SDR - ndi Ufulu Chojambula Special ...

SDRs - ndi chidule cha dzina English, imene phokoso Russian ngati "ufulu zojambula wapadera" (SDRs). SDR imatengedwa ndalama kupanga ndi mayiko malo amtengo, amene amapangidwa ndi ntchito ndi IMF kupereka asapita chuma pakati pa anthu ake. nkhokwe ndipo inaika ngongole zakonzedwa mu ndalama izi. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, mu March 2016, pali biliyoni 204.1 SDR.

Maonekedwe ndi cholinga

Special Chojambula Rights (SDR, SDR SDR) anaonekera mu 1969 pa nkhani ya dongosolo Bretton Woods ndalama. Pofuna kukhala m'khola kuwombola mlingo wa mayunitsi ake ndalama ya dziko akufunika nkhokwe. Komabe, buku la kusowa kwa mayiko a golide ndi madola sikunali kokwanira. Kudalira ndalama US kuti kuonongedwa, mukayamba kusindikiza banknotes latsopano. Choncho adaganiza zolenga latsopano malo kalembera wanu.

SDR - ichi chiri chimodzimodzi chilumikizo chosowacho a dongosolo Bretton Woods. Komabe, posakhalitsa yamasika unatha. M'mayiko ambiri asamukira ulamuliro wa akuyandama mitengo kuwombola. Mu dongosolo latsopano, Jamaica SDR si limagwirira kwambiri. Kukula kwa ndalama ndi likulu misika analola m'mayiko ambiri kudziunjikira yokulirapo nkhokwe ndalama zakunja.

Komabe, SDR - si chidina zakale. Iwo anapitiriza kulibe ndi kunathandiza kwambiri zotsatira mpumulo wa mavuto azachuma padziko lonse. Mu 2009, SDR linaperekedwa kuonjezera liquidity wa nkhani zachuma padziko lonse kuchuluka kwa biliyoni 182,6. Iwo lowonjezera ndi nkhokwe ya panyumba ya mamembala a bungwe la International Monetary Fund, akuvutika chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma.

Sitingathe kunena kuti SDR - ndalama kapena zofunika za IMF. zopalira awo alandire ndalama momasuka zisanawonongeke kuwombola kwa iwo kupyolera mwa zifukwa ziwiri:

1. Kusinthanitsa pakati pa mamembala a IMF, zomwe zikuchitika pa maziko kwawo.
2. Kugula mayiko GPA ndi udindo amphamvu kunja thandizo la maiko akubwereketsa.

Popeza SDR - ndalama za kupanga, zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu tsiku ndi tsiku. Komabe, ali kuwerengera osati IMF, komanso angapo mabungwe mayiko (bis, EBTS ndi zina mabanki chitukuko dera).

ndalama zikuchokera

Poyamba, mtengo wa ufulu wapadera zojambula anali anakonza golide. SDR wina anali ofanana ndi mtengo wa magalamu 0,88871 zitsulo izi. SDR kusinthitsa ndalama kwa madola US anali chimatanthauza 1: 1. Utatha a dongosolo Bretton Woods mu 1973 ndipo mtengo wake m'malo a SDR anali ku Jamaica masamu zochokera dengu la ndalama. Poyamba iyo sinali ya dollar US, yuro, yen ndi mapaundi chabwino. Posachedwapa, izo linakhulupirira n'chokwana lapansi. Anasintha 1 October 2016. Tsopano SDR mlingo anatsimikiza potengera kulemera zotsatirazi maziko:

• US dola - 41,73%.
• EUR - 30,93%.
• N'chokwana - 10,92%.
• Japanese Yen - 8,33%.
• British mapaundi chabwino - 8,09%.

Ubwino wa SDR imafalitsidwa tsiku lililonse pa webusaiti boma cha IMF. mawerengedwe ake zachokera mbali mwa kulemera kwa m'dengu zochokera mitengo imene atathana masana pa London Stock Kusinthanitsa.

