Nkhondo Yoyamba Padziko Lonse: nkhondo yaikulu. Nkhondo za panyanja za nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse

Nkhondo Yoyamba Padziko Lonse - imodzi mwa magazi kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu. Nkhondo ya nkhondo inayamba mu 1914 ndi kuphedwa kwa Sarajevo. Pa June 28 Archduke Franz Ferdinand anamwalira ndi chigawenga, wophunzira kuchokera ku Bosnia. Izi zinayambitsa nkhanza ku Ulaya, mayiko ochulukirapo ambiri adayesedwa. Chifukwa cha nkhondoyi, maulamuliro anayi adasulidwa kuchoka pa nkhope ya dziko lapansi, asilikali okwana mamiliyoni 10 anaphedwa, maulendo asanu anavulala. Amisa ndi anthu opanda chifundo amakumbukira nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse. Nkhondo zikuluzikulu za European "chopukusira nyama" ndipo masiku ano ndizochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi nkhanza zawo.

Ntchito ya Tannenberg

Mwanjira ina imatchedwanso Grunwald Battle. Pa nkhondoyi kummawa kwa Prussia asilikali achi Russia, asilikali oyambirira ndi achiwiri, omwe analipo asilikali 250,000, ndipo asilikali a ku Germany ali ndi mphamvu ya asilikari 200,000, anasonkhana.

Kusagwirizanitsa kokha ndi kusagwirizana kwa zochita za asilikali a ku Russia zinapangitsa kuti magawano onse agonjetsedwa ndikukankhidwa mobwerezabwereza. Chifukwa chake, asilikali ambiri wamba anafa. Kuwonongeka kwa anthu a ku Russia kunali kwakukulu: 150-200,000, yomwe inali pafupifupi 2/3 ya chiwerengero cha asilikali omwe ali m'derali. Germany inasowa anthu okwana 50,000 omwe ankamenyana ndi mbendera yake.

Asirikali achi Russia mu ntchito ya Tannenberg anagonjetsedwa. Ndipo izi zinapangitsa kuti anthu a ku Germany akwanitse kutumizira maiko akuluakulu ku Western Front. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, dziko la Russia linagonjetsa asilikali a Germany ku Allies, asilikali a ku Austro-Hungary. Popeza sanalandire thandizo kuchokera ku Prussia, anataya nkhondo ina yofunika, Galician imodzi, yomwe imatchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Nkhondo zikuluzikulu zimaphatikizanso nkhondoyi m'mndandanda wamagazi.

Nkhondo ya Galician

Zinachitika m'chilimwe, mu August 1914. Sitimayi yaikulu idagwa pa tsiku loyamba la mwezi uno. Monga momwe mbiri yakale imasonyezera, magulu a Russian ndi Austro-Hungary adasonkhanitsidwa mowerengera ofanana: magulu anayi adagwira nawo nkhondo kumbali zonsezo.

Nkhondo zikuluzikulu za Nkhondo Yoyamba Padziko Lonse zimasonyezanso ndi nkhondo zimenezi zomwe zinachitika pafupi ndi Lviv, Galich ndi Lublin pa gawo la Chiyukireniya ndi Polish. Zotsatira za nkhondo ya ku Galician zinasindikizidwa pamene a Russia pafupi ndi Tarnavka adadutsa ndikuyamba kukhumudwitsa. Izi zinakhudza kwambiri zochitika zina ndikukhala ndi khadi lawo pofuna kupeza chigonjetso chofunika kwambiri.

Kutaya kwa nkhondo ya ku Galician ku Austria-Hungary kunali kwakukulu: asilikali 325,000. Anali gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mphamvu zonse za ufumu ku Eastern Front. Pambuyo pake, dothi lochokera ku kugonjetsedwa uku kunamvekedwa muzochita za ankhondo. Iye sankakhoza kuimirira patangotha nkhonya yowopsya, ndipo chifukwa cha kuthandizidwa kwa Ajeremani iye anapindula pang'ono.

Sarykamysh nkhondo

Ponena za nkhondo zazikulu za nkhondo yayikuru ya dziko lachidziko (ndizo zomwe adazitcha isanayambe nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse), munthu sangathe kunena za opaleshoniyi. Anapikisana ndi Russia ndi Turkey madzulo a 1915. Panthawi imeneyo, lamulo la Turkey linali kukonza ndondomeko yonyenga: kulanda Karas ndi kuwononga asilikali a Caucasus.

