Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin: yonena, mndandanda wa mabuku ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

zaka 87 za moyo wa anthu pamodzi nyengo lonse. Ndaleredwa mu miyambo ya mabuku, anayesa kusonyeza mu mabuku awo, mtundu watsopano wa ngwazi, anabadwa mu zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zakale. Mu buku lake lalikulu, anakulira mibadwo ingapo, kungolandira kwa iye si kudzipereka maganizo mfundo ndiponso zolinga za choonadi cha ubwenzi, kulimbikira zolinga ndi khalidwe labwino, limene palokha Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin anakhalabe wokhulupirika ndi wodzipereka kwa ntchito mabuku, ndi moyo.

"Ine ndikuganiza ine ndinali wokhoza mnyamata ..."

Iye anali mwana womaliza m'banja lalikulu la woyimba asilikali Alexander Abramovich Zilber, amene anatumikira mu Omsk oyenda Regiment. Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin anabadwa m'chaka cha 1902, pamene ambiri a banja kwa zaka zoposa 5 akukhala Pskov. Anali ana onse a mphatso 6 Zilber, kenako kufika pamwamba kwambiri osati nyimbo komanso sayansi. Mwachitsanzo, Alexander anakhala wotchuka wolemba nyimbo ndi wochititsa, amene anatenga pseudonym mitsinje ina, Elena - musicologist, Leo - woyambitsa wa lonse Soviet sukulu sayansi Medical Virology.

Amve cholowa ozindikira ndipo luso moyo tsogolo la ana Kapellmeister Zilber kwakukulukulu ngongole kwa amake - Anne Grigorevne. Iye anali limba, maphunziro a Moscow Conservatory, ndi bwino kuti ophunzira ndi kudziwa zoona zenizeni, amene anapanga nyumba zawo malo otchuka kulankhulana Progressive Youth Provincial Pskov. N'zoonekeratu kuti imawalamulira wolemba tsogolo msanga anayambitsa kuwerengako.

Favorite wolemba - Stevenson

Iye anakhala knigoglotatelem kungolandira lalikulu zedi la mabuku a katundu osiyana: ankanena Andersen ndi Perrault, mabuku Dickens ndi Viktora Gyugo, ntchito za upamwamba Russian, ulendo mabuku a Fenimore Cooper ndi Aimard, nkhani ya Sherlock Holmes ndi tabloid mabuku pang'ono za achifwamba wolemekezeka ndi ofufuza. Monga ananena Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin, iye ankakonda Robert Stevenson, anakantha luso kulanda chidwi popanda kulingalira, kudzera mwa "mawu mphamvu zowalamulira, kubereka chozizwitsa cha luso."

Kuwonjezera mayi, wokonda chitukuko cha ana kwambiri chidwi, mbiri kwambiri mnyamata uja anali ndi mchimwene Leo. Munthu amene anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa zokonda mabuku a wolemba m'tsogolo, ndipo anaika iye kumulakalaka mabuku, anakhala bwenzi ndi m'kalasi Leo - Yuri Tynyanov - kenako wotchuka zolembalemba wotsutsa ndi wolemba, woyambitsa "Chachiwiri mkulu Kizhe", "Kuchle" ndi "Imfa Wazir-Mukhtar" . Tynyanov nthawi yaitali kukhala bwenzi lenileni ndi Kaverina. Ine ndikudabwa zimene Kenako anakwatira mlongo wake wa Leo ndi Veni - Elena, ndipo Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin pambuyo pake anakwatiwa moyo wake wautali pa mlongo Tynianov - Lydia.

mayunivesite ake

Pa maphunziro mu Pskov zolimbitsa thupi zigawo, komwe anakhala zaka 6, vuto okha Kaverina masamu. Ndi nthawi yake sekondale pofuna kulemba ndakatulo, umene panthawi imeneyo unali wamba anyamata ndi mindset anthu.

Kaverina ubwana inatha mu 1918 pambuyo adani a Pskov ndi asilikali a ku Germany, ndipo atamaliza sukulu ya sekondale mu Moscow. Pali akulowa yunivesite. Kenako anasamukira ku likulu - Petrograd. Kumeneko, kudzera Tynianov, wakudza ndi olemba ambiri otchuka - Shklovskii, E. Schwartz, Sun Ivanov, neri Al. Magawo mabuku, makamaka prosody, Kaverin ndi kulota. Veniamin Aleksandrovich, amene yonena wakhala chifukwa cha chitsanzo cha utumiki chosadzikonda mabuku Russian, analandira choyamba zopweteka panjira. Wankhanza kwambiri analenga ndakatulo anadzionetsa Osip Mandelstam: "Kuyambira anthu ngati inu, ndakatulo ayenera kutetezedwa!".

