Ruzvelt Franklin: yonena, fuko ntchito. Pulezidenti Roosevelt ndi akazi

Chilichonse, koma udindo wa umunthu mu mbiri kuderera zovuta. Zimenezi zikugwira ntchito m'maboma onse popanda yekha, osati dziko lathu. Osati pa nkhani imeneyi ndi chinachake cha padera, ndi United States. Mmodzi wa kanjedza ndi olemekezeka American anali Ruzvelt Franklin. The yonena za munthu uyu, timasonyeza kuti akhoza kupanga States, pa nthawi yoyenera mu malo oyenera.

mfundo zofunika

Ruzvelt Franklin - 32 US pulezidenti (1933), yemwe anali phungu wa Democratic Party. Imathamanga kukonza mabuku, omwe anali kudziŵika kuti "New Kuchita". Icho chinali Roosevelt makonzedwe mu 1933 kukhazikitsa yachibadwa asapita zamtendere ndi USSR. Kodi wina amadziwika Ruzvelt Franklin? yonena kukusonyeza kuti ali m'masiku oyambirira a kuukira German pa Soviet Union kwambiri kulimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito odana ndi Hitler mgwirizano. Iye Ufumuyo zofunika kwambiri kwa abale zamtendere pakati pa maiko wopambanayo.

Anthu ambiri amatiuza za mmene moyo wake Ruzvelt Franklin, mbiri. Mtundu iye (ndi makolo Roosevelt anali Dutch Ayuda) Izi zikusonyeza kuti anali munthu woganiza kwambiri, wofuna, nzeru ndi wanzeru munthu. Kodi izi ndi zoona? Kuti tiyankhe funsoli, m'pofunika kufufuza lonse moyo Franklin.

Chiyambi cha ulendo wa moyo

Malo pulezidenti American January 30, 1882. Boma la kubadwa - New York. Iye Aquarius chizindikiro cha m'nyenyezi. Adakali mtsogoleri zosavomerezeka wa mndandanda wa atsogoleri onse US kuyambira unachitikira positi mawu anayi zotsatizana. Mwa njira, nkhani imeneyi sadzamva wosweka. Chifukwa chiyani? Ndi yosavuta. Patapita zaka ziwiri, Kusintha wina kwa Constitution Analeredwa atamwalira Roosevelt, amene mwachindunji zoletsedwa kuthamanga kwa pulezidenti kachitatu mu mzere.

Mu US yokha dzina lake chimakhudzana ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, chilengedwe cha Mgwirizano, komanso ngati chilengedwe ndi kukhazikitsa "New Kuchita" njira imene udindo wa antchito American anali ntchito kwambiri.

banja

Banja la Yakobo Roosevelt, imene Franklin anabadwa, anali wokalamba ndi olemera. makolo awo anafika ku Holland mwamsanga ndi 1740s. Theodore ndi Franklin Roosevelt - kamodzi mapulezidenti awiri amene anapambana America chifukwa banja lemekezedwa. bambo Franklin a anali pamtengo lalikulu ambiri makampani popanga boma.

Sara Delano, mayi ake, komanso kubanja olemera ndi yaitali mizu lolemera. Ndi chifukwa chake chilimwe chilichonse pa Roosevelt yaing'ono ananyamula ulendo wautali panyanja, imene banja anapita pafupifupi onse a ku Ulaya. Pa nthawi yomweyo Franklin "kudwala" chilakolako nyanja kuti apitiriza moyo wake wonse.

maphunziro

Mpaka zaka 14, kuti analandila maphunziko kunyumba. Kuyambira 1896 mpaka 1899, iye analembetsa imodzi mwa sukulu yapamwamba kwambiri ku Groton (Massachusetts). Kuchokera mu 1900 mpaka 1904, Roosevelt analandira digiri ku Harvard, maphunziro ndi digiri yoyamba. Kuyambira 1905 mpaka 1907, Roosevelt (mwachidule mbiri anafotokoza mu pepala wathu) anali ntchitoyi pa Columbia Chilamulo University, amene anam'patsa kusonyeza kudziletsa kulimbikitsa. Nzosadabwitsa kuti pambuyo maphunziro pulezidenti tsogolo 'tinatama "pa Wall Street.