Ankhondo achikatolika anali akupita patsogolo. Anthu a ku Russia anazunguliridwa ku Sarykamysh, koma adapitirizabe kumanga magulu akuluakulu a adani ndikumulepheretsa kupita patsogolo. Ozoloŵera nyengo yovuta, otsutsa awo sakanakhoza kupirira nyengo yozizira. Kuchokera ku matalala aakulu ndi mphepo yamkuntho, asilikali masauzande ambiri a ku Turkey anafa tsiku limodzi.

Anthu a ku Russia anali kuyembekezera nthawi imeneyo, yomwe inali chisankho choyenera. Pasanapite nthawi yaitali asilikaliwa anafika ku Sarykamysh, ndipo asilikali a Crescent anagonjetsedwa. Pafupifupi anthu pafupifupi 100,000 anafa opaleshoniyi. Nkhondo zikuluzikulu za nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse zimaphatikizapo nkhondoyi, chifukwa idapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yofunika kwambiri: mkhalidwe wa Caucasus unakhazikika, ndipo a Russia adatha kuwononga mdani wamphamvu - Turkey.

Brusilovsky yopambana

Nkhondo zikuluzikulu za nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lapansi sizinali popanda kulimba mtima ndi luso la General Brusilov. M'chaka cha 2016, akutsogoleredwa, a Russia adadutsa ku South-Western Front. Asilikali a Austro-Hungary anagonjetsedwa ndi asilikali ambiri komanso asilikali. Chithunzichi chikugunda - 1.5 miliyoni wakufa.

A Russia anagwira Bukovina ndi Galicia. Izi zinakakamiza a Germany kulimbikitsa malo awo pano, kutumiza mphamvu zina kuchokera ku Western Front kupita ku dera lino. Ngakhale zili choncho, mgwirizano wa Russia unalimbikitsidwa pa gawo lino, Entente inalinso yowonjezeredwa ndi Romania, yomwe inapita kumbali ya Union.

Asilikali a ku Russia anaphanso magulu ambiri olimba mtima. Ndicho chifukwa chake ntchito yatsopano yowalimbikitsa idalengeza m'dzikoli, ndikulimbikitsa anthu obwera kumene kuti abwezeretsenso asilikali omwe ali ofooka. Gawoli losavomerezeka la boma linapangitsa kuti anthu wamba azikhala okhumudwa komanso osakhutira. Anthu sankafuna kukhala "chakudya chachitsulo", chifukwa ngakhale akale kapena achinyamata sanapulumutsidwe ndi nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Nkhondo zikuluzikulu zikuwonetsa: panali zoperewera zambiri kuchokera ku Russia ndi kwa adani awo.

Chokhumudwitsa cha Kerensky

Mu 1917, a Bolshevik anagonjetsa ufumuwo, choncho nkhondo yowonjezereka inalembedwa ndi zochitika zowonongeka m'dzikoli. Anthu a ku Russia anayamba kuipa mu June 1917, koma patadutsa masiku awiri akupita patsogolo mwamsanga anaima. Asirikali adamva kuti izi zinali zokwanira, iwo adakwaniritsa ntchito yawo yopatulika.

Oyambawo anakana kukhala patsogolo. Matenda onsewa ndi kusamvera kwakukulu kumeneku kunabwera chifukwa cha kukanika kwanthawi zonse kuti kusinthaku kunayambitsa. Nkhondo zazikulu za nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse sizinayambe zawona chisokonezo chachikulu ndi mantha pakati pa asilikali.

Panthawiyi, pogwiritsa ntchito mkhalidwewu, Germany anaukira ndi kukankhira mipiringidzo ya Russia ku malo akale. Panthawi ina, ankhondo amphamvu ndi olimba mtima a ku Russia anasiya kukhalapo ngati gulu lokhazikika. Germany sankaopanso mdani wake ndipo adatha kulimbikitsa zonse. Anthu a ku Russia anayenera kukwaniritsa Brest Peace, yopanda phindu komanso yonyansa kwa dziko lathu.

