Zitsulo Alloyed: ofotokoza ndi mbali ntchito mndandanda

chitukuko inatchulidwa ndi ungwiro. Kukweza mwayi wa ntchito mafakitale ndi banja pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo ndi makhalidwe patsogolo. Izi, makamaka doped zitsulo. zosiyanasiyana awo anatsimikiza kudzudzulidwa mphamvu kachulukidwe ndi Mkhalidwe zikuchokera kwa zinthu alloying.

Natural-aloyi zitsulo

Choyamba chitsulo chosungunuka, amene ali katundu osiyana ndi achibale, zinali mwachirengedwe-doped. The smelted mbiri isanayambe kugwa kwa miyala yochokera chitsulo zili kuchuluka tochepa faifi tambala. Umapezeka m'manda ku Iguputo 4-5 zaka BC. e., inamangidwa ndi chimodzimodzi zomangamanga chipilala Qutab Minar ku Delhi (V c). Japanese damask malupanga zachitsulo, molybdenum zimalimbikitsa ndi Damasiko zitsulo lili tungsten, mmene mkulu liwiro ano. Amenewa anali zitsulo, ndi miyala yomwe inali ncho ku malo ena.

Kasakaniza wazitsulo kupanga wamakono muli zigawo zikuluzikulu zachilengedwe a zachitsulo ndi chiyambi nonmetallic, zomwe zikugwirizananso ndi makhalidwe awo ndi katundu.

njira zakale

Maziko a chitukuko cha doping anakhazikitsidwa kulungamitsidwa mbiya limatsogolera njira zitsulo ku Ulaya m'zaka za m'ma XVIII. Mu podziwa kwambiri wosazindikira wa crucibles m'masiku akale, kuphatikizapo kwa yadothi ya ku Damasiko ndi Damasiko zitsulo. Mu zaka za m'ma 18, luso akhala kuwongolera pamlingo mafakitale, ndipo analola kusintha kapangidwe ndi khalidwe la zinthu poyambira.

• Kutsegula munthawi yomweyo koposa zinthu zatsopano mankhwala, anakankhira ofufuza ku mayesero yadothi experimental.
• Zoipa chikoka zamkuwa khalidwe zitsulo.
• Open mkuwa munali 6% chitsulo.

Zatsopano inkachitikira mawu a chikoka kachulukidwe ndi Mkhalidwe pa aloyi zitsulo wa tungsten, manganese, titaniyamu, molybdenum, cobalt, chromium, pulatinamu, faifi tambala, zotayidwa, ndi ena.

Woyamba mafakitale yopanga zitsulo alloyed ndi manganese, anakhazikitsa pa chiyambi cha m'ma XIX. Komanso zachitika kuyambira 1856 monga mbali ya Bessemer ndondomeko ya yadothi.

doping Features

mbali Modern kulola kusungunula zitsulo alloyed wa zikuchokera aliyense. Zoyamba za njira imeneyi:

1. Alloying zigawo amaonedwa pokhapokha ngati iwo tikuuzidwa mwachindunji zili uliwonse kuposa 1%.
2. Sulfa, wa hydrogen, phosphorous ankaona zosafunika. The inclusions nonmetallic ntchito monga boron, asafe, pakachitsulo, kawirikawiri - phosphorous.
3. Volume doping - ndi oyamba a zigawo zikuluzikulu mu mankhwala osungunula mwa makampani zitsulo. Pamwamba ndi ndondomeko ya pamwamba wosanjikiza mayamwidwe machulukitsidwe zinthu zofunika mankhwala pa kutentha.
4. Mu ndondomeko zowonjezera, kusintha crystalline dongosolo la "mwana" zakuthupi. Iwo akhoza kulenga kapena kucotselatu malowedwe a zothetsera ndipo anaikidwa pa malire a zachitsulo ndipo sanali zachitsulo nyumba, kupanga osakaniza makina a mbewu. A udindo waukulu kuno ankaimba ndi mlingo wa solubility wa Zofunikira mzake.

zigawo alloying

Malinga ndi gulu ambiri, zitsulo onse anawagawa wakuda ndipo akuda. Kuti monga yakuda yachitsulo, chrome ndi manganese. Wachikuda ogaŵikana opepuka (zotayidwa, magnesium, potaziyamu), katundu (faifi tambala, nthaka, mkuwa), wolemekezeka (pulatinamu, siliva, golide), zitsulo refractory (tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, titaniyamu), mapapo, kawirikawiri lapansi ndi nyukiliya. Ndi alloying zitsulo zosiyanasiyana kwambiri kuwala, olemera, mfulu ndi refractory sanali akakhala ndi zonse wakuda.

