Timitengo ya carbon steel. Malemba, GOST, ntchito

Chitsulo chimakhala chopangidwa ndi zitsulo zowonongeka, zomwe zimangokhalapo. Zimapanga zojambula zomanga, zitsulo zamakono osiyanasiyana, mapaipi, mbali, njira ndi zipangizo.

Kupanga zitsulo

Makampani a zitsulo ndi zitsulo amapanga zitsulo zamagulu ndi zitsulo. Chitsulo choponyera - cholimba, koma osati cholimba. Chitsulo ndi cholimba, chodalirika, cha ductile, chitsulo chosungunuka chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu foundry, kupukuta, kumangiriza ndi kupondaponda.

Pali njira zingapo zopangira zitsulo:

1. Wosintha. Zida: oxygen converter. Malipiro (zipangizo): chitsulo choyera, zitsulo zamitengo, miyala yamwala. Mpweya wokhawokha umapangidwa.
2. Martenovsky. Zida: Chowotchera chowotcha. Katundu: chitsulo chamadzimadzi, zitsulo zamitengo, zitsulo zachitsulo. Universal kwa onse carbon ndi alloy steels.
3. Kutsekemera kwa magetsi. Zida: magetsi a magetsi. Katundu: chitsulo chachitsulo, chitsulo chamtengo wapatali, coke, miyala yamwala. Njira ya chilengedwe.
4. Kuchotsa. Zida: chowotchera m'ng'anjo. Katundu: zitsulo ndi zitsulo zachitsulo, ferroalloys.

Chofunika kwambiri cha ntchito yopanga zitsulo ndi kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuti athe kupanga chitsulo chomwe chimatchedwa "iron", kapena makamaka, pulojekiti yachitsulo yomwe ili ndi carbon osapitirira 2.14%.

Kuchotsa minofu

Kwa chitsulo pamapeto otsiriza a smelting, ndondomeko yotentha imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nitrogen, hydrogen, ndi carbon monoxide. Ndalama yotereyi mu dziko lolimbitsa imakhala ndi mapulaneti, omwe amachotsedwera. Ndifefewa ndi pulasitiki, koma osati olimba mokwanira.

Njira yokonzera poizoni ndiyo kuchotsa kuwonongeka kosavuta poika ferromanganese, ferrosilicon, ndi aluminium mu alloy. Malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wotsalira ndi zinthu za deoxidizing, chitsulo chikhoza kukhala theka-bata kapena bata.

Zokonzedwa zopangidwa ndi digiri yofunikira ya deoxidation imatsanuliridwa mu ingots kwa crystallization ndi ntchito potsatira njira zamakono zogwirira ntchito zomaliza zitsulo.

Chiwerengero cha carbon steel

Chitsulo chonse chimene chilipo pa msika wa dziko chikhoza kupatulidwa mu carbon ndi alloyed. Mitengo yonse ya carbon steel imagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana a mwapadera komanso zolembazo.

Kupitiriza kuchokera ku zigawo zazikuluzikulu, amasiyanitsa:

1. Zida zamatabwa zitsulo. Mwa iwo, mpweya wochuluka uli wosakwana 0,8%. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zowonjezera, kugulitsa katundu ndi kuponyera.
2. Zida zamagetsi zomwe zili ndi kaboni mu 0,7% mpaka 1,3%. Zimagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo, zipangizo zamagetsi.

Ndi njira za deoxidation:

• Kutentha - zinthu zotchedwa deoxidizing (RE) muzolembedwa zosakwana 0.05%;
• Wokhala chete - 0,05% ≤РЭ≤0,15%;
• Zosasintha - 0,15% ≤РЕ≤0,3%.

Ndi mankhwala akupanga:

• Mpweya wotsika (0,3% ≤C);
• Mpweya wapakati (0,3 ≤ 0,6%);
• Mpweya waukulu (0.65 ≤ C≤1.3%).