"Geben" ndi "Breslau"

Nkhondo za ku Nkhondo Yoyamba Padziko Lonse zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Pachiyambi cha nkhondoyi, magulu omenyanawo anamvetsera ku Mediterranean. Chinali chigawo chofunikira chotsitsa asilikali, makamaka French. Pofuna kunyamula asilikali ake popanda madzi ku Mediterranean, dziko la France linayenera kuwononga asilikali achijeremani otchedwa Geben ndi Breslau, omwe anayenda pafupi ndi gombe la Sardinia.

Mu August 1914, ngalawa ziŵirizi za ku Germany zinagonjetsa madoko a Algeria ndipo zinapita ku Constantinople. Ngakhale kuti asilikali a ku Britain ankayesetsa kwambiri, sitima za ku Germany zinafika m'nyanja ya Marmara. Atalowa m'zombo za ku Turkey, Geben ndi Breslau anathamangitsidwa ku Russia ku Black Sea. Izi zinasintha njira ya Nkhondo Yoyamba Padziko Lonse. Russia inauza nkhondo ku Turkey, pamene mabungwe a Britain ndi a France anayamba kukhazikitsa maboma a Dardanelles. Anakhulupiriranso kuti kunali koyenera kuthetsa mgwirizano wa Austria ku Germany. Mabwato a Anglo-French adutsa mobwerezabwereza Adriatic, akuyembekeza kubweretsa ngalawa za ku Austria ku duel, koma izi sizinabweretse zotsatira.

Ntchito "Dardanelles"

Nkhondo ina yaikulu ya nkhondo, yomwe inatambasula mu 1915. Pulojekitiyi inachititsa kuti anthu azingowonongeka ndi kuyendetsa dziko la Anglo-French. Koma zochitika zosayembekezereka zimadziwika kuti First World War. Nkhondo zazikulu sizinkapita nthawi zonse malinga ndi ndondomeko, nthawizina ntchitoyi inalephera. Izi zinachitika ndi ndondomeko yamakono yotchedwa "Dardanelles". Maphwandowa anawonongeka kwakukulu: Asilikali pafupifupi 200,000 anavulazidwa ku nkhondo ya Turkey , 150,000 kuchokera ku Allies. Iwo akuvulazidwa ndi kuphedwa, komanso anthu omwe akusowa.

Mu May Italy adagwirizana ndi Entente. Pa nthawi yomweyi, zida zankhondo za ku Germany zinatha kudutsa ku Mediterranean. Anatha kumira ngalawa zamalonda 100, pamene anataya chombo chimodzi chokha. Kotero, ngakhale kuthandizidwa ndi Italy, ogwirizanitsa nawo ntchito yamtunda wa 1915 sakanatha kukwaniritsa kupambana. Chinthu chokhacho chinali kupulumutsidwa kwa gulu la Serbia, lomwe linagonjetsedwa ndi magulu a adani mu kugwa.

Nkhondo ku Baltic

Nyanja iyi inkatchedwa yachiwiri. Nkhondo Yoyamba Yadziko lonse, yomwe nkhondo zake zikuluzikulu sizinachitike pokha pa nthaka, komanso pamadzi, sizinapangire pa Baltic. A British anaganiza kuti asilikali a ku Russia adzatopa pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Russo-Japan, kotero iwo sanadalire thandizo lake. Zombo zakale zokha zinayendetsa Baltic.

Koma mu August 1914 pa nyanja yamtendere ndi yosasinthasintha chinachitika chomwe chikanakhudza nkhondo. Cruiser Magdeburg ya Germany inagwa pansi mu Gulf of Finland. Posakhalitsa anagwidwa ndi a Russia. Iwo anapeza bukhu la zizindikiro za ngalawayo, adapereka kwa a British - izo zakhala ndi mbali yaikulu pakuwululira zazomwe zimayambira ku Germany. Pogwiritsira ntchito chidziwitso chodziwika, Allies anapanga machitidwe ochuluka opambana.

Iyi ndi gawo chabe la nkhondo zazikulu za nthawi imeneyo. Ndipo panali ambiri a iwo. Nkhondo zazikulu za Nkhondo Yoyamba Padziko Lonse, tchati, tebulo ndi ndondomeko ya ntchito, zomwe zimachitika mwatsatanetsatane zikufotokozedwa lero m'mabuku a mbiriyakale. Kuwawerenga, timamvetsa kuti nthawi yamagazi yakhala yamagazi, komanso momwe idakhudzira tsogolo la maiko omwe ali mmenemo.