A mndandanda wa ndalama kuti adziwe kufunika kwa ufulu wapadera zojambula, onetsetsani anaonanso zaka zisanu ndi IMF Board Executive, kapena kale ngati amafuna kusintha zinthu dziko lapansi. The luso atsopano ndi kulolerana mu dengu la n'chokwana Chinese. The review yotsatira ya kapangidwe kake zakonzedwa 2021.

Chidwi pa ufulu wapadera zojambula

The chiwongola dzanja pa SDR - ndi maziko kuwerengetsa kuchuluka kwa IMF malipiro ngongole. Komanso Mzimuyo kuchuluka kuti linaperekedwa ndi Member States pa Mabuku awo ufulu wapadera zojambula ndi mlandu nkhokwe kugawa.

mtengo wake pasabata ndi kuchita masamu zochokera pafupifupi zolemeletsedwa chidwi nthumwi zoimbira ngongole ndi mitengo yochepa alipire akuti m'misika ndalama, amene amapanga dengu.

Kufalitsidwa kwa kalembera ndalama

Voliyumu ya SDRs kuti mamembala IMF ndi njila nkhani zawo kuumba mu bungwe. Motero, aliyense dziko ali nazo ake padziko lonse malo amtengo, amene si kugwirizana ndi zina ndalama.

Limagwirira wa kufalitsa ufulu ngongole ndi kudzikonda ndalama. Anthu chiwerengero, amene adalamulira limati ndi wambiri kwambiri makamaka mlandu ndi anthu IMF, amene akugwiritsa ntchito. Komabe, ogwirizira a SDRs - si membala wa bungwe la International Monetary Fund, komanso mabungwe ena ena a mtundu yoyenera. Pakati pawo Mwachitsanzo, ku Ulaya Bank Central. zopalira Kwalamulidwa angagwiritse ntchito SDRs mu ndikupeleka wina ndi mzake kapena ndi IMF limati membala.

Kugula ndi kugulitsa SDRs

The IMF mu mbiri yake unachitikira atatu SDR Kugawilidwa kwanthaka. Chiwerengero cha woyamba wa biliyoni 9,3. lafalitsidwa zinachitikadi kuyambira mu 1970 mpaka mu 1972. Nthawi yotsatira kusankha pa kubwezeretsa chuma ndi malo anapangidwa mu 1979. The kuchuluka onse a Kugawilidwa kwanthaka chachiwiri anakwana biliyoni 12.1. Iwo anali opangidwa kuchokera 1979 mpaka 1981. Ndiye kwa zaka zambiri nkhokwe SDR anakhalabe pa mlingo chomwecho.

Kwa zaka 30 pambuyo m'nthawi yake tinasankha Sikuti mu stepi ino. Komabe, August 28, 2009 anapanga yogawa chachitatu cha mavuto azachuma padziko lonse. Iwo anali kenako anamasulidwa kuchuluka kochuruka kwa SDR. Onse analipo biliyoni 161,2. Komanso, masabata awiri pamaso pa zina mwa nthawi kubwezeretsa nkhokwe kuchuluka kwa biliyoni 21,5 anapereka. Tikumbukenso kuti mpaka 2009, kuposa limodzi mwa magawo asanu a umembala IMF (amene anagwirizana ndi gulu la pambuyo 1981) sitinathandizidwepo SDR azimayi.

Ziyembekezo ndi udindo wa China

Mu 2016, World Bank zachitika ubale pulogalamu zoweta msika Chinese. Sheya chipembedzo mu SDRs ndipo anafuna kuti ndalama nchito. The World Bank bungwe pulogalamu mu mgwirizano ndi mabanki akuluakulu Chinese. Buku okwana pulogalamu 2 milliarda SDR. Kale chaka chino (kuchokera October 1) n'chokwana anali m'gulu dengu la ndalama kupanga kupelekedwa ndi IMF. Tsopano, SDR - sikuti mapaundi chabwino, yen Japanese, yuro ndi dollar US.