Malinga ndi chiŵerengero cha zinthu izi ndi maziko zitsulo Massey otsiriza ogaŵikana otsika-aloyi (3%), srednelegirovannye (3-10%) ndi mkulu (kuposa 10%).

steels alloyed

Sayansi, ndondomeko ndi m'mbali. Uthunthu n'chachikulu kwambiri. Zolinga chachikulu steels zotsatirazi:

• Kuonjezera mphamvu.
• Kukweza matenthedwe processing zotsatira.
• Kuwonjezeka kukana dzimbiri, kutentha kukana, kutentha kukana, kutentha kukana, kukana kuti zinthu aukali opaleshoni, moyo utumiki.

The Gawo - akakhala aloyi ndi zitsulo refractory, monga Kr, MN, W, V, Ti, Mo, ndi achikuda Al, Ni, Cu.

Chromium ndi faifi tambala - ndi Gawo liwulo zitsulo zosapanga (X18H9T) ndi refractory, amene kantchito yodziwika ndi kutentha ndi katundu mantha (15H5). Mu ndalama mpaka 1.5% ntchito mayendedwe ndi mbali mikangano (15HF, SHH15SG)

Manganese - lofunika zikuluzikulu za steels avale zosagwira (110G13L). wochepa amalimbikitsa deoxidation, kuchepetsa ndende ya phosphorous ndi sulfure.

Pakachitsulo ndipo vanadium - zinthu zimene kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka elasticity ndi ntchito kupanga akasupe (55S2, 50HFA).

Zotayidwa ndi oyenera chitsulo ndi lalikulu kukana magetsi (H13YU4).

A khalidwe yofunika kwambiri tungsten zili chida khola mkulu-liwiro steels (P9 R18K5F2). Alloyed kubowola chifukwa zitsulo zakuthupi ndi zambiri zipatso ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi ntchito kuposa yemweyo chida mpweya zitsulo.

Alloyed zitsulo ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Imodzi kudziwika otchedwa kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi katundu zodabwitsa analandira monga njira doping. Choncho "matabwa zitsulo" lili 1% chromium ndi 35% faifi tambala, amene amasankha matenthedwe ake mkulu madutsidwe, khalidwe nkhuni. Diamondi komanso limapangidwa 1.5% mpweya 0.5% chromium ndi 5% ya tungsten, amene amadziwika ngati makamaka olimba, mofananira kuti diamondi.

chitsulo doping

Osewera zitsulo steels amasiyana kwambiri mpweya okhutira (kuchokera 2,14 kuti 6,67%), mkulu kuuma ndi kukana dzimbiri, koma mphamvu otsika. Pofuna kukuza osiyanasiyana katundu ndi ntchito chionetsero, izo doped ndi chromium, manganese, zotayidwa, pakachitsulo, faifi tambala, mkuwa, tungsten, vanadium.

Chifukwa makhalidwe wapadera nkhani chitsulo ndi doping ake - yovuta kwambiri ndondomeko kuposa zitsulo. Aliyense wa zigawo amakhudza kutembenuka mitundu mpweya mu izo. Popeza manganese kumathandiza kuti mapangidwe "oyenerera" wa graphite, amene bwino kwake. Chiyambi cha mpweya ena ali ndi zotsatira za kusintha kwa boma chabe, whitening chitsulo ndi kuchepetsa katundu makina.

umisiri ndi kobvuta otsika limatsogolera kutentha (pafupifupi mpaka 1000? C), koma ambiri a zinthu alloying ndi kwambiri kuposa mlingo.

Ambiri mwaluso chitsulo alloying zovuta. Pa nthawi yomweyo, muyenera kuganizira kuwonjezera imabwera tsankho la castings, akulimbana chiopsezo akuponya zopindika. Kugwira njira zosavuta mu ginito wamagetsi ndi ng'anjo kupatsidwa ulemu. Kuvomerezedwa zinayendera masitepe ndi apamwamba kutentha mankhwala.

zitsulo kuponya Chromium yodziwika ndi mkulu avale kukana, mphamvu, kutentha kukana, kukana kukalamba ndi dzimbiri (CHH3, CHH16). Iwo ntchito mankhwala zomangamanga ndi kupanga zida zitsulo.

