The Malo Amber mu Catherine Palace (Pushkin)

Modabwitsa chidwi ndi kukongola ndi Malo Amber mu Catherine Palace. Ngakhale mpake kutchedwa chozizwitsa cha kuwala. Zikamera wa danga wapadera chokhala ndi nthano. Koma kutha kwa wake umenewu mu nthawi ya nkhondo akadali amayambitsa m'maganizo. Mwamwayi, Amber Malo chiyani kutsindikiza achire. M'nkhaniyi tiona kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za mbiri yake komanso za komwe Catherine Palace, Amber Malo ili. mitengo tikiti ndi maola kutsegula m'nyumbayi mukhoza kuphunzira kuchokera m'nkhaniyi.

Prussian nthawi

Prussian mafumu Elector cha Brandenburg (Prussia ankaona ngati malo otchuka wa Amber luso mu Europe) kuyambira 1618 monga mphatso kwa akalonga ena akhala mwambo kupereka Amber ndi "golide" nyanja ya Baltic monga icho chinali kutchedwa. Kodi chimachititsa luso mwala processing ikukula mofulumira, ndipo mmodzi wa nsonga yake ndipo anakhala Amber Malo. Izo analengedwa mu heyday wa Prussian ndi German luso lonse, ndicho kumayambiriro kwa XVII ndi XVIII zaka.

Elector Frederick III (zaka za ulamuliro -. 1657-1713 yy) mu 1701 anayamba ntchito yomanga likulu lawo, ndipo makamaka nyumba yachifumu - lonse zovuta za nyumba amatanthauza zaka XVI-XVII. Court wamanga Mfumu I. F. Eozander anapanga chuma wakunja kwatawuni ya nyumba yomangidwa pa chitsanzo cha Versailles. Masiku ano, ndi zodziwika bwino kuti wamanga analenga Amber Malo ntchito. Littsenburg ndi Oranienburg, awiri a m'nyumba ya mfumu ya Prussia, amene amagwirizana ndi tsogolo la Amber Malo kuyambira 1707 anakhala malo Eozandera ntchito. Choyamba, Malo Amber linapangidwa kuti ulemerero wa nyumba yachifumu Littsenburg. Pa moyo wa m'banja lachifumu sanaone chipinda wathunthu. Inali ntchito mu 1709 akadali pachimake. Ndi nthawi anamwalira Sophia Charlotte (mu 1705). Frederick ndinasiya ntchito ndi kukongoletsa ndi mapanelo wa Amber zomera ku nyumba ya mnzake - Oranienburg. Ambiri mwina, mfumu anaganiza kuti asiye kumanga, kusunga yachifumu Littsenburg, malo okhala a mkazi wake, pamene iye anali pamene iye wamoyo. Makoma a holo, amene ankayenera kuyika mapanelo Amber, chokongoletsedwa ndi zingwe zagolide ndi damask. Ndipo lero mu Littsenburg Palace mukhoza amasirira Red damastovoy bafa. Pokumbukira Mfumukazi Sophia Charlotte, nyumba iyi ankatchedwa Charlottenburg.

Pamenepo mfumu analangiza Eozanderu kuonjezera Palace mu Oranienburg, kuwonjezera mamita Amber Gallery 30, yopambana kukula wapachiyambi kusodza. Komabe, ngakhale ntchito kwambiri, zomera imeneyi inali isanatsilizidwe pa moyo wa Frederick Ine yemwe anamwalira mu 1713.

Mphatso Peter I

Russian Mfumu anasangalala ndi ntchito Eozandera ndipo sankabisa chilakolako chake ndi ntchito ngati luso mu dziko lawo. Fredrick William, wolowa nyumba ya mfumu (zaka za moyo - 1688-1740, a komiti - kuyambira 1713), anayambitsa m'dziko okhwima chilango amene cholinga anali kugwiritsa ntchito, ndipo anaganiza kuti asiye ntchito mtengo mu zokhalamo za bambo ake. Koma chomukondweretsa undisguised alendo ambiri chimamulimbikitsa kuti phiri mapanelo Amber mu ofesi a Berlin zipinda boma la nyumba yachifumu. Zinali yekha pdtverzhdenny mfundo anakhala ku Berlin wake umenewu kuti atumizidwe ku likulu Russian, St. Petersburg.

