Paralympic masewera: mndandanda

Paralympic masewera monga ambiri amalanga chikhalidwe, oyesa nawo kwa anthu olumala. masewera amenewa akuimira pachimake, komaliza masewera anayi mkombero mwa othamanga onse komanso ophunzira ena gululi. Paralympic masewera zikuphatikizapo Mpikisano zapamwamba kwambiri kwa anthu olumala, ndi masankhidwe a iwo chikuchitika mu njira zingapo kupikisana dera, dziko ndi mayiko.

Olympic Games ndi Paralympic

Yosainidwa mu 2000 mgwirizano pa mgwirizano pakati pa Olympic ndi makomiti Paralympic, mayiko, pamene kupereka mfundo zazikulu ubale. Kale mu 2002 anaganiza ntchito luso "mafomu -. Mzinda wina" M'mawu ena, ntchito dziko kufalitsa pomwepo ndi masewera Paralympic ndi mpikisano okha inachitika ku malo omwewo ndi thandizo la komiti limodzi gulu. Chiyambi cha mpikisano chikachitika pa intervals awiri sabata.

Poyamba, mawu akuti "olumala" anakumana mu njira ya Games ku Tokyo mu 1964, koma chitsimikizo cha boma cha dzina ili walandira yekha mu 1988, anagwirizira Zima Games ku Austria, ndi pamaso imene anali kutchedwa "Stoke Mandeville" (dzina anali akuupereka mu ulemu wa mbuto m'mene inachitika kwa nthawi yoyamba kwa anamenyela nkhondo).

Provenance

Paralympic masewera anali kwakukulukulu chifukwa neurosurgeon dzina lake Ludwig Guttmann, amene anayambitsa lingaliro. Mu 1939, Dr. anasamuka ku England ku Germany, kumene m'malo mwa boma British anatsegula Center yake kwa kuvulala msana, zochokera Stoke Mandeville Hospital ku Aylesbury.

Monga zaka zinayi pambuyo chotulukira, anaganiza bungwe masewera choyamba kwa anthu akuvutika kuvulala a dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa, adawayitana "National Stoke Mandeville Games kwa Opunduka." Dziwani kuti ngakhale ndiye anayamba kufanana kwa mwambo kutsegula kwa Games Olympic mu 1948, zomwe pa nthawi imene inachitika ku London, ndi mpikisano okha limodzi ambiri wakale servicemen amene anavulala pa nkhondoyo. Tikhoza kunena kuti ichi chinali pamene panali woyamba Paralympic masewera. Zima, chilimwe, ndi magulu ena anaonekera kokha pambuyo pake, pamene iwo anayamba kukhala kwambiri udindo boma.

Dzina lokha poyamba amagwirizana ndi parapledgia mawu amene amatanthauza ziwalo za miyendo m'munsi, monga woyamba Mpikisano zonse inkachitikira makamaka pakati pa anthu kudwala matenda osiyana siyana ya msana. Pa chiyambi cha nawo ngati othamanga masewera ndi zina za kuvulala, anaganiza ochepa kukonzanso ndikuganiza akuti ndi kupitiriza kuchitira kuti "kunja mpikisano pafupi," ndiko kuti pophatikizana wa Greek anawagwiritsira ma para, kutanthauza "pafupi," pamodzi ndi mawu Olympic. Izi kutanthauzira kusinthidwa ayenera kulankhula za wozengereza kupikisana zosiyanasiyana mwa anthu olumala, pamodzi ndi Olympic ndi mofanana.

Kale mu 1960 ku Rome unachitikira IX lapachaka la International Stoke Mandeville Games. Pankhaniyi, mitundu ya masewera Paralympic yotentha zinalembedwa mu pulogalamu mpikisano:

• chikuku mpira;
• zamijaha;
• kuchinga njinga;
• kuponya muvi ndi uta;
• tebulo tennis;
• mivi;
• ma biliyadi;
• kusambira.

