Malo zojambulajambula. Russian malo zojambulajambula

Kuyambira nthawi makedzana, anthu nthawi zonse anamusilira chikhalidwe. Iwo poonetsa chikondi chawo ndi kusonyeza izo pa Zithunzi zosiyanasiyana, anatsalira-ziboliboli ndi zojambulajambula. ojambula zithunzi zambiri mwathera zilandiridwenso kupenta awo okongola. Zojambulazo, zomwe zimasonyeza nkhalango, nyanja, mapiri, mitsinje, minda, indetu chidwi. Ndipo inu muyenera kulemekeza olamulira kwambiri amafotokoza, zokongola ndi maganizo wadutsa mu ntchito zake kukongola ndi mphamvu ya m'dzikoli. Zinali malo zojambula ndi biographies awo ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi. Today tikambirana za ntchito ya amisiri zazikulu za nthawi zosiyanasiyana.

Odziwika malo zojambula za m'ma XVII

M'zaka za m'ma XVII anakhala zambiri anthu aluso amene amakonda kusonyeza kukongola kwa chilengedwe. Mmodzi wa anthu otchuka kwambiri Klod Lorren ndi Jacob van Ruisdael Isaki. Ndi iwo tidzayamba nkhani yathu.

Klod Lorren

French wojambula Claude Lorrain malo imatengedwa tate wa nthawi classicism. zojambula wake ndi zodabwitsa zogwirizana ndi changwiro zikuchokera. Chinthu chapadera cha luso K. Lorrain anali luso m'njira zimafalitsa dzuwa, kuwala kwake zimaonekera madzi , ndi zina zotero. D.

Ngakhale kuti maestro anabadwa mu France, moyo wake anakhala mu Italy, kumene iye anali atapita pamene anali ndi zaka 13 zokha. Kunyumba, anabwerera kamodzi kokha, kenako kwa zaka ziwiri.

Ntchito otchuka C. Lorrain ndi kupenta "View wa Forum Roma" ndi "Port View ku Capitol." Mu nthawi yathu, iwo Tingaone mu Louvre.

Jacob van Ruisdael Isaac

Jacob van Ruisdael - woimira Kuzindikira - anabadwa mu Netherlands. Paulendo wake mu Netherlands ndi Germany, chithunzicho analemba mabuku zambiri zapadera, amene yodziwika ndi kusiyana kwa malankhulidwe, mitundu zochititsa chidwi komanso kuzizira kwa uzimu. Chitsanzo chimodzi chapadera cha zithunzi choncho ankaona "European manda."

Komabe, ntchito ziboliboli sunali zojambula wachisoni - iye akuonetsedwa ndi mitunda akumidzi. The ntchito wotchuka akuti ndi "m'mudzi View wa Egmond," ndi "Malo ndi madzi-mphero."

XVIII m'ma

Pakuti kupenta nyumba ya atumwi XVIII amakhala ndi zambiri mbali chidwi, mu nthawi iyi anali chiyambi cha malangizo atsopano mu anati mtundu wa luso. Venetian malo zojambula Mwachitsanzo, ntchito m'madera monga mitundu malo (dzina lina - vedutny) ndi mapulani (kapena mumzinda). A vedutny malo, nayenso lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu zolondola ndi wosangalatsa. A nthumwi otchuka wa Veduta wosangalatsa ndi Francesco Guardi. m'maganizo mwake ndi njira ndi nsanje ngakhale masiku malo zojambulajambula.

Francesco Guardi

Kunena zoona, ntchito zake zonse ndi lodziwika kwa kaonedwe siliphophonya, kwambiri mtundu kubalana. Mitunda ndi zina zamatsenga apilo ali sangathe kugwetsera maso ake kutali.

Okoma kwambiri za ntchito zake angatchedwe zojambula "chikondwerero chombo Doge" bucentaur "," mpandadenga mu lagoon ndi "," Venetian bwalo "ndi" Rio DEI Mendicanti ". Zonse zojambula wake ndi maganizo a Venice.

Uilyam Terner

wojambula Izi woimira romanticism.

Chinthu chapadera cha zojambula wake ndi ntchito mithunzi angapo a chikasu. Kuti phale chikasu ndipo anakhala zikuluzikulu ntchito zake. Master anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti awa mithunzi kugwirizana ndi dzuwa ndi chiyero, chimene iye ankafuna kuti awone m'zithunzi.

