Zimene lalikulu la zana la 20. Kutulukira kwambiri

The mzaka zana makumi awiri wawasinthira miyoyo ya anthu. Kumene, chitukuko cha anthu sanasiye, ndi pa chilichonse m'ma panali sayansi Kutulukira, koma kusintha moona chosintha, ndipo ngakhale ang'ono kwambiri, inachitika osati kale. Kodi atulukira zaka mazana makumi awiri akhala lofunika kwambiri?

ndege

Abale Orville ndi Uilbur Rayt analowa mbiri ya anthu monga woyendetsa choyamba. Chomaliza koma osati chosafunikira atulukira zazikulu za m'ma 20 - latsopano njira zoyendera. Orville Wright anatha kupanga ndege ankalamulira 1903. Ndege, mwakuchita iye ndi m'bale wake, anakhala mu mlengalenga masekondi 12 okha, koma anali yojambula kwenikweni kwa ndege pa nthawi. ndege tsiku imatengedwa kubadwa kwa mode izi zoyendera. Bratya Rayt woyamba kupanga dongosolo imene kupotokola phiko kutonthoza zingwe, wakupatsani kulamulira galimoto. Mu 1901 mphepo ngalande analenga. Iwo anatulukira ndipo tinakwera. Pofika 1904, dziko anaona ndege chitsanzo latsopano, zambiri zapamwamba komanso aluso osati zouluka, komanso kuchita pankhondo. Mu 1905 panali njira chachitatu, chimene chikanakhoza kukhala mu mlengalenga pafupifupi maminiti sate. Patapita zaka ziwiri, abale zinasaina pangano ndi Army US, ndipo kenako anagula ndege ndi French. Ambiri anayamba kuganiza za ophimba a anthu, ndi Wrights anapanga kusinthidwa zofunikira chitsanzo chake ndi khazikitsa mpando zina ndi kupanga injini wamphamvu kwambiri. Chiyambireni cha m'ma 20 anatsegula njira zatsopano kwathunthu kwa anthu.

X-ray

Ngati zinthu zambiri zopambana za m'ma 20, izo mwina anachita mwamsanga 19, koma kenako anthu sanathe bwino pomwepo. Mwachitsanzo, X-ray anayamba ntchito mu 1885. Ndiye Wilhelm Roentgen anazindikira kuti mbale Zithunzi chosokonezedwa pansi Mbali a sipekitiramu, ndipo akhoza akamagwira walitsa fano mafupa a thupi. Komabe, iye ankayenera kugwira ntchito zaka 15 kuphunzira ziwalo ndipo zimakhala zinayamba kutheka. N'chifukwa chake dzina "X-ray" kulumikiza chiyambi cha m'ma 20: izo poyamba sadayidziwa kugulu. Pofika mu 1919, ndondomeko otere kale ntchito ndi zipatala zambiri. Maonekedwe a X-ray anasintha chitukuko cha mankhwala: zinaoneka nthambi yatsopano ya diagnostics ndi kusanthula. Pakali pano, chipangizo chakupulumutsa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Choncho pamene amatchula asayansi kwambiri, muyenera ndithudi adzaitana Wilhelm Roentgen.

TV

zoyambitsidwa sayansi ndi luso zasintha moyo zaka mazana makumi awiri. Chimodzi mwa zochitika chinsinsi wakhala zikamera wa njira yatsopano ya kufalitsa mauthenga - TV. Mu 1907, iye okhala ndi Russian wasayansi Boris Rosing. Iye ntchito imeneyi chubu cathode-ray. Kutembenuka ndi chizindikiro photocell ntchito. Ndi 1912, iye woyengedwa Kutulukira wake, ndipo mu 1931 anali woyamba akufuna njira ya wailesi mtundu. Kuyambira 1939 anayamba ntchito njira yoyamba. Mu 1944, masiku TV muyezo analengedwa. Mwina atulukira ena asayansi zaka za m'ma 20 anali zofunika kwambiri mu mawu sayansi, koma sakhoza kudzikana zotsatira za uthenga pa miyoyo ya anthu. TV lasintha njira kulankhulana ndi kusintha kwa maganizo a dziko anthu.