Ndakatulo itatha, Kaverin ndipo akusankha kudzipereka kwa sayansi. Iye amapita kwa Istfil Petrograd University ndipo nthawi yomweyo nthambi Arab wa Institute of Living Oriental Zilankhulo.

Zinachitikira woyamba kulemba

Ndipo komabe kuthetsa kufuna kulemba Kaverin sanali fated. Ntsiku inango mudamala kuona odzipereka chiphunzitso Lobachevskii anaona chithunzi cha Mpikisanowo zolembalemba, unachitikira ku Nyumba ya Writers. Mphindi khumi, amene adatenga msewu nyumba, anaitana Kaverin oopsa, kudziwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wake. Amaona kupita prose ndi kusinkhasinkha nkhani yake imene Iye adzathandiza mpikisano.

Woyamba prosaic zinachitikira Kaverina amatchedwa "khumi axiom" zinali zodzaza okha mphoto lachitatu. Uwerenge rubles 3,000 zinatha kokha kwa sikisi toffee - ndalama devalued mu 1920, koma anali zolembalemba yake yoyamba ija, kupambana woyamba zolembalemba. Za iye nthawi zonse anakumbukira Kaverin. Veniamin Aleksandrovich - mbiri, mndandanda wa mabuku lofalitsidwa padziko lonse, anali umboni wa chiwerengero mkulu wa ntchito yake ndi luso - kuti mapeto a masiku asanu anakumbukira toffee.

"Serapion Abale"

February 1, 1921, msonkhano woyamba wa bwalo zolembalemba, amatchedwa "Serapion abale." Mu misonkhano kenako anapita ndi zambiri "kugwirizana" ndi otsatira, koma dongosolo ovomerezeka anali zonse: Lev Luntz, Mikhail Zoshchenko, Ilya Gruzdev Nikolay Nikitin, Elena Polonskaya, Nikolai Tikhonov, Vsevolod Ivanov, Mikhail Slonimsky, Konstantin Fedin. Mmodzi mwa abale yosatha ya gulu anakhala Kaverin. Veniamin Aleksandrovich, amene ntchito anayamba pa nthawi imeneyo kuonekera nthawi zonse atolankhani ndi mwachangu nawo misonkhano. Iye anakhalabe wokhulupirika kwa "abale" ndi mfundo kulenga analengeza kuti mapeto - Kaverin ndi zaka makumi asanu patatha chinali chiyambi cha "Serapion limafotokozera" - Feb 1 - monga holide zofunika kwambiri.

Ndipo mfundo izi sizinali zachilendo pa nthawi. Dzina kwambiri, anabwereka ndi makolo kulemba bwalo yosonkhanitsa yochepa nkhani zapamwamba za German Romanticism Ernest Teodora Amadeya HOFFMANN, analankhula za mphwayi wathunthu ndale. Mu chopereka otchulidwa m'dera zolembalemba, dzina lake polemekeza kudzipatula lodziwika bwino Mkhristu ndi wokonda moyo wodzimana Serapion, ndi kulengeza mtengo waukulu wa ntchito mabuku a khalidwe lake, mosatengera ndi mfundo ndi maganizo andale a wolemba, zinali m'chaka chachitatu cha mphamvu Soviet pafupifupi akatiputa.

nthawi wankhanza

Posakhalitsa ndi "abale" zinadziwika naivete zolinga zawo mfulu. kusiyana maganizo pakati pawo anayamba kuoneka zonse bwinobwino. "The azungu" - Luntz, Kaverin, Slonim - anaika pamwamba pa nkhani zina, ulendo Mitundu, "kum'mawa phiko" - Zoshchenko, Sun Ivanov - ankangokhalira kufotokoza moyo ndi amajambulapo maluwa okongola wowerengeka. Kusiyana zofunika mabuku poyamba sanaletse kuteteza umodzi wa kulenga ndi wochezeka koma pansi nkhonya zamphamvu za boma kutsutsa ndi moyo zochitika ndi inagwa.