The wokongola kwambiri ndipo osonyeza ntchito ya Turner ndi "Gesperidsky Garden" - malo wosangalatsa.

Ivan Aivazovsky Ivan Shishkin

amuna awiriwa - moona lalikulu kwambiri komanso wotchuka kwambiri Russian malo zojambulajambula. Choyamba - Ivan Konstantinovich Ayvazovsky - anasonyeza mwa zojambula wake otchuka nyanja. Chipolowe wa mphepo, ndi mafunde amphamvu, utsi thovu, anagwa ndi mbali ya sitimayo lurched, kapena chete, wopambana thambo, akuunika dzuwa - seascapes kusangalala ndi kudabwitsa ndi mwachibadwa awo ndi kukongola. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, chotero malo zojambula otchedwa seascape. Chachiwiri - Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin - ankakonda kusonyeza kuti nkhalango.

Ndipo Shishkin ndi Aivazovsky - malo zojambula za zana la 19. Tiyeni akukhala yonena za umunthu izi kwambiri.

Mu 1817 iye anabadwa imodzi amisiri wotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse m'madzi, Ivan Aivazovsky.

Iye anabadwa kuti anthu olemera, atate wake anali munthu wamalonda Chiameniya. Palibe zodabwitsa mu chakuti maestro tsogolo anali wofooka zinthu m'madzi. Ndipotu, malo chithunzicho anakhala Theodosius - wokongola doko mzinda.

Mu 1839 Ivan maphunziro St. Petersburg Academy of Tirhana, kumene anaphunzitsidwa kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Pa kalembedwe chithunzicho anakopeka ndi ntchito za French m'madzi amisiri Karl Werne ndi C. Lorrain, amene analemba nsalu zokha ayi wake ndi malamulo a Baroque-Classicism. Wotchuka ntchito I. K. Ayvazovskogo akuganiza kupenta "chinayi Wave", wopangidwa 1850.

Kuwonjezera seascapes, wojambula kwambiri ntchito pa chithunzi zochitika nkhondo (a omveka chitsanzo - ndi kupenta "Nkhondo", 1848), anaikira zambiri za Matchalitchi wake mitu ya Chiameniya mbiri (1880 "Pitani JG Byron Mkhitarists ansembe yotchedwa pafupi Venice." g).

Aivazovsky anali mwayi kukwaniritsa kutchuka zosaneneka pa moyo wake. ojambula zithunzi zambiri malo amene anatchuka kwambiri m'tsogolo, chidwi ndi ntchito yake ndi kutenga chitsanzo chake. Iye anafa wolenga wamkulu mu 1990.

Shishkin Ivan Ivanovich anabadwa mu January 1832 mu mzinda wa Elabuga. Banja anabwera Vanya sanali olemera kwambiri (bambo wake anali munthu wamalonda wolemera). Mu 1852 Shishkin akuyamba maphunziro ake pa sukulu Moscow wa Painting chimene maphunziro patapita zaka zinayi, mu 1856-m. Ngakhale ntchito oyambirira a Ivan Ivanovich kusiyana ndi okongola kwambiri ndi njira zosafanana. N'zosadabwitsa kuti m'chaka cha 1865, kwa kupenta "View pafupi Dusseldorf" I. I. Shishkinu anapatsidwa udindo wa academician. Koma patapita zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, analandira udindo wa pulofesa.

Monga ena ambiri ojambula zithunzi za malo okongola, Shishkin utoto ku moyo, kuthera nthawi yaitali panja, m'madera palibe munthu anakhoza kusokoneza.

Zojambulazo odziwika bwino wa zojambula kwambiri ndi "Backwoods" ndi "Morning mu Pine Forest", wolembedwa mu 1872, ndipo ina kupenta "Msana. Pafupi ndi Moscow "(1869)

moyo luso munthu ankafunika m'chaka cha chaka cha 1898.

Ambiri Russian malo zojambula mu zolemba za nsalu zokha ayi wake zambiri mfundo ndi mitundu zokongola. The Tinganenenso chimodzimodzi za nthumwi ziwiri za kupenta Russian.

Alexei Savrasov

Aleksey Kondratevich Savrasov - malo zojambula omveka dziko. Kuti iye ankaona anayambitsa malo Russian m'nyimbo.