Peter Ine pa moyo wa Frederick Ineyo pandekha kudzayendera gulu kwa Amber Gallery, paulendo wake kwa Berlin. Mu November 1716, pamsonkhano wina ndi mwana wake unachitika chifukwa cha mgwirizano Russia ndi Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm ndinapereka mfumu mtengo mphatso, Pakati anatchulidwa ndi Amber Malo. 13 January 1717 The Amber Malo anabweretsedwa ku St. Petersburg mu mabokosi 18, amene, kuwonjezera pa mapanelo yomalizidwa anali ambiri zidutswa kale ntchito.

Umboni za komwe Tsar Peter ine tinakonza kukhazikitsa mapanelo awa, anapulumuka, kotero kopanda kuti ntchito zake akufuna mkati mwa Zima Palace zilibe umboni.

Amber Malo nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Elizabeth

Mu 1743, mwana Mfumu Elizaveta Petrovna pambuyo inalowa ufumu anauza kuika mphatso watsopano kumanga nyumba yogona - Chachitatu Zima Palace. Kuti akachite ntchito ya Italy wamanga A. Martelli anaitanidwa. Motsogoleredwa wamanga china chachikulu - F. B. Rastrelli - kale mu 1746 anaonekera anasandulika Amber Malo mu Zima Palace. Komabe, ena zinthu za mkati latsopano anali chosakwanira, motero Rastrelli anaganiza kukhazikitsa pilasters n'zofanana ndi kumanga mapanelo zina, utoto "chifukwa Amber". Mu 1745, Mfumu ya Prussia, Frederick II anapereka Russian Mfumukazi kuphedwa wina wa ntchito A. Ulamuliro wa Nazi Amber chimango, mu yokongola imene ntchito amajambulapo maluwa okongola ndi nthano nalemekeza ukulu wa Elizabeth. Mu 1746, a Amber Malo ankagwiritsa ntchito madyerero boma, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri pa ntchito yomanga mobwerezabwereza za Zima Palace unasamutsidwa malo.

The Malo Amber mu Catherine Palace

zaka 12 pambuyo pake, mu June 1755, ali kale mu Tsarskoye Selo ndi lamulo la Mfumukazi liyamba analenga motsogozedwa Rastrelli Amber Malo (kumene Catherine Palace, lero aliyense akudziwa). Choncho nyengo yatsopano ya wake umenewu ulemerero Russia, umene unatha pafupi zaka mazana awiri.

Dvortsovy chipinda analola pakuti wakhala m'dera mamita lalikulu 96, amene ali zayamba kuposa kukula kwa chipinda m'mbuyomu. Choncho, mapanelo anaika mu gawo pakati pa makoma atatu ndi anasiyanitsidwa ndi pilasters ndi kalirole ndi m'mbale gilded. Kodi Amber chinali chosakwanira, mpanda wa bwalo munali chinsalu okongoletsedwa ndi zithunzi zojambula "ndi Amber" ndi wojambula I. I. Velskim. Rastrelli kwakukuru athane ndi ntchito zake, utithandize mkati nyali wokongola mkuwa, denga kupenta, m'mbale gilded, kalirole ndi parquet yazokonza pansi kuchokera nkhuni yosiyanasiyana yamtengo wapatali.

pakati pa denga chokongoletsedwa ndi yaikulu kupenta kukula ndi wojambula osadziwika cha m'ma Venice XVIII, woimira Nzeru, kusunga Youth ku mayesero a chikondi.

Avereji siteji pakati 8 ofukula mapanelo, amene anayi atayikidwa zithunzi za miyala akuda, wopangidwa Florence mu 1750s, ndi momveka bwino zosonyeza zisanu zofunika: kumva, kuona, kukhudza, kulawa ndi fungo.

Amber Malo wa Catherine Palace anali ndi zokongoletsa wapamwamba. Ndi nkhani zadothi Chinese ndi zifuwa Russian ntchito. The Malo Amber amasungidwa ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo waukulu wa Amber zodzikongoletsera ku Ulaya ndipo m'kupita adzakhala Museum zinthu Amber, kumene iwo anali Chess, njuga ndi caskets.

