Chiyambi ndi mbiri ya masewera othamanga. History of zamijaha ku Russia

Sport wakhala amakopeka ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu amene anayesa kuti apambane mpikisano awo ndi kutsimikizira kuti n'zotheka thupi lawo ndi apamwamba kuposa adani a. Mkulu samatha kwa mtundu wa zinachititsa kuti chiyambi cha Games Olympic, kuphatikizapo masewera otchuka. Ndiyeno malinga ndi katundu mphamvu ya mafuko osiyana, inayamba kulenga siyana kuti wafunsira ndi masewera othamanga kwambiri, ndi kuwala.

Nthawi zina za mbiri ya Games Olympic zigwirizana nthano, ndithudi, izo zidzakhala, chifukwa zikamera wa masewera zikuchitika kwa zaka zoposa 2 zikwi zapitazo, pamene anthu kuzindikira zinthu mosiyana, amene kumene, motsogoleredwa mbiri ya masewera othamanga.

History of zamijaha chitukuko

mpikisano inachitika kulikonse, mu kukhalapo kwa anthu, koma kale, anthu akhala ndi chidwi basi kuphunzitsa asilikali, amatha kumwalira osachepera kubweretsa tidzapambana pa nkhondo. chidwi ankhondo pa maphunziro a anthu thupi pang'onopang'ono anayamba buluzi masewera masewera, ndi kupikisana waukulu omwe anali pa kupirira ndi mphamvu. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo anayamba kubadwa kwa zamijaha.

Wopambana loyamba la masewera zamijaha (monga anatsimikizira ndi deta) - wophika ku Elis dzina lake Koreb, amene 776 BC anathamanga mtunda yachangu mu 1 siteji (za 192 meters).

Zamijaha ku Greece anali wosiyana Mpikisano lero Mwachitsanzo, tsopano chimbale cha kuwaza akulemera makilogalamu 2 amuna ndi 1 makilogalamu kwa akazi, koma kalelo mawilo anali osiyana pafupifupi m'zonse:

1. Ntchito zipangizo zosiyanasiyana (matabwa, zitsulo ndi mkuwa).
2. Maonekedwe iwo zinasintha (zifukwa mosadziwika).
3. Kusiyana chopambana - ndi kulemera kuti ranged kuchokera makilogalamu 1,25 kuti 6,63.

Chimodzi mwa zochitika otchuka pakati pa mafani anali nthungo kuti ndiye kuti kugwirizana ndi malangizo lankhondo la masewera, ndi otsala a mpikisano anasonkhana zochepa mafani koma anali mbali ya Games Olympic chifukwa mphamvu thupi afufuze ndi mzimu wa munthu.

maseŵera a masiku ano

The wakale Games Olympic zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi zimene tikuona tsopano, chifukwa chikoka cha anthu, chikhulupiriro chawo ndi ubale kwa mpikisano.

Mbiri ya chitukuko cha zamijaha maonekedwe inayamba mu 1837. mpikisano Modern "zosavuta" masewera linayamba Mpikisano woyamba ku England pa athamangadi makilomita 2. Championship unachitikira pakati pa ophunzira Rugby koleji, ndipo pambuyo pake anayamba popularize mabungwe ena ndi mizinda: Oxford, London, Cambridge ndi ena. Ndiye masewera kuyamba kuwonjezera mpikisano wina: 1851 - akudumpha ndi kutalika athamanga, 1864 - ngale ndi kuponya nyundo, steeplechase ndi mipikisano ina thupi.

Mu 1865 mu London iye anapangidwa choyamba club dziko, othamanga yomwe wakwanitsa Championship m'dziko muno masewero osiyanasiyana. Patatha zaka 3, New York amanyamula lingaliro la othamanga British ndi bungwe kucheza zawo akuyamba popularization wa mpikisano pa kumtunda kwa Dziko Latsopano.

m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya kuti anazindikira mtsogolo pang'ono kuti masewera amakopeka ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu, ndipo anayamba kukhala ndi mpikisano mu 1880, ndipo pofika chaka cha 90 cha m'ma chomwecho lonse la Europe wakhala mu "mphamvu" wa masewera.