Mu mpikisano uwu nawo oposa 400 othamanga ndi olumala amene anabwera kuchokera m'mayiko 23, ndipo kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya mbali anayamba kulola osati anthu amene anavulala pa njira kukwaniritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana za nkhondo. Mu 1984 ndi IOC anaganiza yokhala perekani udindo uwu mpikisano wa woyamba Games kwa othamanga ndi olumala.

Mu 1976, woyamba anayamba kupikisana imene masewera Paralympic (yozizira) ogwirizana. Mpikisano awa anali mu Ornskolddsvike, ndi pulogalamu analengeza amalanga awiri - kutsikatsika kutsetsereka ndi mtanda dziko kutsetsereka. Pa mpikisano ngati tasankha nawo 250 othamanga ochokera m'mayiko 17, ndipo wamanga nawo anthu olumala, bwinobwino, komanso amputees.

wogwirizana

Popeza 1992, mpikisanowo, kuti masewera Paralympic amene analenga (chilimwe ndi chisanu), anayamba kupikisana ndi mnzake mu mizinda limene inachitika pa masewero a Olympic. Ndi chitukuko cha kayendedwe ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana inakhazikitsidwa pang'onopang'ono kwa othamanga olumala osiyana. Motero, Paralympic zamasewera zowoneka mkhutu, ndi ena ambiri. Komanso anakhazikitsidwa mu 1960 ndi mayiko Stoke Mandeville Games Committee kenako kwa otchedwa bungwe la International Federation ya Stoke Mandeville Games.

ntchito ya komitiyi

Choyamba, Assembly General unachitika padziko lonse masewera mabungwe a anthu olumala, ndi mwambo wofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya mmene anayamba Paralympic masewera. Chilimwe ndi Zima Games akhala anayamba kuyang'aniridwa ndi Komiti ya International, limene liri sanali phindu gulu lonse anayamba kutsogolera gulu limeneli padziko lonse. maonekedwe ake anali malinga ndi kufunika likuwonjezekabe chifukwa cha kukula kwa maofesi a mayiko, komanso chilengedwe cha ngati gulu linalake, zimene zingathe makamaka zochokera pa anthu masewera olumala osiyana.

Choncho, masewera izi poyamba anapereka tokha cholinga cha konzanso ndi mankhwala a anthu olumala, ndipo pa nthawi akhala zonse kunachitika waudindo maseŵera, ndi chifukwa anafunika bungwe yake thupi. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mu 1982 ICC anaonekera - Bungwe la mabungwe masewera Kutsata kwa anthu olumala zosiyanasiyana, ndi IPC, lotchedwa la International Paralympic Committee, omwe kwathunthu anasamutsidwa ulamuliro wa bungwe la Kutsata, panali kokha zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri mtsogolo.

kalembedwe zolondola

Dziwani chakuti kalembedwe ka mawu akuti "Paralympic" ndi enshrined mu Russian kalembedwe dictionary, komanso zina zambiri mabuku luso. Pankhaniyi, zambiri angapezeke osiyana kalembedwe - "Paralympic Games". Sports (dzinja ndi chirimwe) kawirikawiri wotchedwa, chifukwa dzina ndi wakhalidwe losalongosoka m'madikishonale si ananenera, ngakhale ntchito mwakhama zikalata zofunikira lero akuluakulu onse, amene ndi mpweya buku la dzina lovomerezeka kwa Chingerezi, chimene chidalembedwa ngati Paralympic Games .

Malinga ndi lamulo Federal amakhazikitsa mfundo logwirizana kuti ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu malamulo a boma latsopano la Russia, komanso mawu onse amene analenga m'Malemba. Choncho Paralympic zamasewera siyana akhungu ndi zowoneka mkhutu, komanso ena a mpikisanowo, wotchedwa choncho.