Nthawi chinapululutsa "abale" pa mbali zosiyana, kupanga ena otsutsa yaikulu. Luntz mu 1924, chisoni anafa oyambirira; Ivanov, Slonim, Nikitin anakhala akufunitsitsa kuimba pathos ya kulimbana chosintha; Tikhonov ndi Fedin patapita nthawi anakakhala maudindo akuluakulu mu Union of Soviet Writers, sankalimbana nafe akugwira mzere chipani, yosalekerera dissent iliyonse. Atakhala 1946 opanikizika amphamvu maganizo Kukwanilitsa anali Zoshchenko, m'modzi yekha wa "Serapion Abale" kumuthandiza ndi anamusunga asapita ofunda - Veniamin Kaverin. Anasiya kugona ndi Fedin, pamene mu 1968 sanalole buku "Cancer Ward" Solzhenitsyn.

Kugwira ntchito mwakhama ndi kukhulupirika mfundo

Mu "serapionovskie" nthawi ya woyambitsa wa proletarian mabuku limakhulupirira Gorky ananena kuti munthu amene analemba mabuku ambiri luso la achinyamata - Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin. "Atsogoleri awiri" (1940-1945) - buku, amene makamaka ophatikizidwa dzina wolembayo, - malinga ndi mbiri, Stalin anali kutikonda kwambiri ndipo anavomereza awarding Kaverina mu 1946 Stalin Prize, pambuyo kutulutsidwa kwa buku chachiwiri za Zopatsa a Sani Grigorieva. Great kutchuka ankakonda "AKUFUNA" (1935-1936) ndipo "Open Book" (1953-1956). Pa nthawi ya nkhondoyo, Kaverin anali kalikiliki kumpoto zombo, amene anali kupereka dongosolo la Red Star.

Mwina izi zathandiza Kaverin kupewa chokana, monga anthu amene anakumana mchimwene wake Leo, ambiri a kafukufuku wake m'munda wa virology amachitika pamene m'misasa. Stalin kalata yopempha kuti amasulidwe yosainidwa ndi Kaverin. kutsutsa Official mobwerezabwereza kugunda pa wolemba onena m'buku lake apolitical zosangalatsa.

Ngakhale zili chomwechi, wolemba sanali adzandipereka chikhulupiriro. Iye anakhala nawo buku la anthology "zolembalemba Moscow" (1956), ndi yoletsedwa boma chipani. Kaverin anakana poyera nawo kuzunza Boris Pasternak mu 1958, anapereka kalata Poteteza Sinyavsky ndi Daniel, anamenyera kufalitsa mabuku ndi Mikhail Bulgakov ndi Solzhenitsyn.

Zotsatira za wolemba ndi anthu

Mwina akuluakulu boma anali yabwino kuganiza armchair wolemba wake alibe amadza yaikulu pa kutsitsimuka misa ndi maganizo munthu wa owerenga. Koma maganizo akhoza kukhala odalirika, anapatsidwa voliyumu ndi khalidwe la Kaverin olembedwa.

"Awiri akazembe" kokha pamene moyo wolembayo tinalisindikizanso nthawi zoposa 70, ndipo awo "bukhu lotseguka" mobwerezabwereza anajambula. Kuwerenga anthu kudziwa zinthu monga "Wotsutsa, kapena madzulo Vasilevsky Island" (1928), "Bwenzi Unknown" (1957), "awiriawiri Zisanu ndi zodetsa" (1962), "kawiri Chithunzicho" (1963), "O. Senkovskiy (Baron Brambeus) "(1929, 1964)," Before galasi "(1972) ndi ena.

Iye ndi woyambitsa wa nkhani zambiri sakhalitsa essays, ambiri maphwando a nkhani ana. A njira yapadera kumanzere chokumbukira, makamaka buku "Epilogue" (1979-1989), lolembedwa limene ntchito mpaka maora otsiriza asananyamuke, komwe kunachitika mu May 1989. Koma ngakhale mabuku awa sindingakhoze kukuuzani inu nonse za moyo wa Veniamina Aleksandrovicha Kaverina. Nkhope yeniyeni ya wolemba ndi munthu wapulumutsidwa ndi Maulendo a m'nthawi patapita zaka zambiri, ndi ukulu wa talente, monga taonera otsutsa ambiri zolembalemba ndi kuwerenga wamba ndi koma kuti aone chenicheni.