Zamijaha mpikisano, pambuyo chiyambi cha popularization Imachitika yekha pakati pa dziko, ndi kokha mu 1896 Athens Games Olympic anagwiritsa moona, imene inali kupikisana 12 osiyanasiyana komanso mayiko angapo.

othamanga American zamijaha akhala okonzeka pa mlingo wapamwamba pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya zochitika ndi kutenga mendulo kwambiri, kuyambira pamene iwo anabwera okonzeka ndi kutsogolera mitundu izi kupikisana.

America wasonyeza zotsatira zabwino mu choyamba Games Olympic , kenako amasunga udindo waukulu chiwerengero cha opambana, koma osati ngati mmene mayiko ena anazindikira kufunika mwambo umenewu ndipo kukonzekera akatswiri m'tsogolo mapulogalamu awo.

Mbiri ya zosayembekezereka wa zamijaha akugwirizira akatswiri ambiri, koma koposa zonse ndimakumbukira opambana loyamba: R. Juri (Champion 2 ndi 3 Olympic mtengo danga), Orter, Mathias, Thorpe ndi Owens (ngwazi mu kulumpha patatu Games Olympic), Korzeniowski (wopambana zinayi nthawi mtundu kuyenda) ndi ena opambana, amene nthawi zonse adzakhala woyamba, kuchokera pamene anayamba kubadwa kwa masewera ano.

Zikayenda zamijaha othamanga

Poyamba, bungwe, othamanga ndi mafani ndi okondwa basi ndipo anakumbukira zikayenda bwino, koma patapita kanthawi ndi Boom osati kuwina komanso kukwaniritsa zotsatira zabwino mu mbiri ya masewera.

Kuyambira nthawi ya masewera nthawi zonse anapereka timva watsopano zamijaha, koma kusiyana pakati pa iwo kwagona kuti ambiri - ichi ndi kanjedza aang'ono amene anali kugonjetsa nthawi yomweyo; ena anali kumenyedwa ndi ambiri zaka; koma pali anthu amene simungakhoze kumenya mpikisano aliyense.

Nkhani yoyambirira dziko, amene anatsalira zabwino zaka 20 - ndi kulumpha ya wothamanga American m'litali (8 mamita 90 masentimita), koma chinthu chochititsa chidwi kwambiri kuti nkhani yapita anali zosakwana hafu mita.

Mbiri ya kuthamanga mpikisano ndiko Kupambana lalikulu, amene sakhoza kuposa lero - mpikisano umenewu pa 100 ndi 200 meters. Mbiri-chofukizira chilango chimenechi ndi American wothamanga Florence Griffith Joyner, amene wakumenya awiri monga zotsatira: mamita 100 iye anathamanga masekondi 10,49 ndi mamita 200 masekondi 21,34 chabe.

The Games Olympic lero, palibe mpikisano kwambiri, mndandanda tichipeza mwapadera kawiri pa zochitika m'mapapo mwanga. Ankhondo zofunika lomwe lili ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha yapambana ndi mbiri ndi amene ali olemera mu zamijaha - mpikisano. zotchuka chotere amagwirizana ndi othamanga ku Nigeria, zikusintha m'bukulo amakopeka ndi nambala yaikulu mafani.

Akazi zamijaha

Chiyambireni cha mapangidwe a mpikisano zamijaha amakono onse lolunjika chabe amuna ndi akazi sankaloledwa kuchita nawo mpikisano, koma patapita m'zaka za marathons ano zinthu zasintha ndipo panali "wokongola" zamijaha. "Mfumukazi ya Sports" poyamba anali chiwalo chaching'ono, koma pa nthawi masewera wabwera nambala yaikulu akazi.

Mpikisanowo woyamba ndi nawo akazi chinachitika mu 1928, koma kwa 96 chaka TH chiwerengero cha mwache mpikisano munda akazi anabwera kukhota mu mitundu 20.