Mu 1907 anakwatira Anna Eleonore Ruzvelt (1884-1962 gg.), Zimakwaniritsidwa lakutali kwambiri msuweni Franklin. Mu banja anabadwa ana asanu koma mmodzi anamwalira ali wakhanda. Mkazi anachita moyo wa Franklin udindo wofunika kwambiri, chifukwa cha 1921, pamene iye anayamba kudwala poliyo ndipo analidi, kudwala, anatenga pa zedi a zolembalemba.

Kodi kuyamba ndale ntchito?

Monga chaonekera chachikulu nthawi ndale Ruzvelt Franklin? Wambiri mwa iye udindo limayamba ndi chakuti mu 1910 iye anavomera ku Democratic Party ndipo akugonjetsa akuthamanga boma aphungu a kunyumba. Mu 1912, iye amachirikiza phungu kwa Purezidenti wa United States, Thomas WOODROW Wilson. Pamene iye anali mu mpando mutu wa boma, iye anapereka Franklin mwayi mu Utumiki wa apanyanja. Posachedwa anasamukira ku Washington.

Mpaka 1921 anakhala ndale ofesi kenako nkukhala "amadziwika" of America. Kulimbikitsa a zombo, ndi lolimbikitsa mfundo yachilendo ndi kulankhula zamtendere - zinali wake "chizolowezi".

Kulephera ndi matenda

Mu 1914, Roosevelt (lalifupi yonena chikuperekedwa nkhaniyi) akufuna kutenga malo Kazembe mu Congress, koma chikakusowani. Mu 1920, zimautsa bala, kuyesera kuti athyole pulezidenti. Wake "bwenzi" anali George. Cox. Koma Democratic Party mu nthawi iyi anagonjetsedwa, ndipo matenda dooms Roosevelt amakakamizidwa kupuma ku ntchito.

Msewu bwino

Koma mu 1928, pamene Franklin anakhoza kukhala kazembe otchuka a boma kwawo, ntchito yake mofulumira anavula. Mu ntchito iyi, anakhala mawu awiri basi, atalandira luso mtengo wapatali kwambiri, ambiri a iwo adzabwera imathandiza pamene ntchito pa positi pulezidenti. Mu 1931, pamene mmene chuma chikuyendera m'dzikolo wakhala kwambiri, mutu tsogolo la boma bwino "ananyamuka" pa gulu la chithandizo ufulu lova ndi njala. Inali pa nthawi imene kumawonjezera kutchuka kwake pakati adzaponye chisanko wamba amene Pulezidenti kenako akugwirizira kukambirana zonse.

woyera nyumba

Mu 1932, Franklin Roosevelt (a mbiri mwachidule iye anafotokoza m'nkhani ino), kodi ndi anthu mu nthawi ya 1929-1933. (The Great Depression), ambiri angathe kuzilambalala Hoover, oweta dziko kunja umenewu nthawi lolemera sakanakhoza mosavuta. Ndi pamene Franklin analengeza dongosolo kukonza mabuku amene kenako lotchedwa "New Pezani." Mpaka pano kusukulu American ndi mayunivesite chitsanzo cha bwino, waluso ndi dziphunzitsiranso ndondomeko.

Kusintha loyamba

Total kwa masiku mazana woyamba wa utsogoleri wake, iye akupatsa chiwerengero kusintha zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi zofunika. Choyamba, dongosolo banki lonse lakhala utabwezeretsedwa kwathunthu. Chachiwiri, Analeredwa ndi lamulo wapadera limene limatipatsa thandizo kwa anthu onse amene amapezeka mu umphawi. Farm ngongole wakhala refinanced kwathunthu, komanso linakhazikitsa lamulo kubwezeretsa gawo la ulimi, umene kuphatikizapo osati kupereka ulamuliro ndi boma pa buku la ulimi, komanso kutumiza thandizo timalembera anthu opanga kwambiri osowa.

