Posadniki ndi atsogoleri a mzinda wa Rus Rus

Posadniki akuwoneka pamodzi ndi boma ndi mizinda ku Russia, cholinga chawo chachikulu chinali choti azichita zimenezi mumzinda womwe wapatsidwa, zomwe zikanakhala zofanana ndi za Great Duke, komanso anthu a m'midzi yapamidzi.

Kufunika kwa kasamalidwe kumagwira ntchito

Dziko lakale la Russia linabadwa m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chinayi, chifukwa cha ntchito zabwino ndi zamphamvu za olamulira a Novgorod Oleg pali boma limodzi - Kievan Rus. Chigawo cha boma chinakula, ndipo pali kusowa kwa anthu apadera omwe angayimire kalonga mumzinda wa dzikolo. Kuchokera kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chinayi, Novgorod adagwira ntchito yapadera ku zinthu zakale za ku Russia, kwa nthawi yochitapo kanthu pokhala mpikisano wa Kiev mu ulamuliro wa Russia. Mosiyana ndi midzi ina, sanakhale cholowa cha banja lina lachifumu, koma anakhalabe wodziimira ndipo anaima pambali pa katundu yense wa kalonga wamkulu wa Kiev. Pofuna kulamulira mzindawu, olamulira a Kiev anawatumiza ana awo kumeneko, koma sizinali choncho nthawi zonse, palibe adzukulu amodzi omwe adatha kukhazikitsa pomwepo, ndipo mphamvu yamphamvu kwambiri inalandiridwa ndi maofesi a posadnik ndi anthu omwe amakhulupirira. Zinali ku Novgorod ndi Pskov kuti anthu awa ankasangalala ndi mphamvu zoposa zonse ndipo akanatha kutsutsana kwambiri ndi Grand Duke. Motero, posadniki, m'chinenero chamakono, ambuye a mizinda ya Ancient Rus.

Zida za dongosolo lakale lachiroma la Russia

Chifukwa Novgorod anali ndi mphamvu zotero posadniki. Izi ndi chifukwa cha zifukwa zingapo. Choyamba ndikuti mzindawu unayambitsidwa ngati malo ogulitsa ndi zamalonda, ndipo izi zinali chifukwa cha malo ake komanso malo ake. Nkhalango zazikuluzikulu zinapatsa katundu wambiri, kuchuluka kwa mayendedwe a mtsinje kunkapindulitsa kwambiri, ndipo zina mwazinthu zina, Novgorod, kuyambira nthawi yotchedwa Varangians ndi a Swedish-German crusaders, sanapeze zoopsa zazikulu kunja, choncho mphamvu ya akalonga omwe ankachita monga olamulira ndi Oweruza Wamkulu, sizinali zofunikira kwa Novgorodians. Choncho, m'malo oyambirira Novgorod posadnik anayamba kusankhidwa pakati pa anthu ammudzi, ndithudi, kuchokera ku gawo labwino kwambiri pamsonkhano wa anthu. Zolinga za anyamata akuluakulu pano zinali zoyamba, ndipo povutitsidwa kuchokera ku Kiev onse a Novgorodians anachita monga kutsogolo kutsogolo. Zomwe zalembedwera zinakhazikitsidwa m'malo ena ofunika a dziko la Novgorod.

Etymology ya mawu

Kawirikawiri, mawu omwewo anawonekera kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndipo amapezeka mu The Tale of Bygone Years. Akalonga oyambirira a Kiev anatumiza amithenga awo ku mizinda yapadera, ndipo mawu omwewo adachokera ku mawu akuti "chomera". Nthawi zina mawu oti "planters", kutanthauza "posadnik", ndi mawu osokonezeka omwe amatsindika kugonjera kwa munthu uyu kwa kalonga wina. Mwachitsanzo, mwini nyumba Yaropolkov - akukamba za mutu wa mzinda osankhidwa ndi mkulu Kiev mkulu Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich. Ngati pa nthawi yoyamba ya Kievan Rus ku Novgorod makamaka anatumiza atsogoleri a kalonga wamkulu, kenako ana a mafumu a Russia anagwira ntchito ya posadnik. Koma izi zinatsindikitsidwa mumzinda wa Volkhov, amatchedwanso posadnik, ngakhale kuti iye anali wochokera ku dziko lapansi, komanso kuti mzindawo unali wogawikana, mzindawu unkawonetseratu udindo wake wapadera, ndipo olamulira a Kiev anakakamizidwa kuwerengera izi.

Kusungunulika kwa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia ndi kuwonongedwa kwake

Panthawi ya kugawidwa kwa feudal, Novgorod yakhala yotalikirana kwambiri, ndipo kuyambira nthawi imeneyi, kupatulapo Alexander Nevsky akuitanira kuti awononge dziko la Germany ndi Sweden, Novgorod's posadniki ndi apamwamba okha. Mzinda waukulu kwambiri ku Russia, kuyambira ku Kiev kupita ku Vladimir, ku Vladimir kupita ku Moscow, unasintha, koma Novgorod anapitirizabe kukhala wodalirika, ndipo ngakhale nkhondo ya Mongol-Tatars sinasinthe kwambiri mwambo umenewu. M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zisanu, m'malo mwa posadnik mmodzi, asanu ndi mmodzi anasankhidwa, aliyense wa iwo anali woyang'anira mbali zina za chuma cha mzindawo, komanso posadnik wamkulu, yemwe anali wogwirizanitsa ndi ntchito ya onse ogwira ntchito, ndipo akulankhula m'zinenero zamakono, anali a mayiko ndi mphamvu zonse. Chilichonse chimasintha ndi kukwera kwapang'onopang'ono kwa ulamuliro wa Moscow, ndondomeko yodzigwirizanitsa yomwe akalonga ake ankayendetsa sakanatha kudutsa mndandanda uwu wa ufulu wam'zaka zapakati. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka zana lino, ufulu wa Novgorod unathyoledwa ndi Ivan III, yemwe sanafune kukhala ndi ulamuliro wodzilamulira yekha, boma la posadnik la Marfa Boretskaya linatengedwa ku Moscow ndi belu la veche, ndipo kuyambira nthawi imeneyi posadnik inathetsedwa.

Zochitika zatsopano zambiri

Ponena za mizinda ina, posadniki idakhazikitsidwa ndi boma lalikulu ndipo inalibe ufulu wodalirika pazochita zamalonda. Zolinga za posadnik sizinali zazikuru, makamaka, zinaphatikizapo kusamalira bwino msonkho wa misonkho, mayesero ndi chilango cha anthu ammudzimo, kusunga malamulo a m'gawo lomwe adapatsidwa kwa iwo, chitetezo cha mzindawo ndi kusintha kwake. Ndiwo amene posadnik wotero ku Russia wakale. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Novgorod ndi mayiko ake, makamaka Pskov. Ndi kulimbikitsa boma lopatulika, ntchitoyi idasinthidwa m'dziko lonse la Russia, m'malo mwa abwanamkubwa ndi mabwanamkubwa.