Kwathunthu adakwanitsa kupambana chikhulupililo cha bungwe la masewera 1999 chokha, pamene othamanga anali Sydney nyundo kuponya ndi mzati m'chipinda chotetezeka.

Mbiri ya zosayembekezereka wa masewera othamanga mu Russia

The Russian unali mofulumira palibe kutenga nawo mbali mu Olympic, ndi kale USSR mu 1952 anabweretsa othamanga masewero ndi wakhazikitsa lokha pa ndime ndi United States. Mpikisano wa USSR ndi United States anabadwa kalekale ndipo zalimbitsa mpikisano umene othamanga athu adakali kulenga mpikisano yaikulu mayiko onse a dziko lapansi.

chakuti Russia ananyalanyaza chikondi cha dziko la masewera, sikutanthauza anasiya mpikisano. Mu dziko lathu, mbiri ya njanji ndi munda anayamba ndi mafani choyamba, amene mu 1888 ku St. Petersburg bungwe bwalo. Chaka chotsatira, gulu la masewera anabwera dzina "Society of akuthamanga okonda."

Petersburg bwalo mofulumira kupeza othamanga ndi oonera, ndi chaka chimodzi chokha kenako anasintha dzina ndipo anapitiriza ntchito yawo monga malo masewera a Russian Ufumu. Pambuyo pa gulu la anthu ammudzi anatenga okwana zaka zisanu, kenako nthawi bwalo wakula kwambiri kuti anayamba kuwonjezera masewera ena, ndipo mu 1895 mbiri ya masewera othamanga mu Russia ananena chaka cha woyamba masewera zikuluzikulu, kumene mafani 10,000 anabwera.

Russia anali mu palibe mofulumira kulowa zamijaha mpikisano padziko lonse, koma linanena bungwe ake zikutanthauza kugwa othamanga onse pa dziko, monga zatsimikiziridwa mwa kupambana kwa tebulo, kumene anali USSR pafupifupi masewera onse ndalama pa mzere woyamba, koma lero, othamanga athu sankafuna zotsatira chimene chingaipitse Zimapezeka ku Soviet Union.

Control wa doping pa masewera othamanga

History of zamijaha kudziwa nambala yaikulu suspensions chifukwa cha doping, ndi zinthu izi akadali sikunathetse, chifukwa othamanga mukufuna kukhala zabwino, ndipo ena a iwo akuyesera kutsimikizira ukulu kudzera mankhwala.

Kuwayang'anira othamanga ndi (kuwonjezera kumupima zachipatala) analenga bungwe "IAAF", limakupatsani onani mbiri ya wothamanga kwa mayeso onse zachipatala, sizikugwirizana ndi Olympic.

Kungachititse nambala yaikulu zitsanzo za "kugwira pa doping", omwe ali wolemera pa masewera othamanga: mkulu kulumpha (2012 - Kuyimitsidwa Woyesana kwa n'kulandira mendulo ya golidi), Kuyenda (2014 - Kuyimitsidwa 4 othamanga ku Russia), akuthamanga (2014 - Kuyimitsidwa cha wochita mpikisano) komanso zitsanzo zina zambiri za kuyan'anila za malamulo.

"IAAF" dongosolo khadi anayamba zochokera mlingo wa mayeso chamankhwala kunja mpikisano Komabe, wothamanga akhoza nawo wopanda khadi, koma mu nkhani iyi iye sanalandire mphatso ndalama ndipo anachita mfundo kokha chidwi.

Ngakhale pamene ntchito kwa khadi la wothamanga chikutsimikizira kuti izo kutsatira malamulo choncho kuwina thandizo bungwe "IAAF" pantchito yawo kulamulira, pali othamanga amene amanyalanyaza ichi ndi kutenga wogulitsa zozunguza ubongo, akuponya mwa mpikisano.

Chiyambi cha mpikisano wa

History of zamijaha anayamba kuthamanga, ndipo lero lotchuka kwambiri mwache munda masewera ndi mpikisano wokalandira, amene anachokera kulengedwa kwa Games Olympic pa nthano wokongola ndithu.