Zitsulo zomwe zili ndi carbon oposa 1.3% sizigwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani.

Malingana ndi microstructure:

• Hypereutectoid - mu carbon carbon soccer in the composition of less than 0.8%;
• Eutectoid - zitsulo zokhala ndi carbon oposa 0,8%;
• Hypereutectoid - chitsulo chokhala ndi carbon oposa 0,8%.

Ndi khalidwe:

1. Ulemu wamba. Sulfure pano ili ndi peresenti ya 0.06%, phosphorous - osati oposa 0.07%.
2. Mphamvu yazitsulo. Alibe sulfure ndi phosphorous kuposa 0.04%.
3. Makhalidwe apamwamba. Kuchuluka kwa sulfure kuno sikudutsa 0.025%, ndipo phosphorus mulibe peresenti ya 0.018%.

Malingana ndi chikhalidwe chofunikira, carbon steel grade yaperekedwa kwa:

• Kukonza khalidwe labwino;
• Makhalidwe omanga;
• Mtundu wamagetsi;
• Chofunika kwambiri.

Zizindikiro za kusindikizidwa kwa zitsulo zamakono za khalidwe labwino

Chitsulo chodziwika bwino chili ndi: - - mpaka 0,6%, S - mpaka 0,06%, P - mpaka 0,07%. Tiyeni tiwone momwe carbon steel iyi yalembedwera. GOST 380 imatanthauzira mndandanda wa zotsatirazi:

• A, B, B - gulu; A_sinasonyezedwe mu zizindikiro;
• 0-6 pambuyo polemba makalata akuti "St" - nambala yowerengeka yomwe mankhwalawa amapangidwa ndi (kapena) makinawo amadziwika;
• D - kupezeka kwa Mangan Mn (manganese);
• Kp, ps, cn - mlingo wa deoxidation (otentha, wosasamala, wodekha).

Chiwerengero cha 1 mpaka 6 chiwonetsero cha kuchuluka kwa deoxidation kupyolera mu dash ndi magulu. Pankhaniyi, gulu loyamba silinasankhidwe mwanjira iliyonse.

Makalata a M, K kumayambiriro kwa chizindikirocho angatanthauzidwe kupanga njira yotsekemera: yotsegula kapena otembenuza oksijeni. Mwa njira, carbon carbon of quality wamba imayimilidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa makina, pafupifupi 47 zidutswa.

Makhalidwe a zida zomangidwa ndi khalidwe labwino

Chitsulo cha kaboni cha khalidwe lodziwika chimagawidwa m'magulu.

• Gulu A: ma steels omwe ayenera kulumikizana bwino ndi mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe. Zimaperekedwa kwa wogula kawirikawiri mwa mawonekedwe a pepala ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera malonda (mapepala, malembo, I-zitsulo, zowonjezera, mpikisano, ndi malo osungira). Masampampu: Ст0, Ст1 - Ст6 (кп, пс, сп), magawo 1-3, kuphatikizapo Ст3Гпс, Ст5Гпс.
• Gulu B: zitsulo, zomwe ziyenera kuyendetsedwa ndi mankhwala oyenera komanso katundu. Kupanga kuponyedwa ndi kupukuta, komwe kudzapangidwe kuwonjezereka kwapadera ndi kutentha mu nyengo yotentha (kukumba, kudumpha). Makampani: БСт0, БСт1 (кп-сп), БСт3 (кп, сс, БСт3 (кп-сп, kuphatikizapo БСт3Гпс), БСт4 (кп, пс), БСт (пс, сп), magawo 1 ndi 2.
• Gulu B: zitsulo, zomwe ziyenera kulumikizana ndi mankhwala oyenera, thupi, makina ndi zamakono. Gululi limakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, yomwe mapulasitiki amapangidwa ndipulasitiki, zopangidwa mwamphamvu zogwirira ntchito kumadera ofunika kwambiri kutentha, zigawo zofunikira (mabotolo, mtedza, nkhwangwa, zala za pistoni). Zonse zopangidwa zosiyana, katundu ndi sukulu za gulu ili zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi abwino technology weldability. Makampani: VSt1-VSt6 (kp, ps, cn), VSt5 (ps, cn), kuphatikizapo VSt3GPS, magawo 1-6.