Panopa malamulo kalembedwe mawu awa amaperekedwa malinga ndi malamulo kuti anakhazikitsa masewera mayiko mabungwe ndi kusalandira mawu koyamba ali malinga ndi chakuti ntchito mawu akuti "Olympic", ndipo aliyense wa ena ofanana mu malonda kapena aliyense zolinga zina malonda nthawi zonse mogwirizana ndi IOC, zomwe kungakhale kovuta kwambiri.

komiti lonse

The International Committee Paralympic ndi sanali phindu ndi omwe si a boma bungwe, zomwe ndi udindo lokonzekera, ndipo wotsatira atagwira zosiyanasiyana dzinja ndi chirimwe Games, kupeza katswiri dziko ndi ena ambiri mpikisano kuti padziko lonse anthu olumala.

Thupi wapamwamba wa IGC ndi General Assembly, wakumana zaka ziwiri ndipo anapezeka ndi membala aliyense wa gulu. Monga chidule ambiri a chikalatacho, chimene malamulowo ikuchitika mafunso wa Paralympic Movement, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo malamulo IPC.

Komiti osati nthawi nkhani ya amalanga alipo - palinso latsopano masewera Paralympic kuwonjezeka zonse. Kuyambira mu 2001, positi pulezidenti wa bungwe zimatengera Sir Philip Kraven (England), amene ali gawo la kasamalidwe wa British Olympic Association. Dziwani kuti munthu uyu ndi ngwazi dziko ndi kawiri anakhala ziwiri nthawi European ngwazi mu mpira mu zikuku, ndi malangizo awo kwa nthawi yaitali asanakhale mtsogoleri wa Federation ya International.

Motsogozedwa Philippe Kravena anayamba atsopanowa zolinga njira, komanso dongosolo zikuluzikulu ndi dongosolo la ulamuliro wa IPC. Potsilizira pake, ntchito njira imeneyi nzeru walola kukhala phukusi la maganizo, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito masomphenya atsopano ndi ntchito gulu lonse, kotero kuti mu 2004 Constitution Analeredwa ndi IGC akuchitira lero.

Dziwani kuti USSR timu ya dziko kwa nthawi yoyamba anacheukira yake paralympic masewera "bocce" ndipo ena yekha mu 1984, anafika ku Austria kwa mpikisano izi. gulu lake kuwonekera koyamba kugulu anayamba ndi mendulo mkuwa awiri apambana mwa Olgoy Grigorevoy, amene anali bwinobwino. Mu mpikisano yotentha othamanga Soviet akanakhoza kupanga kuwonekera koyamba kugulu wake yekha mu Games ku Seoul, umene unachitika mu 1988 - kumeneko anali pa njanji ndi munda kupikisana ndi kusambira, kukhala okhoza kutenga naye mapeto a mendulo 55, amene 21 anali golide.

ophiphiritsa

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu chizindikiro cha mpikisano 2006 unachitikira, imene aliyense yozizira Paralympic masewera. Track ndi munda, kusambira ndi zina yotentha chilango anayamba ikuchitika pansi chizindikiro ichi kale ndiye, koma amakhalabe zikutsatiridwa lero. chizindikiro ichi chikuphatikizapo Chigawo cha wobiriwira, wofiira ndi wabuluu mitundu, amene zili padziko pakati. chizindikiro ichi cholinga kuonetsa udindo waukulu wa IPC kubweretsa pamodzi othamanga ndi olumala amene chidwi ndi anthu mantha zipambano zawo padziko lonse. Pakali pano, mitundu ya chizindikiro ndi bwino mwa mbendera zosiyanasiyana mitundu m'mayiko osiyanasiyana a dziko, ndi iwo akuimilira Thupi, Maganizo ndi Mzimu.

Games komanso ndi mbendera Paralympic, imene ikusonyeza chizindikiro cha IPC pa maziko woyera, nthawi yomweyo zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi ofunda, tentatively udindo ndi IGC.

Hymn ndi loimba ntchito Hymn de A l'Avenir, ndipo analemba odziwika French Wolemba wina dzina lake Terri Darni mu 1996, ndipo pasanapite nthawi iye ovomerezedwa ndi Board IASC.