Bakuman mpikisano: "Pafupi m'tauni yaing'ono ya mpikisano asilikali Greek kwathunthu anagonjetsa adani Persian ndi kudziŵitsa Athens anatuma mthenga, amene anathamanga osaima makilomita 40, ndipo pobwera kokha nthawi kufuula kuti iwo anapambana, ndipo nthawi yomweyo anafa."

Nthano yotereyi ikutsimikizidwanso pa mtunda, chimene chinayamba othamanga mpikisano wakale Games Olympic - makilomita 40, ndipo ndi mtunda wofanana anali ku Athens ku mzinda wa mpikisano, koma asayansi kukayikira kuti Agriki akhoza molondola kuyeza mtunda, koma chifukwa Aiguputo mwanjira anamanga wangwiro piramidi.

Wautali akuthamanga (mpikisano) si makilomita 40, ndipo ndi mtunda osachepera akazi amene akhoza kutenga nawo mbali pa mpikisano ndipo ultramarathon, womwenso zamijaha ( "Mfumukazi ya masewera"). Ophunzira mu mpikisano ayenera kuthamanga kutali zedi mu nthawi yoikidwayo. Mpira unalipo nthawi mafelemu monga 2, 12 maola tsiku, masiku 2 masiku 6 amene othamanga akhoza kuthamanga 50 mpaka makilomita 1500.

Akamanena za mpikisano wothamanga pa ataliatali - osati kuthamanga mofulumira kuposa aliyense, ndi kuchoka ku PAD Launch pa mtunda kuposa china mu nthawi yoikidwayo. Mtundu wa zamijaha zovuta zimachitika kuwala, chifukwa othamanga musathamange chabe 2:00, iwo amathamanga zotalikirana popanda kupuma kwa tsiku kapenanso masiku angapo, kwathunthu yotopetsa okha ndi kuchititsa thupi chikhalidwe oopsa.

Khama la opindula chonse-

Sports poyamba paja zambiri osiyanasiyana ndipo yagawidwa siyana. History of zamijaha akukumbukira magulu osiyanasiyana amene poyamba anapanga zosangalatsa zambiri ndiponso zosiyanasiyana, koma patapita nthawi mu zonse padziko-mpikisano ankafunitsitsa kusankha chitukuko wosinthasintha kwabasi mwa akatswiri. Agiriki kwambiri anayamikira opindula ndi kutsegula zitseko iwo, udindo uliwonse m'boma.

Mpikisano wa Olympic ndi pentathlon, decathlon ndi heptathlon, ndi kupambana muyenera mphambu mfundo kuposa mpikisano, nampanda Otsutsa pa amalanga angapo. Komabe, pali mikangano, pamene ndendende samadziwika amene anali woyamba, koma zikupereka zochotsa mosavuta. Photography ndi chitsimikiziro chokha cha chigonjetso cha wothamanga ndi kudzipatula pang'ono kuchokera mdani, koma tsopano n'zotheka kuona chithunzi mapeto, ndipo mwamsanga pamene kusankha nkhani - akadali osadziwika.

Mogwirizana ndi vuto zinachitika ndi kupambana pafupifupi zonse za maluso anthu (Onani cholemba.) Ndipo mpikisano mkulu, othamanga anabwera kwa mtunda wa tuzigawo twa angapo a wachiwiri kwa mzake, kotero chithunzi mapeto ntchito mwakhama mu mitundu yonse ya masewera.

Onani. Malinga asayansi ena, patatha zaka 40, anthu ogwira mphamvu pazipita thupi ndipo sadzatha kukhazikitsa timva latsopano pa mpikisano luso thupi.

Guinness Book of Records kwa zamijaha

Sport mwamphamvu zogwirizana ndi nkhaniyo, wodzala ndi mbiri ya masewera othamanga, ndipo popanda iwo pakanakhala palibe wina kukula ndi kutchuka kusintha yosatha ya masewera.

