika resistors (mu meters);
  S - yachigawo malo (ku millimeters lalikulu).

Kodi muvale magawo kuzungulira?

Tsopano ife tadutsa pafupi ndi sayansi ntchito ya dera la oscillatory. Pa nthawi mlandu pa mbale capacitor zimasintha malingana ndi wachiwiri kuti masiyanidwe aone kuti pali.

Ngati inu kuthetsa aone kuti pali imeneyi, amasonyeza ena mitunduyi chidwi kufotokoza njira zimene zimachitika mu dera la. Mwachitsanzo, pafupipafupi ozungulira tingasonyezere mawu a capacitance ndi inductance.

Komabe, mophweka kwambiri chilinganizo chimene chimathandiza kuwerengera unknowns ambiri - Thomson aone kuti pali (dzina pambuyo sayansi British William Thomson, amene naye 1853):

• T = 2 * f * (L * C) ^1/2.
  T - pakati pa oscillations atomu,
  L ndi C - moyenera, ndi inductance wa zokhala dera koyilo ndi chinthu capacitance dera,
  N - chiwerengero PI.

khalidwe chinthu

Pali kuchuluka ina yofunika amakhala ndi mizere ntchito - khalidwe china. Pofuna kumvetsa chimene icho chiri, muyenera amanena kuti ndondomeko monga kumveka ndi. zodabwitsazi, imene matalikidwe wobwezera pazipita mphamvu pa mtengo nthawi zonse, umene uli pachimake thandizo. Kumveka angafotokoze chitsanzo losavuta: mukayamba kukankhira kugwedezeka kwa kugunda kwa pafupipafupi awo, iwo adzakhala inapita patsogolo, ndipo awo "matalikidwe" kwambiri. Koma ngati mulibe kulikankhira kugunda, iwo pang'onopang'ono. Pa kumveka, nthawi zambiri dissipates kwambiri mphamvu. Kuti athe kuwerengera phindu la imfa, tinayambitsa ndi chizindikiro monga chinthu khalidwe. Ndi koyefishienti wofanana ndi chiŵerengero cha mphamvu ili dongosolo, zomvetsa zikuchitika pa mkombero wina ku dera la.

dera khalidwe Chinthu kuchita masamu malinga ndi njira:

• Q = (w ₀ * W) / P, kumene
  yakumadzulo ₀ - kumveka okhota pafupipafupi oscillations;
  W - mphamvu kusungidwa mu dongosolo akututuma;
  P - mphamvu madyaidya ndikuledzera.

Izi chizindikiro - dimensionless kuyambira kwenikweni chimasonyeza chiŵerengero mphamvu: Kusunga kwa anathera.

ndi abwino zokhala dera Kodi

Kumvetsa za njira mu dongosolo la sayansi anabwera ndi otchedwa abwino zokhala dera. Ichi ndi chitsanzo masamu kuimira dera monga dongosolo ndi ziro kukana. Mmenemo ndi undamped oscillations amgwirizano. chitsanzo Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti wodziwitsidwa pafupifupi chilinganizo mawerengedwe magawo dera. Imodzi mwa magawo awa - mphamvu zonse:

• W = (L * I ²⁾ / 2.

zosabvuta amenewa kwambiri imathandizira anapezazo ndi kulola kuti asa- makhalidwe dera ndi makhalidwe preset.

Kodi ntchito?

Zonse zokhala dera mkombero opaleshoni akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri. Tsopano tiona chimodzimodzi njira chikuchitika mu gawo lirilonse.

• Woyamba gawo mbale capacitor, mlandu ndithu, akuyamba zimatulutsa, kupereka pano mu dera la. Pa nthawi imeneyi, panopa zimapita kuchokera ku HIV ndi mlandu zoipa, ankadutsa koyilo lapansi. Choncho, Phokoso mu atomu zimachitika dera la. m'kupita Current kudzera koyilo, izo chimatsatira mbale wachiwiri ndipo anapatsa izo ndithu (pamene elekitirodi woyamba, umene masiku ano anayenda, moyipa adawalamulira).
• Yachiwiri inadzachitika ndondomeko mwachindunji zosiyana. Panopa amapatsirana mbale zabwino (zomwe pachiyambi panali zoipa) kuti zoipa kudutsa kapswa koyilo lapansi. Ndipo milandu onse amagwa malo.

The mkombero akubwerezedwa malinga ngati capacitor wapatsidwa. Mu abwino resonant dera mnjira ali wopandamalire, ndipo weniweni mphamvu imfa zimayamba chifukwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana: ndi Kutentha kuti kumachitika chifukwa kuli kukana mu dera (Joule kutentha), ndi zina zotero.

Embodiments dera kapangidwe

Kuwonjezera madera yosavuta "ndi koyilo-capacitor" ndi "koyilo-resistor-capacitor", pali zina zimene mungachite, ntchito ngati dera maziko oscillation. Mwachitsanzo, dera kufanana amene amakhala mu kuti pali chinthu dera (chifukwa mmene lilili nokha, zingakhale dera mndandanda ndi imene m'nkhani).

Palinso mitundu ina ya zomangamanga, kuphatikizapo zosiyanasiyana zigawo zikuluzikulu magetsi. Mwachitsanzo, n'zotheka kulumikiza transistor maukonde umene kutsegula ndi kutseka dera ndi pafupipafupi wofanana ndi oscillation pafupipafupi dera la. Choncho, dongosolo adzakhala kukhazikitsa oscillations undamped.

Kodi dera la oscillation ntchito?

Kwambiri bwino kwa ife kugwiritsa ntchito zigawo zikuluzikulu za dera - izo electromagnets. Nawonso, ntchito mu kachitidwe intakomu, Motors, zimatulutsa, ndi ena ambiri m'madera zochepa wamba. ntchito ina - oscillator. Ndipotu ndi ntchito yadera ndi bwino kuti ife: ofunikira, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu mayikirowevu kuti zimachititsa mafunde mu kuyankhulana m'manja ndi opanda zingwe popereka mauthenga pa mtunda. Zonsezi ndi chifukwa chakuti oscillations mafunde mu atomu akhoza ndiyotengera m'njira kuti kudzakhala kotheka popereka mauthenga pa mtunda wautali.

Inductor yokha angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chinthu cha thiransifoma ndi, coils awiri ndi chiwerengero osiyanasiyana windings mukhoza kudutsa m'munda mu atomu akuwayang'anira. Koma ngati solenoids makhalidwe amasiyana ndi zithunzi ziliri pa madera awiri amene olumikizidwa kwa awiri inductance zingasiyane. Choncho, munthu akhoza kutembenuka voteji kuti panopa, kunena 220 volts masiku ano ndi voteji wa volts 12.

Pomaliza

Ife zofunikila mfundo za dera zokhala ndi mbali payokha. Tinaphunzira kuti zokhala dera - chipangizo lakonzedwa kupanga mafunde mu atomu. Komabe, ichi ndi ndizosowa zimango zovuta awa, mwakuwoneka zinthu zophweka. Dziwani zambiri za ndondomeko ya mmene dera ndi zigawo zake zingakhale m'mabuku apadera.