Zida zachitsulo zamagetsi - zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Kuyika zitsulo zamtengo wa carbon

Mpweya wokhudzana ndi mpweya wa chitsulo chapamwamba ndi wochokera ku 0.05% mpaka 0,6%. Gulu losungunuka la kagulu kameneka kamapezeka ndi njira zotseguka kapena magetsi. Maonekedwe osiyanasiyana a kaboni amasiyana kwambiri ndi mawotchi: otsika-carbon - pulasitiki, sing'anga-kaboni - amphamvu.

Mphamvu yamkuwa ya Carbon mu S ndi P siyiposa 0.04%, motero.

Kulemba (GOST 1050-88):

• Zizindikiro 05-60 - kupezeka kwa carbon (minimum - 0.05%, maximum - 0.6%);
• Kp, ps, cn - digiri ya deoxidation ("cn" sinawonetsedwe);
• Г, Ю, "- muli manganese, aluminium, vanadium.

Kupatulapo mu kulemba

Mtengo wa khungu wazitsulo pa chizindikiro chake uli ndi zosiyana:

• 158, 208, 22К - maofesi oyenerera, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nyumba;
• 20-PV - carbon - 0,2%, zitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapaipi potentha kwambiri, pomanga zitsulo ndi kuikirako Kutentha, komwe kuli mkuwa ndi chromium;
• OsV - zitsulo kuti apange magalimoto othamanga, ali ndi nickel, chrome, mkuwa.

Kwa mitundu yonse yamtengo wapatali, pangakhale kofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha (mwachitsanzo, normalization) ndi mankhwala opatsirana mankhwala (mwachitsanzo, simenti).

Chizindikiro cha zinthu zamtengo wapatali za carbonaceous

Mtundu uwu wa nthunzi za kaboni ukhoza kukhazikitsidwa mwazigawo m'magulu anayi:

1. Zapamwamba zamapulasitiki, zoyenera kuzijambula zozizira (kupukuta), pepala ndi mankhwala opangira tiyi. Masampampu - zitsulo 08ps, zitsulo 08, zitsulo 08kp.
2. Mafuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha ndi kupondaponda, zomwe zimagwira ntchito pansi pa ziwawa zoopsa. Masampampu - kuchokera ku chitsulo 10 mpaka chitsulo 25.
3. Chitsulo, chomwe chapeza ntchito pakupanga zigawo zofunikira, kuphatikizapo akasupe, akasupe, ma couplings, bolts, shafts. Masampampu - kuchokera ku zitsulo 60 mpaka zitsulo 85.
4. Chitsulo, chofunikanso opaleshoni yodalirika mu zinthu zovuta (mwachitsanzo, matani a matalakita). Masampampu ali zitsulo 30, zitsulo 50, zitsulo 30G, zitsulo 50G.

N'zotheka kugawanika m'magulu awiri magulu onse odziwika a carbon steel kuchokera ku kalasi ya khalidwe: zomangamanga zomangamanga komanso zomangamanga.

Kugwiritsa ntchito carbon structure metal

Gulu lazitsulo ndi khalidwe	Pangani	Ntchito
Mtundu wamba	St0	Zida, kuphimba
	Ст1	Zamagetsi, I-mizere, misewu
	St3Gsp	Kumanga katundu
	Ст5сп	Bushings, mtedza, mabotolo
	Ст6пс	Zojambula zomanga
	ВСт4кпп	Zapangidwe, pepala, zowonjezera zogwirira ntchito zamphamvu
Oyenerera	Steel10	Mipope ya ma boilers, stamping
	Steel15	Zambiri za pulasitiki, makams, bolts, mtedza
	Steel18kp	Zowonongeka
	Zida 20ps	Mitengo, mafoloko, zala, mapiko, ntchentche
	Steel 50	Zitsulo, zong'amba
	Steel60	Zida, zitsamba, mphete zamkati

Chida cha kaboni chitsulo chimakhala ndi mphamvu zazikulu komanso zolimba. Iwo amakhala pansi pa chithandizo chamtundu wambiri.