Roosevelt yekha bwino kwambiri ndipo zingamuthandize kutembenuka ake ankaona miyeso anavomerezedwa kubwezeretsa angathe mafakitale. Komanso, mu 1935, iye wagwira malamulo amene amayendetsa pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya moyo chikhalidwe ndi malonda a dziko.

Mu 1936, iye Umapeza kugonjetsa chidwi chisankho ndi malire chachikulu choposa mpikisano onse. Ndi chifukwa chake iye wapanga mu 1937-1938. zambiri chofuna kukhala dera ntchito, 'ochita "malire a chikhulupiriro omwe adzaponye chisanko cha. Kuposa nthawi imeneyi kusiyana Ruzvelt Franklin? yonena kukusonyeza kuti izi zaluso onse anakumana kukana lalikulu kwa industrialists ikuluikulu. Iwo sanali "kwambiri" ukutitsimikizira kakhalidwe ka boma anapatsa zigawo osauka ndi osowa pogwira wa anthu.

Kodi wina anagwidwa m'dziko Ruzvelt Franklin (CV)? Akazi moyo wake, mwachitsanzo, achita yofunika kwambiri (M'pofunikanso kukumbukira yekha mkazi zochita zake). N'zosadabwitsa kuti pa prezidentsva Roosevelt anayamba angalambire theka onse okongola dziko. chakuti pulezidenti uyu wakhala lamulo kufanana ndi malipiro ofanana pa akazi pa ntchito, asilikali, ndi nyumba zina. Komabe, anamusamalira siyana onse a anthu, kaya kusiyana ndi abambo.

chifukwa inoperable (milandu onse) ndi zosowa za chipatala: Makamaka kumveka mu lamulo inshuwalansi chikhalidwe, kupereka kungakupatseni malipiro a mitundu iwiri ya iwo yosainidwa ndi August 1935. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo kanthu monga chonchi mu dziko la "American Dream" kulibe, ndipo kuti akalandire chithandizo khalidwe chithandizo munthu amene alibe yabwino kuchuluka pa nkhaniyi anali zosatheka.

mfundo Pre-nkhondo

Awa ndi maganizo nthawi ya ulamuliro wake. Pa dzanja limodzi, Franklin Roosevelt, kanthawi yonena kuti amaperekedwa pano, anachita realist a. Pa zina - anachita infantile kwambiri ndi monyinyirika, zikuoneka oopa anachita zoipa ankatumikira mwini mabwalo awo mafakitale ndi ndalama. Oddly zokwanira, koma mfundo imeneyi wakhazikitsa wochezeka ndithu asapita zamtendere ndi Soviet Union mu 1933. Ngakhale pa Latin America, chinazunza lamulo "mnansi wabwino", mwina nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri US mwa kulankhula ndi andale m'mayikowa pa maziko ofanana.

Koma ichi ndi mbali imodzi ya ndalama. chakuti anapewa njira Kukulitsa. Mwachidule, mfundo zake yachilendo ankasiyana kuyesetsa kupewa zinthu zonse kwenikweni zovuta, ndipo nthawi zambiri Roosevelt, amene yonena Chinthu chochititsa chidwi chifukwa chake "kufalikira", ambiri sanali kusiyanitsa akuvutika ndi aggressors.

Komabe, iye ndiye, pambuyo nkhanza anachita ndi asilikali a ku Japan mu China (izo zinali mu 1937), anayamba kunena pa lathunthu kudzipatula mayiko a m'mayikowo kuti akumenyana ndi nkhanza zoterozo ndipo aphe mamilioni a anthu wamba. Koma andale angapo Western pa nthawi anasonyeza osachepera chidwi ndi zochitika kudzifutukula mpaka mu East. Zimenezi zinathandiza Japan zolimbitsira ake ngati kuli kotheka, ndi thandizo ndithu Mikado Hitler anali.

Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha malamulo ake si chopinga ndiponso kuchotsa boma yovomerezeka Italy ndi Spain pa nthawi sanathe kugula zida. Only pamene Europe mudakhumudwapo malawi a nkhondo, izo adzagonjetsa embargo ake. Koma izi sitiyenera kuyang'ana okoma kwambiri: monga mu nkhani iyi, America zingathandize ndalama zambiri akagulitsa manja imodzi kwa magulu onse nkhondo. Kodi kuchita zinthu pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, Roosevelt? mbiri yake ndi iyi muli zambiri mphindi chidwi.

Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse

Mu 1940 iye kachiwiri chinapambana pa chisankho, kenako thandizo asilikali UK ndi ikupita patsogolo. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chamawa, iye walemba lamulo "Pa Thandizo nonse" imene, mwa zina, anayamba mfundo za kongoletsani-pangano. Ndi chifukwa iye Soviet Union anapatsidwa mwayi chidwi wopanda ngongole kuchuluka kwa madola biliyoni.

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale zimagwiranso kukangana akuluakulu udindo nyimbo ndi ndalama ndi katundu kulimbana Soviet Union ndi lopondereza akagwiriridwa, koma Mulimonsemo zinali kwenikweni ndi chogwirika thandizo kuti yalimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa maiko awiri mu nthawi yovuta kwambiri kwa ife.

Kodi kongoletsani-pangano?

Mwa njira, kuti limakhala lingaliro la "kongoletsani-pangano"? Ndi dongosolo limene ngongole kundipatsako kwa manja ndi chakudya kunyamula zida, zida ndi zina zotero. D. Mwalamulo makontena anawatengera m'mayiko onse, unachitikira odana ndi Hitler mgwirizano. Mwamseri, ngongole anapatsidwa ndi Germany ndi ndalama wakhala zokonzedwanso Krupp.

Pulezidenti Roosevelt, amene yonena taonera, anayesa monga "zikuyenda pamwamba" akhoza yaitali okha malamulo, kutumiza convoys ku Ulaya. Izi chinakhalapo mpaka m'dzinja 1941 pamene mbali mwa nyanja ayamba kuzindikira maboti Germany. Ndiye mfundo analengeza, amene anadzatchedwa "undeclared nkhondo."

Zinali ndiye kuti United States zimathandiza kuika zida pa zombo zawo, nawapatsa ufulu kupatsira madera siwokhuzidwa ndi nkhondo, ndipo akulengeza kuti onse German ndipo Italy zombo, amene anaonekera mu zone American udindo, adzakhala anawomberedwa pa ndi kumizidwa.

Kuukira Japanese

Pamene F. D. Ruzvelt, amene yonena ndi chidwi ambiri, anadzakhala yogwira? Mwina iye kusungidwa kwa "chitumbuwa European" yekha mu 1944, koma apa ntchito za Mikado.

Kumayambiriro a December 1941 Japanese Pearl Harbor ku Pacific Ocean. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti mtsogoleri chochitika ichi anasonyeza kuti zosasangalatsa kwambiri anadabwa, pamene iye anali kuyesera mu njira yonse, ngati si kuzipewa, adzakhala sachedwa nkhondo ndi Japan. Pa December 8 US kulengeza nkhondo pa Japan, ndi ochepa masiku - Germany, Italy ndi ogwirizana ena ankhanza achifasizimu.

Wambiri Roosevelt pa nthawi imeneyo bwino anayatsa, choncho anayesetsa, kutenga, malinga ndi lamulo la dziko, malo Mkulu Wolamulira. Roosevelt taphata basa m'munda wa odana ndi Hitler mgwirizano.

