Russian Komiti: Kodi ndi mmene kuthandauza zodabwitsazi?

Aliyense amene anaphunzira za mbiri ya Maphunziro, amadziwa maganizo "Veche". Kodi izi chodabwitsa anafotokoza chabe. fomu iyi wakale wa khalidwe pamalo. Komabe, mawonekedwe ubale pakati pa anthu ndi chidwi kuti m'pofunika kulankhula za izo mwatsatanetsatane.

tanthauzo

Mawu "Komiti" anachokera ku mawu omwewo muzu monga "Veda" (kutanthauza "kudziwa") ndi "Veda" (ie, "Council"). Popular Assembly anali mtundu wa bungwe mtundu wa anthu mafuko, zisungidwe Lazaro wakale ndi akale.

ngati mbali ya msonkhano wotchedwa demokalase mu Chisilavo, pamene mabelu kuitana lalikulu anadza munthu ndi molemekeza mwachindunji poyera kuti asankhe kalonga kapena kazembe kuika pa mzinda wawo, kulimbana uko ndi adani ndiponso akhale nawo pa mtendere, kupereka msonkho kapena malipiro ndi zina.

olemba mbiri amakono chifukwa kuphunzira mawonekedwe "Komiti" kuti ndi mndandanda wa anthu azilemekeza makamaka kugwira kasamalidwe m'mudzi mwawo pa maziko ofanana.

The ntchito zimene anakumana khamu national

Woyamba mbiri Russian kale amatchula kuti kapena kuti mkulu anasankhidwa kuti adzalamulire ndi thandizo la akulu, ndilo gulu kuti ndi mkulu osankhidwa ndi Mulungu (Mulungu ndi anthu mu chikumbumtima Russian wakhala zogwirizana ndi ubale wamphamvu). Wolemba mbiri IJ Froyanov amakhulupirira kuti mtundu uwu wa boma analipo mu Old Russian boma, osati Novgorod ndi Pskov.

Ena mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti Komiti mwambo unakula kwambiri moti ena mphamvu wapawiri analipo pa Mongol-Chitata goli, pa dzanja limodzi, akalonga yoikidwiratu Khan wa Golden gulu, koma pa dzanja ena m'malo anasankhidwa proteges Komiti. Choncho, udindo wa mkulu anali kusonkhanitsa msonkho kwa Khan, ndi udindo wa anthu amene anaika akulu, - kulamulira anthu. Pang'onopang'ono, akalonga anachotsa ena a mphamvu "vechnikov" (zoikidwa ndi Komiti ya anthu), kupikisana nawo, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kusakhutira wa anthu ndi kupanduka otchuka.

Amene anali membala wa Komiti? veche miyambo

Malinga ndi mwambo, ngakhale kupita ku dongosolo la fuko, mu Komiti tichipeza mitu ya mabanja, komanso mutu wa yobereka lapansi. Koma m'kupita zikuchokera kwa Chambers anayamba kuoneka "wamkulu" ndi "mtundu wochepa". Kenako, maganizo a "yobereka yaing'ono" inaima kuti n'komwe.

Komanso, miyambo veche akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito osati bungwe lalikulu mzinda, komanso pa msewu kakang'ono komwe kuthetsa nkhani kukanikiza kwa anthu a msewu ndi nyumba yathu.

Asayansi apeza kufanana pakati pa wakale Russian Komiti ndi zopereka ofanana akulu wolemekezeka Europe. Mwachitsanzo, pamisonkhano imeneyi anali kuchita mu akale England (iwo anali kutchedwa "Witenagemot"), Scandinavia ( "chinthu") ku Prussia (msonkhano wa akulu), ndi zina zotero.

Old Russian Komiti. ndi "choyambirira Russian demokalase" n'chiyani?

Olemba mbiri ena amakhulupirira kuti pansi lingaliro limeneli osati kwathunthu yovomerezeka nzika msonkhano anakopeka belu phokoso, koma misonkhano komanso wopanduka wa anthu amene adatembenukira kwa chiwonongeko akalonga ndi boyars, mwanjira ina sanakhutire ndi nzika wamba.

Choncho zimaonekeratu kuti Russian Komiti anakwanitsa kuthana ndi ntchito zawo m'nyengo ya kugawikana ang'onoang'ono ndipo anayamba kusokoneza chitukuko cha boma mu nthawi ya centralization ake. Choncho kusakonda wa akulu kwambiri Russian kuti misonkhano imeneyi ndi kuletsa iwo (nkhani kudziwika tsoka chisoni mizinda iwiri Russian - Novgorod ndi Pskov, kumene veche miyambo anali pacimake, mizinda anali pansi maulendo Chilango ya Ivan III, ndipo lake mdzukulu Ivana Groznogo).

Chifukwa Old Russian ndi akale Komiti unatha?

azambiriyakale onse angagwirizane, malinga ndi zimene Assembly Popular unatha mu Medieval Russia chifukwa chakuti saposa mphamvu ya kalonga. Chotero boma anali disadvantageous akalonga omwe ankafuna kuti boma centralized, amagonjera ulamuliro wawo. Choncho, ankhanza kulimbana ndi misonkhano imeneyi anali mafumu Russian kuyambira m'ma 15.

Pankhaniyi, bungwe aang'ono, amene anali kupita ku misonkhano ngati m'midzi anapitiriza kulibe m'dziko lathu mpaka chiyambi cha m'ma 20. Pambuyo chiwonongeko cha miyambo njira wamba a mitundu awa apita, koma mogwirizana collectivization misonkhano chikominisi n'kuyamba ndi zina zotero.

Pa gawo watsopano wa Russian kuli kwambiri bongo mawonekedwe Veche demokalase kupitiriza ntchito pa kayendetsedwe ka dziko: pali dongosolo kusankidwa wonse woika akuluakulu chapakati, akuchita State Duma, osankhidwa matupi a m'dera wodzilamulira, kotero ife tikhoza kunena kuti "Veche lalikulu" osati kwathunthu mbisoweka, miyambo moyo mu maganizo a anthu Russian, chimakhudzana imachitika mogwirizana ndi ziphunzitso za chilungamo ndi choonadi.