Osewera chitsulo alloyed ndi pakachitsulo, yodziwika ndi kukana mkulu dzimbiri ndi kukana kuti zotsatira za mankhwala aukali, ngakhale zogwira mtima mawotchi katundu (CHS13, CHS17). mbali mtundu wa mankhwala zida, piping ndi mapampu.

Chitsanzo cha alloying lodabwitsa ndi kutentha zosagwira zitsulo chosungunula. Iwo ali mu kapangidwe wakuda alloying zitsulo awo monga chromium, manganese, faifi tambala. Iwo yodziwika ndi zonyamula dzimbiri, kuvala kukana ndi kukana kuti mavuto mkulu m'mikhalidwe mmene mkulu - mbali ya turbines, mapampu, Motors, zida malonda mankhwala (CHN15D3SH, CHN19H3SH).

Mbali yofunika kwambiri ndi mkuwa, zomwe zimafunika kuipidwa ndi miyala ina, kuponyera makhalidwe a kuwonjezeka aloyi.

aloyi mkuwa

Izo ntchito mu maonekedwe ake angwiro ndipo wapangidwa kasakaniza wazitsulo mkuwa amene zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi chiŵerengero cha polojekitiyo ndi alloying zinthu, mkuwa, mkuwa, faifi tambala siliva, ndi nelziybery ena.

Woyera mkuwa - nthaka aloyi - osati doped. Ngati amaphatikizapo zikuchokera alloying zitsulo sanali akakhala mu kuchuluka - amaona kuti multicomponent. Mkuwa - izo kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi zigawo zina zachitsulo, kungakhale malata kapena malata munali, doped milandu onse. Kukweza khalidwe ndi ntchito MN, Fe, Zn, Ni, SN, PB, Khalani, Al, P, Si.

The pakachitsulo zili mankhwala mkuwa bwino kukana dzimbiri yawo, mphamvu ndi elasticity; tini ndi kutsogolera - kudziwa ubwino ndi antifriction makhalidwe abwino wachibale machinability; faifi tambala ndi manganese - zigawo zikuluzikulu, otchedwa kasakaniza wazitsulo deformable amenenso ndi zotsatira zabwino pa kukana dzimbiri; chitsulo bwino katundu makina nthaka - luso.

Iwo ntchito okonza magetsi ngati zinthu zofunika yaiwisi kupanga zosiyanasiyana mawaya, ndi mfundo zotsimikizira zigawo yovuta kwa zida za mankhwala akupha, okonza ndi zida makina zomangamanga, mu mipope ndi kuzizira kutentha.

zotayidwa doping

Ntchito ngati kuponyera kapena kasakaniza wazitsulo zidachitidwa. zitsulo Alloyed akuchokera ndi mankhwala a mkuwa, manganese kapena mankhwala enaake a (duralumin, etc.), yotsirizira - kugwirizana ndi pakachitsulo, otchedwa silumin ndi zosankha zawo zonse zitheka ndi doped mwa Kr, mg Zn, Co, Cu, Si.

Mkuwa kumawonjezera plasticity ake; Pakachitsulo - pa fluidity ndi khalidwe kuponyera katundu; chromium, manganese, magnesium - bwino mphamvu, katundu processing ndi kuthamanga machinability kukana dzimbiri. Komanso monga alloying zigawo zimathandiza kuti kukana kukalamba ndi zinthu aukali opaleshoni akhoza anatengera B, PB, Zr, Ti, zina kuti adzipeza.

Iron - Mbali osafunika, koma zedi yaing'ono ntchito yopanga zitsulo zotayidwa zojambulazo. Silumin ntchito kuponyedwa mbali yapadera ndi housings mu luso lopanga. Duralumin ndipo atangomva ndi zotayidwa ofotokoza kasakaniza wazitsulo - yofunika zopangira kupanga zinthu alumikizana, kuphatikizapo mphamvu nyumba mu ndege zomangamanga, shipbuilding ndi makina.

zitsulo Alloyed zimakhudzidwa m'madera onse a makampani monga amene akweza makhalidwe makina ndi luso, poyerekeza ndi choyambira. Osiyanasiyana zinthu alloying ndi mwayi wa umisiri wamakono kulola kuti zosintha zosiyanasiyana kuti kuwonjezela mphamvu sayansi.