Kuyembekezera ndi kanthu kwenikweni

Kalanga, zambiri za ntchito anali mwangwiro khalidwe pepala. Palibe ziwalo za mgwirizano uno, kupatulapo Union yekha Union, zikuluzikulu asilikali ntchito ndi Anazi sanasunge. UK ndipo amachita ndinkakhala nalo Rudolf Hess, mfundo za zokambirana amene adakali ndi chinsinsi chachikulu kwambiri cha nthawi imeneyo.

January 1, 1942 atchedwe yosainidwa, chinali chiyambi cha chilengedwe cha United Nations. Koma kupyola zilibe - Chachiwiri Front, amene mobwerezabwereza anafunsa I. V. Stalin, Pulezidenti ndi anzake sanali mofulumira kutsegula. Pamene Franklin D. Roosevelt, yonena mwachidule mukudziwa kale, koma iye anasintha maganizo ake?

Pokhapokha Soviet Union anathyola nsana wa mphamvu oti muli nazo zida za Germany, kuwononga anapanga ake chimoto chadzaoneni penetrator pa Kursk, pokhapokha Stalingrad, amene anali pansi Paulo, anayamba kuona Soviet Union ndipo anazindikira kuti Russian anayenera kulankhula ndi nkhondo itatha. Pa msonkhano ku Tehran, iye salinso anathandiza Churchill, amene onse 'kukana "magulu kuyambira chiyambi cha ntchito asilikali Europe.

Kukwaniritsa mu Tehran

Roosevelt woyamba anaika masomphenya ake a dziko la nthawi pambuyo nkhondo, pa msonkhano mu Quebec City (1943). Iye adayitana United States, USSR, China ndi UK "apolisi", udindo kukhala zabwinobwino kuti dziko. Mu Tehran, F. D. Ruzvelt, yonena mwachidule zomwe inu mwina kale kumvetsa, ikufotokozedwanso nkhani imeneyi ndi Stalin ndi Churchill.

Mu 1944, Franklin anali kachiwiri osankhidwa chachinayi zotsatizana yaitali. Mawu ake pa Conference Yalta ku Yalta unathandiza kwambiri mu maphokoso nkhondo kukhazikitsanso dziko. udindo wake zimathandizadi pa nkhani imeneyi kwachititsa, imaonedwa ambiri monga bwinobwino kupitiriza ukulu wa asilikali Soviet ku Eastern Europe, ndi kufuna kuchita la Soviet Union mu ndondomeko ya "kuthetsa nkhani ya Japanese." Komanso, iye anasonyeza Stalin kuti US ndi chidwi mgwirizano zina muzochitika ambiri, kuphatikizapo usilikali.

Pambuyo Yalta zimapangitsa lokha anamva matenda akale ndi kutopa ambiri, anapeza pa zaka zonse nkhondo. Ngakhale izi, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, amene yonena ali m'nkhani ino kale kokatha, anapitiriza intensively pokonzekera msonkhano. Iye anali kupita ku San Francisco. Koma izi zinali choncho.

April 12, 1945 wandale kwambiri anamwalira ndi kukha mwazi muubongo. Iye anaikidwa mu mbadwa zake Hyde Park. America kolimba alemekeza kukumbukira pulezidenti uyu, anamukankhira pa ndime ndi Lincoln ndi Washington. Kuyenera anatsindika kuti Franklin Delano Roosevelt, kanthawi yonena kuti ankakambirana, anachita zambiri kuti normalization ubale pakati pa maiko awiri. Ndipo si vuto lake kuti mbadwa zake, kupatula Kennedy unachitika zikhulupiriro mosasamala okhwima kuti akhoza mobwerezabwereza kuyambitsa nkhondo ya nyukiliya.

Roosevelt amakumbukira ambiri monga modabwitsa wanzeru, koma olimba malamulo. Iye nthawizonse ndayesera kupeza mumafanana ngakhale ndi anthu amene sakumvetsa ndipo amakonda mtendere "nkhondo ulemerero." Kuti ulamuliro wake unali wotchuka ndi chigamulo cha mavuto a kuthupi ambiri ndi zotsutsana, imene US panopa onse bwino kuwatchula kachiwiri.