Anabadwa munthu chapadera mu Moscow mu 1830. Kuyambira 1844 Alex anayamba maphunziro ake pa sukulu Moscow wa Painting ndi zosemasema. Kale unyamata wake anali wolemekezeka ndi luso lapadera ndiponso maluso chifanizo cha malo. Komabe, ngakhale, zifukwa banja, mnyamata anakakamizika pakamwa maphunziro ake ndi kuyambiranso okha patapita zaka zinayi.

Wotchuka kwambiri ndi wokondedwa ntchito Savrasov ndi, ndithudi, kupenta "The Makwangwala Olimbana Kodi Yafika". Inali kuperekedwa pa chionetserocho woyendayenda mu 1971. No zochepa zosangalatsa zojambula I. K. Savrasova "Rye", "m'firiji pamtunda", "Zima", "Dziko Road", "Rainbow", "mbawala Island". Komabe, malinga ndi otsutsa, palibe ntchito za mmisiri sangafanane ndi mwaluso wake "The Makwangwala Olimbana Kodi Yafika".

Ngakhale kuti Savrasov analemba zojambula ambiri okongola ndipo kale monga woyambitsa zojambula zodabwitsa mwamsanga kuyiwala za izo kwa nthawi yaitali. Ndipo mu 1897, iye anamwalira mu umphawi, mavuto wosimidwa banja, imfa ya ana ndi uchidakwa.

Koma chachikulu malo zojambulajambula Izo sizingakhoze kuiwalika. Iwo amakhala zojambula, kuyambira chithumwa mpweya, ndi amene tikhoza kutama lero.

Theka lachiwiri la m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi

Nthawiyi amakhala ndi kuchuluka pa luso Russian a m'madera monga ogula malo. Mu mtsempha izi, ife ntchito amisiri ambiri Russian malo, kuphatikizapo Makovskiy Vladimir Egorovich. No siikudziwika bwino ojambula zithunzi za nthawi anali Vasily Polenov, Arseny Meshchersky, komanso kale anafotokoza Aivazovsky ndi Shishkin, amene ntchito anali pa theka pakati wachiwiri kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi.

Arseny Meshchersky

Anabadwa pa wojambula otchuka mu 1834 mu chigawo lina la Tver. Education analandira pa Imperial Academy of Tirhana, kumene anaphunzitsidwa kwa zaka zitatu. The mfundo yaikulu ya wolemba zojambula akhala nkhalango ndi yozizira mitunda. wojambula ankakonda yosonyeza mu zojambula wake, malingaliro zazikulu za Crimea ndi Caucasus, ndi mapiri ake otchuka. Mu 1876 iye anakhala katswiri wa kupenta malo.

Bwino kwambiri ndiponso otchuka zojambula wake tinganene kuti kupenta "Zima. Chombo "," View wa Geneva "," Mphepo mu Alps "," The Forest Lake, "" Kumwera Malo "," mtundu mu Crimea. "

Kuwonjezera chikhalidwe Russian, Meschersky komanso kupereka kukongola kwa Switzerland. M'dziko kwa nthawi yaitali iye aphunzire kuchokera mwini malo kupenta Calama.

Ndipo mbuye ankakonda sepia ndi chosema. Mu njira iyi, izo nayenso analenga zodabwitsa zambiri.

M'zithunzi wa wojambula ankaona anasonyeza pa ziwonetsero onse mu Russia ndi m'mayiko ena. Choncho anthu ambiri nthawi kuzindikira ndalama ndi m'maganizo a munthu kulenga. Zithunzi Arseniya Mescherskogo kupitiriza kusangalatsa anthu ambiri amene amakonda zojambulajambula, ndi lero.

Makovskiy Vladimir Egorovich

Makovskiy V. E. anabadwa mu Moscow mu 1846. bambo ake anali mmisiri wotchuka. Vladimir anasankha kutsatira mapazi a bambo wake ndipo anaphunzira luso pa sukulu Moscow wa Painting, Chithunzi ndi Zomangamanga, ndiyeno anapita ku St. Petersburg.

Bwino kwambiri zojambula ake "Kudikira. M'ndende, "" Kutha kwa banki "," Kufotokoza "," zipinda nyumba "ndi" Spring chisembwere. " ntchito makamaka akamachita anthu wamba ndi zithunzi tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kuwonjezera pa kukhala malo zoweta, mwini zomwe iye anali, Makovsky komanso utoto zithunzi ndi mafanizo osiyanasiyana.