Paralympic Mwambi monga "Mzimu Zoyenda", ndipo ndi bwino kwambiri ndi momveka amapereka masomphenya yaikulu ya malangizo - kuwapangitsa othamanga aliyense olumala amasangalala ndi kuuzira dziko ndi zipambano zawo, mosasamala za chiyambi cha munthu ndi boma lake la thanzi.

mitundu masewera

Paralympic Games (masewera) anawagawa m'magulu angapo.

• Chilimwe. M'ndandanda nyengo yopuma ndi chilimwe Paralympic Games (Sports), unachitikira ku intervals wa zaka zinayi pansi kasamalidwe wa IOC. Izi zikuphatikizapo, kuwonjezera masewera ali, ndi masewera wachinyamata monga Goalball, chilikupita ndi ena.
• Zima. Poyamba amaphatikiza yekha masewera ski, koma pa nthawi yawonjezedwa tirigu umodzi ndi chikuku Masewera a Curling. Pa mphindi, ndi Zima Games imachitikira amalanga zonse 5 lalikulu.

moto kulandirana

Monga amadziwika, muyezo moto akayaka ku Olympia, ndi pamenepo pokha amayamba kulandirana mtundu, mu maphunzirowa umene udaperekedwa mwachindunji mu mzinda-likulu unachitikira masewera. Olympic ndi Paralympic masewera chikutanthauza ali osiyana, ndipo apa njira si adayambira Olympia - bungwe okha kudziwa mzinda pamene adzayamba kumanda, ndi njira ya moto likulu, ndithudi, nthawi zonse penapake wamfupi.

Mwachitsanzo, 2014 kulandirana unatenga masiku 10, ndipo nthawi imeneyi muniwo adatengedwa ndi anthu 1,700 kuchokera Russia ndi mayiko ena, kuphatikizapo 35% ya anthu olumala. mwapadera ziperekedwe chakuti nawo mpikisano kulandirana mongodzipereka zikwi zinayi, ndi moto ananyamulidwa kupyola pamizinda 46 m'madera osiyanasiyana Russia. Komanso, kwa nthawi yoyamba mu lina anaima pa kulandirana mwambo mu Stoke Mandeville, ndi ndendende pamene woyamba kuchitikira Paralympic Games, ngakhale kuti pa maziko mwamwambo. Kuyambira mu 2014, pamoto mzinda zidzachitika mosalekeza.

mtundu wa Masewerera a Biathlon

Othamanga kutenga mbali mu mpikisano Paralympic mu zaka makumi awiri a amalanga zosiyanasiyana ndipo onse yozizira zisanu - chopunthira umodzi, ya m'mapiri kutsetsereka, Masewerera a Biathlon, chikuku kupiringiza ndi mtanda dziko kutsetsereka. Palibe kusiyana ofunika malamulo zofunika zinthu ngati pali pang'ono, koma pali ena limatchula.

Choncho Paralympic Masewerera a Biathlon imapereka wotsikirapo mtunda chandamale, ndipo mamita 10 okha, pamene muyezo Masewerera a Biathlon amapereka chandamale malo mamita 50 kuchokera gunner lapansi. Komanso othamanga ndi kuwonongeka zithunzi, anachotsedwa kwa mfuti wapadera zida optronicheskoy dongosolo kumayambika pamene pati lapansi. dongosolo zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zamagetsi-mfundo zomwe ayamba zimatulutsa ndi beep mokweza pamene wothamanga pamaso akuyandikira mzinda wa chandamale, kulola kuti bwino kuyenda kuchita akatemera zolondola pa chandamale.

Komanso mu masewero osiyanasiyana ankagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina ancillary njira zamakono apadera kuti wosalira kukhazikitsa zinthu zina chifukwa othamanga olumala, kotero iwo sizingafanane ndi muyezo wa masewera, ngakhale mu njira zambiri ofanana zokwanira.

The Paralympic Games zambiri kusiyana kwa Olympic, koma mwanjira ina, amatsata cholinga - kuuzira onga ro. Kwa anthu onse amene penyani Mpikisano awa, olumala, sanathe kupeleka, izo ndithudi chitsanzo chabwino kutsatira.