Guinness World Records kupangidwa zaka 59 zapitazo kuchereza alendo a mowa ku "Guinness" ndi abwenzi ena mowa, ndipo Baibulo loyamba lofalitsidwa, osati kudziŵitsa ndi kuthetsa wolongolola zinthu mafani mu mipiringidzo masewera, komanso zosangalatsa, choncho ndiyenera oseketsa mbiri.

Yofululira moŵa, mabuku dongosolo, sindinkaganiza cha kutchuka ichi, koma banja loyamba la miyezi, malonda anafika 5000, ndi kumayambiriro kwa '56 cha m'ma 20 agulitsa miliyoni 5 timva zopereka.

Onani. Records buku limalongosola zomwe anthu, komanso chimasonyeza chithunzi cha mayina awo, koma ngati ofalitsa anaganiza ordinal kulemba mbiri, ndiye mbiri ya zamijaha kuti zimaonekera. A chidule cha zochitika zonse kuti asiya anthu younikira kutchuka kwa masewera, koma lero deta izi salinso wotchuka kwambiri, chifukwa Internet zikusonyeza kupambana onse nthawi pafupi kwenikweni.

Zikuoneka kuti chifukwa chakuti Russia ndi m'malo mochedwa (mu 1955) anayamba kutuluka pa mlingo dziko la Mpikisano masewera ndi chidwi (ngakhale anasonyeza zotsatira zabwino), Book of Records wakhala m'chinenero cha Russian yekha mu 1989.

Ndiye, kutchuka panauka apamwamba ndi chapamwamba, chimene ndi chifukwa cha kusowa ndalama ndi nkhani zonse ndi zolondola pa nthawi, ndipo bukhu - magulu kupambana masewero onse mu malo amodzi. Pomaliza, kulowa mu mndandanda wa akatswiri zofunika monga kuswa umboni, kapena kuchita chinthu chosakhulupirika, kuti palibe amene amachita zinthu zabwinobwino ndipo ambiri, si aliyense amene anaganiza izi.

Kunena mwachidule, mbiri ya Guinness Book of Records Osangopereka kugwirizana ndi masewera othamanga, iye anayamba likuvutika masewera amene anali wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu, ndipo ndiye yekha anayamba kukapuma, zina, amisala, zolemba za anthu ndi mphamvu zawo.

Zamijaha mu Century 21

Games Olympic lero chochitika chachikulu kwa mayiko onse a dziko, ambiri amene akuyesetsa chikhulupililo cha okonza ndi kuthera masiku awa zofunika mabwalo a m'mizinda yawo. Komabe, ambiri sazindikira kuopsa yophuka mfundo chuma view ndi chitsanzo cha zimenezi - ndiAmene zamijaha - Agiriki. The Games Olympic ku Greece, kunapangitsa kuti dziko la zovuta kuti kugonja Agiriki ndalama zonse dziko mu mkhalidwe woipa kwambiri, kumene unachokera, ku zaka zingapo ndipo akadali atachira ndalama zachuma.

Zamijaha ndi masewera ena alionse amene lero molimba kumenya otsutsa malekodi ndiponso ambiri a opambana sangathe kubwereza zipambano zawo. Limanena mavuto amene adadza kwa zamijaha. Kulumpha, akuthamanga, akuponyera zinthu ndi masewera ena timva oversaturated, anthu ndi mapazi lalikulu, patsogolo ndi mofulumira kuti anthu wamba alibe kufufuza luso lokha, koma asayansi kuchita zinthu zatsopano. zochitika zonse yekha atsimikizire amanena kuti posachedwapa padzakhala umboni kuti akhoza kumenya, ndipo anthu adzafika pachimake cha luso lawo.

Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale kuti anthu ali pa malire a mphamvu, atha kutumikira ngati njira kudziwa opambana, zimene zimapangitsa ntchito kwambiri zamijaha. Photos - njira yokhayo kuti tipeze wopambana, chifukwa lero benchi lalikulu mpikisano ndipo palibe othamanga amene amayesetsa pa otsutsa 2, 3, ndi zina kuposa 5 masekondi, ndi kulimbana ndi lakhumi ndi zina ngakhale hundredths a lachiwirilo.