Tungsten - ndi chiyani ichi? Mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa tungsten ndi. Madera a ntchito tungsten

Tungsten - mankhwala mchitidwe amene chiwerengero atomiki ndi wofanana 74. Izi heavy kuchokera, mmene mkulu mphamvu otuwa zoyera, zomwe zikhale zosavuta nthawi zambiri singasiyanitsidwe. Kusungunuka mfundo ndi apamwamba kuposa zitsulo ina iliyonse, choncho ntchito monga filaments mu nyale filament ndi zinthu Kutentha mu ng'anjo ya magetsi (mwachitsanzo, zirconium-tungsten aloyi). Umagwirira mchitidwe amalola ntchito monga chothandizira a. Oika kuuma kuvumbitsira oyenera ntchito "HSS", amene amalola kudula zipangizo ndi liwiro kuposa zitsulo mpweya, ndi superalloys. Tungsten carbide mchitidwe kwa mpweya pawiri ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu chovuta amadziwika ndi ntchito yopanga mphero ndi kutembenukira zipangizo. Tungstates kashiamu ndi magnesium ankagwiritsa ntchito mu nyali fulorosenti ndi oxides tungsten - mu inks ndi glazes ceramic.

History of anapeza

The kopanda kuli chinthu ichi poyamba adafotokoza mu 1779 ndi Peter Wolf, pamene kufufuza mchere wolframite ndipo anaona kuti ayenera muli chinthu chatsopano. Mu 1781 Carl Wilhelm Scheele tikaona kuti asidi latsopano angakhululukire tungstenita. Thorburn Scheele ndi Bergman amanena kuganizira kupeza zitsulo zatsopano ndi kuchepetsa asidi, wotchedwa tungstenovoy. Mu 1783, abale awiri, Jose ndi Fausto Elguyar opezeka asidi tungsten, lomwe ndi zimene tungstenovoy. Mu chaka chomwecho abale anakwanitsa kusakonda tungsten kwa izo, ntchito makala.

Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, izi amafotokozera mankhwala zatenganso mbali yaikulu. zitsulo kukana kwa kutentha, ndipo kwambiri kulimba tungsten kasakaniza wazitsulo anapanga zofunika yaiwisi makampani usilikali. Chikumenyana maphwando amaumiriza Portugal ndiwo a wolframite mu Europe.

Kukhala chikhalidwe

Amafotokozera amapezeka mu chikhalidwe wolframite (FeWO ₄ / MnWO _4), scheelite (CaWO _4), ndipo Ferber Gyubnera. madipoziti zofunika mchere amenewa akupezeka mu United States mu California ndi Colorado, Bolivia, China, Korea South, Russia ndi Portugal. China akugwirizira pafupifupi 75% ya ulimi padziko lonse wa tungsten. Zitsulo analandira ndi kuchepetsa ndi okusayidi ndi wa hydrogen kapena mpweya.

nkhokwe World akuti pa matani mamiliyoni 7 chikuyembekezeka kuti 30% ya iwo -. madipoziti Wolframite ndi 70% - scheelite. Panthawi imeneyi, chitukuko si chuma zaphindu. Misinkhu panopa mowa malo amenewa adzakhala zaka 140 zokha. Buku lina limene lili la tungsten ndi zidutswa zitsulo.

Features Ofunika

Tungsten - amafotokozera, amene wachinsinsi monga chitsulo kusamba. cizindikilo W lachokera ku Latin mawu wolframium. Mu tebulo nthawi, ndi mu gulu VI pakati tantalum ndi rhenium.

Koyera tungsten - zakuthupi olimba, amene mtundu zimasiyanasiyana otuwa kuti malata woyera. Ndi zowawa za zitsulo amakhala Chimaona ndi kovuta kugwira naye ntchito, koma ngati iwo satero, iwo akhoza kudula ndi hacksaw a. Komanso akhoza linapanga, adagulung'undisa ndi kukopedwa.

Tungsten - mankhwala amafotokozera, mpaka kusungunuka amene ali wokwera pakati zitsulo onse (3422 ° C). Komanso iwo ali otsika nthunzi kuthamanga. kulimba kwamakokedwe pa T> 1650 ° C komanso ndi yaikulu. Amafotokozera kugonjetsedwa kwambiri kuti dzimbiri ndipo kwangochepetsako pang'ono chabe atengeke mchere zidulo. Pa kukhudzana ndi mpweya wa padziko zitsulo ndi zoteteza wosanjikiza okusayidi aumbike, koma kwathunthu oxidized tungsten pa kutentha. Pamene anawonjezera zochepa kwa zitsulo kuuma ake kumawonjezera zikuchepa.

isotopes

Mu chikhalidwe tungsten tichipeza radioisotopes asanu, koma iwo imeneyi yaitali theka moyo, kuti iwo tinganene kuti khola. Onse a iwo kugwa pa hafnium 72 ndi umuna wa particles Alpha (helium mtima lolingana-4). Alpha kuwola zimawonedwa mu W ¹⁸⁰ okha, chophweka komanso yosowa kwambiri isotopes izi. Pafupifupi 1 g wa tungsten zachilengedwe pa chaka zimachitika awiri Alpha kuwola a ¹⁸⁰ W.