zinthu zina za banja lachifumu

Kuchokera pakati pa XVIII atumwi Tsarskoye Selo, komwe pa nthawiyo kunali upscale mbuye Amber processing anayamba kufika kuchokera ku Kamertsalmeysterskoy pantry kukonza zosiyanasiyana zinthu a anthu a m'banja lachifumu. zikalata anasonyeza kuti mu 1765 anabweretsa pano kukonza oposa 70 malonda mwala uwu, mwa amene anali nzika za mwambo (mtanda ndi mitanda), mipando (postavtsa, makabati ndi m'zipinda), ndi katundu wa m'nyumba. A gulu lapadera a nthawi Elizabeth kupanga tebulo zokongoletsa, wopangidwa mwa mawonekedwe a limalephera tsamba masamba acanthus ndi Baroque volute. Onse chokongoletsedwa ndi ziboliboli. mankhwala amenewa mwina chokongoletsedwa chikondwerero tebulo Mfumukazi Elizabeth pa phwando.

Amber Malo nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Catherine II

Mu 1763, Mfumukazi Catherine Wachiwiri, inalamula malinga ndi zimene nsalu zokha ayi onse utoto "ndi Amber" anali kuloŵedwa m'malo ndi zithunzi za Amber. Pa ntchito zazikulu panatenga zaka 4 ndi makilogalamu 450 a mwala. Mu 1770, ntchito inatha.

Mwa lamulo la Catherine II, kumvetsera kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha mafakitale mipando Russia, ndi Amber Malo wodzilemekeza ndi katswiri zambiri za luso la.

Malinga ndi mndandanda analemba ndi D. Grigorovich, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX m'bwalo panali wambirimbiri mipando, makamaka dressers ndi magome. Kwenikweni sichinali French. Kodi kupanga sizinagogomezeredwe malo, nthawi zambiri anali Russian mankhwala. Mmodzi wa zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho pa chifuwa cha otungira, makamaka chidwi. Chilango zachilendo ndipo awiriwiri ndi mnyamata iye pachifuwa ndi chidwi kwambiri. Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, iwo anatsala mu nyumba yachifumu komanso kutengeredwa Germany ankhondowo, ndi theka patapita zaka mmodzi wa iwo anabwerera ku malo awo oyambirira. Mu zithunzi chisanadze nkhondo ya Amber Malo onse ali pachifuwa ankalembedwa, iwo anali m'gulu la mndandanda wa nyumbayi mu 1938-1940. Anabwerera chidutswa cha mipando ikusonyezedwa womwe ndi manambala kuchokera mu zolemba mlandu wa nyumba yachifumu. Cha mma 1990, chifuwa anapezeka mu Berlin, mu chopereka mseri, ndipo anagula kuchokera kwa mwiniwake pa kuyamba kwa magazini "Spiegel", ndipo kenako mu 2000, anapezanso mwalusocho wa Amber Malo wa Catherine Palace (Pushkin). Bokosi otungira, kuwonjezera tsogolo lake chidwi ndi chidwi palokha, monga chitsanzo cha chimodzi mwa zinthu zosangalatsa choyamba cha mipando kupanga mu Russia pa zitsanzo za mankhwala French zokhudzana ndi chaka 1760-TH.

Popeza kusinthasintha lalikulu kutentha, drafts ndi stoveheating anawononga Amber, katatu kokha m'zaka za m'ma XIX zinachitikadi kubwezeretsedwa kwa Amber Malo.

Chithunzi cha Amber Malo

Mu 1907, abale Lumière analemba plastinki- "autochromes" mwa kukhala ndi zitatu mtundu zithunzi chitsanzo. Izi ena mafano woyamba mtundu anali mu mbiriyakale ya kujambula. Mu 1917 Lukomsky, mutu wa ntchito luso-mbiri, amene ankagwira ntchito ku nyumba anapatsidwa chilolezo kuchita kuwombera pa nsanja zokhalamo za Tsarskoye Selo. Kuphatikizapo anakonza kuchotsa ndi Pushkin Catherine Palace, Amber Malo anali kujambulidwa. Izi ndi zofunika kulenga Catalogs wa zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho owonetsera zakale. Kuwombera kunachitidwa AA Zeestom. The zithunzi Catherine Palace anatengedwa mu June ndi Alexander - kuchokera August 14, 1917, atangotha otsiriza Russian Mfumu Nicholas II ndi banja anatumizidwa kuti Tobolsk. PK Lukomsky 11 October 1917 analandira akatemera 140, mmodzi amene analandidwa ndi Amber Malo mu Catherine Palace. Mpaka 1941, iye ndi mtundu okha chifaniziro chake.