Mpweya wa carbon mu chitsulo: 0.7 - 1.3%. Kwa chikhalidwe - mpaka 0,03%, phosphorous - mpaka 0,035%. Ndipo chifukwa chapamwamba kwambiri: sulufule - mpaka 0.02%, phosphorous - mpaka 0.03%.

Dzina lojambula (GOST 1435-74):

• U-carbon amawathandiza;
• 7 -13 - zokhudzana ndi mpweya mkati mwake ndi 0.7-1.3%, motero;
• D - kukhalapo kwa manganese muzolembedwa;
• A - khalidwe lapamwamba.

Kupatulapo kuchokera ku mfundo zoyambirira zolemba zida zogwiritsira ntchito zowonongeka ndi zinthu zofunikira kwambiri za kayendetsedwe ka ulonda A75, ACU10E, AU10E.

Zofunika zowonjezera zida zamagetsi

Mogwirizana ndi GOST, zida zamatabwa ziyenera kukwaniritsa makhalidwe angapo.

Zofunika zowonjezera thupi ndi makina: zizindikiro zapamwamba za kuuma, kukhwima, mphamvu, kukana kusintha kwa kutentha pa nthawi ya ntchito (panthawi yocheka, kubowola, katundu wambiri), kukana kutupa.

Zida zamakono zodziwika:

• Kukaniza njira zosayenera zowonongolera zamakono (chipangizo chotsatira, kuumitsa);
• Kusintha kwabwino mwa kutembenuka ndikupera;
• Kugwirizana ndi chithandizo cha kutentha;
• Kukaniza kutentha kwambiri.

Kupititsa patsogolo zizindikiro zamakina ndi zamakono, zida zamakono zimapatsidwa mankhwala osiyanasiyana otentha:

• Kumanga zowonjezera zisanayambe kupanga zipangizo;
• Kuzimitsa (kutsitsimula mchere) ndi kumasulidwa kwa mankhwala omaliza (makamaka maulendo ochepa).

Zomwe zimapezeka zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mankhwala omwe amapangidwa ndi microstructure zomwe zimapezeka: martensite ndi cementite ndi austenite inclusions.

Kugwiritsira ntchito zida za carbon

Chitsulo chofotokozedwa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zipangizo zamitundu yonse: kudula, kugonana, kuthandizira.

• Steel U7, U7A - nyundo, ziboliboli, nkhwangwa, chisels, nyundo zowononga, zida, nsomba za nsomba.
• Chitsulo "8, У8А, У8Г - macheka, zowonongeka, zogwirira ntchito, zowonongeka, zowonongeka, zopota.
• Steel U9, U9A - chogwiritsira ntchito zitsulo, chida chodula nkhuni.
• Chitsulo U10, chitsulo U10A, U11, U11A - kuphulika, matepi, kubowola mitengo, zipangizo zothandizira kulumikiza ndi kuyimitsa.
• Pa 12, U12A - kuyang'ana, matepi, zida zoyezera.
• У13, У13А - mafayilo, kuvala ndi zipangizo zopangira opaleshoni, kupondaponda ziphuphu.

Kusankha mwanzeru mtundu wa carbon steel, teknoloji ya chithandizo chake cha kutentha, kumvetsetsa kwa zida zake ndi zizindikiro ndi chitsimikizo cha utumiki wautali wa zipangizo zopangidwa, zochitidwa kapena zogwiritsidwa ntchito.