foni yam'manja

Tsopano moyo ukanakhala wopanda foni zikuwoneka pafupifupi zosatheka. Komabe, iwo anaonekera ndithu posachedwapa. Kutulukira Scientific amalola anthu kulankhula pafoni koma opanda zingwe kupangidwa kokha mu 1973. Martin Cooper, mlengi wa khungu, anatha kuitana ofesi kuti misewu ya Manhattan. Mu zaka khumi, mafoni akhala Kufikika osiyanasiyana ogula. Choyamba LG ndalama pafupifupi zaka zikwi zinayi madola, koma lingaliro ndi chidwi ndi America kuti anthu analembedwa ima pamzere kugula. Ndipo mu yamakono chipangizo makono monga pang'ono: chubu anali chabe yaikulu, masekeli pafupifupi kilogalamu, koma chiwerengero anaimba ankatha kuona pachionetsero ting'onoting'ono ta. Mlandu zokwanira kulankhula kwa theka la ola. Komabe, posakhalitsa anayamba kuŵeta zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana, komanso ndi wina ndi mbadwo wa anthu kuyembekezera mafoni onse, latsopano ndi chidwi. Pakali pano, chipangizo kwenikweni ndi zamtengo kakang'ono kompyuta ndi zambiri zizindikiro zomwe mu 1973 analibe ngakhale kuganizira za Mlengi wa LG selo.

Internet

Osati atulukira onse a atumwi wotsiriza, ntchito ndi anthu tsiku ndi tsiku. Koma Kutulukira Intaneti kusandulika miyoyo ngakhale pa zinthu zazing'ono, lero ntchito pafupifupi ku dziko. Ndi chida kulankhulana, mudziwe katengedwe, deta kuwombola. Mphamvu chilengedwe kulankhulana. Choncho, lonena za atulukira kwambiri kwa zaka za m'ma 20, za Intaneti sadzaiwala. Akukhulupirira kuti njira yoyamba umenewu unapangidwa ndi Dr. Liklider, wasayansi yemwe anatsogolera ntchito asilikali US ndi nzeru zambiri. Choncho maukonde Arpanet unakhazikitsidwa ndi thandizo limene mu 1969 panali kusintha deta ku University of Los Angeles mu labu Utah. maziko chinaikidwa, ndipo mu 1972 Intaneti anadziwana ndi anthu. Chiphunzitso cha imelo. Kutulukira Internet wakhala zodziwika mdziko lonse, ndipo m'zaka zingapo icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito zikwi za anthu. Pakutha zaka mazana makumi awiri, iwo anatembenuka mamiliyoni makumi.

kompyuta

Zinthu zopambana za m'ma 20 Kawirikawiri kugwirizana ndi patsogolo sayansi. Yotero ndi kompyuta. Ngati timvetsetsa ndi mawu masamu makina, zimagwirira ngati analipo m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri. Koma chipangizo m'njira zamakono anaonekera okha makumi awiri ndi. analogi computer, Kutacha America unakhazikitsidwa mu 1927. Mwa mwezi wa atumwi, panalinso pazipangizo. Izo analengedwa ndi makina Mark I - woyamba kompyuta weniweni. Pambuyo patsogolo motere wapita mbiri mayendedwe. yosungirako njira mmalo ndi diskettes anakhomerera, ndiyeno mbale yaying'ono abulusa. Kusintha ndi mapulogalamu zinenero. The kompyuta anabwera moyambirira kokha kuchita ntchito algebraic, ndi zipangizo zamakono ndi multifunctional chipangizo kuti ndi oyenera ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Zakudyazi Instant

Enumerating ndi kupezedwa kwambiri kwa zaka za m'ma 20, sitiyenera kuiwala kuti zikuoneka pa koyamba ndi asatipusitsenso. Instant Zakudyazi - ndi bwino mankhwala m'nyumba, koma chikuoneka zasintha zinthu zakudya a kukhitchini kapena kusapezeka kuntchito komanso anali kupambana lalikulu. Mtundu wa pasitala anatulukira Japanese Ando Momofuki. Post-nkhondo Japan anali ndi njala, ndipo chakudya amapezeka mosavuta kwambiri popanga motsimikizira kuti akonze zinthu. Choncho Ando anaganiza kuyamba kuyang'ana Zakudyazi wapadera. Iye anayesera njira zambiri kuphika, mpaka anakwatulidwa yopanda chofufumitsa naomba, abwino kwa kuyanika. Mu 1958 anayamba kupanga Zakudyazi ake, koma lero ntchito pachaka servings oposa biliyoni makumi mankhwala ofanana. anapeza wina Ando Momofuki wakhala ntchito zikho wapadera pulasitiki, zimene kukonzekera chakudya mwamsanga popanda ziwiya.