M'zaka 1933-1935 ntchito ka kubwezeretsa anagwira ziboliboli I. Krestovsky.

imfa ya mkati

M'chaka cha 1941 izo zinakonzedwa mwaluso waukulu wa kubwezeretsedwa, koma Wamkulu kukonda dziko lako nkhondo kupewedwa kukhazikitsa. Amber Malo kuti kusamutsidwa, amene Zithunzi munali wosanjikiza zonyalazo wapadera pepala minofu. Koma mayesedwe kuchotsa gulu anasonyeza kuti Amber silimba. Zinali zofunika kwambiri kuti tipitirize wakubayu ndi Catherine Palace. The Amber Malo amene mtengo zandipindulitsa yaikulu, ndithudi anali ndi obisika kwa Aisiraeli. Choncho, anaganiza kugonjetsera kuteteza zake. Mapanelo zikujambulidwa gauze nsalu, anaika chimakwirira wa batting mbiphimbira ndi matabwa matabwa.

Pamene Amber Malo (Catherine Palace, Pushkin) anali anaukira ndi asilikali German, amene anali akatswiri timu mu katundu chuma luso, ndi gulu chinatha ndipo anatumizidwa ku Konigsberg.

Apo izo zinali mpaka m'chaka cha 1945. Malinga ndi nyuzipepala German "Kenigsberg Allgemeine Zeitung", wotsutsa Alfred anakwera, November 13, 1941 bungwe chionetsero cha miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi ena mfundo za ulemerero wa Amber Malo (kutetezedwa ku malo otetezedwa) mu Prussian Art Museum. Mu 1944, pamene dziko la Germany anabwerera mmbuyo gulu ankaiphwasula, ankanyamula mu mabokosi natuma mabwerero osadziwika. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, Amber Malo ali otayika.

chitsitsimutso chaluso

Mu 1979 Bungwe la nduna za RSFSR, anaganiza kuti adzathe kukhazikitsa mapanelo Amber.

Mu 1983, zithunzi ndi zoipa wa Amber Malo mu Catherine Palace chiyambi cha chitsitsimutso cha ntchito ya mmisiri A. A. Kedrinskogo. Mu 1994 iye anakhazikitsa gulu loyamba mu gawo m'munsi, ndi ntchito zambiri pa zithunzi "view" inatha patapita zaka ziwiri. Mu April 2000, nyumbayi anabwerera zopezeka mu Germany wosungira Russian ndi zithunzi ntchito "kukhudza ndi kununkhiza" anali mbali ya kukongoletsa chipinda.

Mu June 2003, polemekeza St. Petersburg tercentenary mu Pushkin (Catherine Palace) The Amber Malo linatsegulidwa kwa anthu. mwambo panafika atsogoleri Russian ndi German. ntchito, umene unatha zaka 24, inatha. A nyengo yatsopano mu mbiri ya ntchito yayikulu iyi ya luso!

The Amber Malo (Catherine Palace): komwe, kutsegula maola

Pushkin, amene nyumbayi ili, ili makilomita 25 kuchokera St. Petersburg.

Panopa Catherine Palace (Amber Malo) ndi lotseguka tsiku lililonse maola 10 mpaka 17, tsiku yekha kutali - Lachiwiri ndi Lolemba lililonse lomaliza la mwezi ndi tsiku ukhondo.

Mu chilimwe, utumiki wa magulu alendo ndi boma nthumwi ikuchitika maola 10 kuti 16 kuchokera 16 mpaka 17 - pakhomo pa matikiti alendo payekha. Ngati palibe magulu mwambo utumiki alendo angathe kutenga malo pa nthawi ina. Matikiti si Pre-anagulitsa, iwo ayenera kugula pa ofesi bokosi, yomwe ili modutsa wa Palace (Pushkin, Tsarskoye Selo, Catherine Palace).

The Amber Malo, ulendo umene uli kwaulere, amapereka kuchotsera kwa magulu ena a anthu. Choncho mtengo wa matikiti kwa akulu ndi 400 rubles, ndi ophunzira mayunivesite Russian, komanso pensioners wa Russian Federation ndi Belarus - 300 rubles. mitengo tikiti izi zakonzedwa Catherine Palace. The ulendo kudutsa m'zipinda (Amber Malo m'gulu) wapatsidwa payokha.