Komanso, 27 anatchulidwa tungsten yokumba nyukiliya isotopes. Khola ambiri a iwo ndi ¹⁸¹ W ndi moyo theka la masiku 121,2, ¹⁸⁵ W (masiku 75,1), ¹⁸⁸ W (masiku 69,4) ndi ¹⁷⁸ W (masiku 21,6). ena onse isotopes yokumba wa theka moyo osapitirira tsiku, ndipo ambiri a iwo - osachepera 8 Mphindi. Tungsten alinso anayi "metastable" boma, khola kwambiri - ^179m W (6,4) □.

kugwirizana

The mankhwala a tungsten makutidwe ndi okosijeni chiwerengero kusintha kwa 2 mpaka 6, limene ambiri ali ndi umodzi. Amafotokozera ambiri amabwera mu kukhudzana ndi mpweya, n'kupanga chikasu trioxide (WO _3), chimene chiri sungunuka njira amadzimadzi zamchere mu mawonekedwe a ayoni, tungstate (WO ₄ ^2-).

ntchito

Popeza tungsten ali mkulu kwambiri limatsogolera kutentha ndi ductile (angaonere waya), izo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga mababu ndi filament ndi machubu zingalowe komanso zinthu zimene Kutentha kwa ng'anjo ya magetsi. Komanso, nkhani chingathe kupirira zinthu monyanyira. Imodzi mwa ntchito zake kudziwika - Arc kuwotcherera ndi tungsten elekitirodi pansi mpweya zozitetezera.

yovuta kwambiri tungsten - yabwino chigawo zida katundu kasakaniza wazitsulo. The kachulukidwe mkulu ntchito masekeli vuto, counterweights ndi ballast keels kwa ma yatchi, komanso mivi (80-97%). Liwilo zitsulo, amene akhoza kudula chuma imathamanga kuposa mpweya, lili mpaka 18% ya thunthu. Masamba chopangira mphamvu, kuvala zosagwira mbali ndi zokutira ntchito "superalloys" munali tungsten. Izi kutentha zosagwira chophimba kasakaniza wazitsulo kuti ntchito pa kutentha okwera.

Matenthedwe patsogolo zinthu zimachitikira ngati borosilicate galasi, choncho ntchito kupanga galasi ndi zitsulo chisindikizo. Nsanganizo munali tungsten - m'malo zazikulu kutsogolera zipolopolo ndi mfuti. Mu kasakaniza wazitsulo wa faifi tambala, chitsulo kapena cobalt, chopangidwa zipolopolo percussion. Monga chipolopolo kugunda chandamale ntchito mphamvu zake kayendedwe. M'madera Integrated wa tungsten pawiri kuti transistors. Mitundu ina ya zingwe zoimbira zopangidwa waya tungsten.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala

The kuuma carbide tungsten kwapadera (W ₂ C, WC) kuusandutsa chuma ambiri kuti mphero ndi kutembenukira zipangizo. Ndi ntchito zitsulo, migodi, mafuta ndi kumanga mafakitale. Tungsten carbide amagwiritsidwanso ntchito polenga zodzikongoletsera chifukwa hypoallergenic ndipo alibe amakonda kutaya luster awo.

Kuyambira oxides ake kupanga icing. Tungsten "mkuwa" (otchedwa chifukwa cha oxides mtundu) ali mu penti. tungstates kashiamu ndi magnesium ntchito mu nyali fulorosenti. Tungstate chowunikira galasi scintillation ntchito mankhwala nyukiliya ndi sayansi. salt ntchito makampani mankhwala ndi malonda chikopa. Tungsten disulfide mkulu kutentha lubricant, chingathe kupirira 500 ° C. Ena mwa mankhwala okhala tungsten, ntchito monga catalysts mu zimapangidwira.

katundu

The thupi katundu yaikulu ya W motere:

• The atomiki nambala 74.
• Atomiki kulemera: 183,85.
• Limatsogolera mfundo: 3410 ° C.
• Otentha mfundo: 5660 ° C.
• Kulemera kwake: 19,3 g / masentimita ³ pa 20 ° C.
• makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma la +2, +3, +4, +5, +6.
• Pakompyuta kasinthidwe: [Xe] 4 D f ^{May 14 June 4} m ^2.