Penicillin

Asayansi ambiri otchuka a m'zaka 20 zokhudzana ndi sayansi yeniyeni, komanso yojambula kwambiri mankhwala. Ndi m'zaka za m'ma panali penicillin, mankhwala amene anapulumutsa miyoyo ya anthu ambiri. Iye anatulukira kuti England Alexander Fleming mu 1928 atapeza zotsatira za mabakiteriya nkhungu. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti atulukira kwambiri kwa zaka za m'ma 20 sanathe kuligonjetsa Kubwera kwa mankhwala. anzake onse Fleming ankakhulupirira kuti chinthu chachikulu - musati kulimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi kulimbikitsa chitetezo chokwanira. Mankhwala zinkaoneka tanthauzo nakhalabe sinadzatengedwe ndi achibale zingapo pambuyo chilengedwe chonse. Only ndi 1943 TH mankhwala anakhala ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mabungwe zachipatala. Fleming sanafooke kuphunzira tizilomboto osati bwino penicillin, komanso analengedwa ndi thandizo la anapeza wake wa zojambula angapo kujambula mabakiteriya chinthu chapadera.

cholembera ballpoint

Mwa kuphunzira sayansi ndi luso zoyambitsidwa, n'zotheka kuti aiwale za patsogolo yaing'ono kunyumba kuti ndi zofunika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, onse mwachizolowezi ballpoint cholembera anaonekera yekha mu 1943. Anayambitsa izo Laszlo Biro, yemwe ankatsogolera nyuzipepala ndondomeko kusindikiza ndi ndinaganiza, chifukwa si mudzaze thanki kusamalira chomwecho mwamsanga-kuyanika inki? Iwo ayenera kukhala wandiweyani. Kuti iwo sanali mphambu kutsegula chogwirira, mpira ayenera kuyikidwa apo. Ine ndinaganiza za zonsezi, Biro analenga zinachitika. Anasamuka ku Argentina, iye wapeza amuthandize ndipo anayamba kupanga zolembera inki. Ogula woyamba anali oyendetsa amene angafune iwo, ndi pa kumwamba: cholembera yachibadwa anachita, pakalibe kuthamanga. Mu 1953, ku France Marsel Bik kusandulika kwa mawonekedwe ya cholembera inki ndi anakhoza kulenga options mtengo kuti kudzera kwa aliyense ndi kugonjetsa dziko lapansi.

makina ochapira

anapanga chinthu china, kwambiri kusintha njira ya moyo, zimathandiza anthu ambiri kuthana ndi zovala zakuda. Makina ochapira anaonekera yekha mu 1947, kuchotsa laundresses pa positi. Choyamba chidali chifuniro ngati chaonekera mu msika US ndi makampani awiri - General Zamagetsi ndi Bendix Corporation. Makina anali phokoso ndi wovuta, phindu anali zinchito yekha. Kusintha zinthu izi, kutukula anaganiza Whirlpool, amene analenga Baibulo latsopano makina ochapira pakati pa zaka mazana makumi awiri. Anabisa overlays pulasitiki kuti kuchepetsa phokoso, chitsanzo angathe kuchitidwa mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndi wonse kapangidwe njira anakhala zambiri kaso. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, makina ochapira chasanduka mu ndithu chinthu zokongoletsa. Mu Soviet Union woyamba chipangizo ngati anaonekera mu 1975 ndipo anaitanidwa "Volga-10", koma bwino kwambiri yekha "Vyatka-makina-12" imene anayamba kubala mu 1981. makina amakono akhoza zokuzira ndi kuyanika ntchito, ndi njira zosiyana potsegula, kuwonetsera, anachedwa chiyambi powerengetsera, ndipo ngakhale amatha kulumikiza ku intaneti.