Mzinda wa Kiev: chitetezo cha Kiev (1941)

Chimodzi mwa zochitika zazikulu za Nkhondo Yaikulu Yachikristu ndi nkhondo ya 1941 ku Kiev. Kutetezera kwa mzindawo kunachitika kuyambira July mpaka September ndipo kunayambitsa miyoyo yambiri. M'makalata, chochitika ichi chimatchedwa opaleshoni yoteteza ku Kiev.

Ngakhale kuti asilikali achi Soviet ndi anthu omwe ankakhala nawo anali amphamvu kwambiri, analakwitsa zinthu zambiri. Pambuyo pake, iwo anatsogolera zochitika zoopsya, zomwe zikwizikwi za anthu anayenera kulipira miyoyo yawoyawo.

Kuyambira pa mapeto

Kwa nthaŵi yoyamba Kiev anaukiridwa kumayambiriro kwa nkhondoyo. Pa June 22, 1941, asilikali a ku Germany anagwetsa mabomba awo m'mawa kwambiri. Motero anayamba nkhondo yayikulu yotchedwa Patriotic War. M'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi amitundu adzafika pafupi ndi mzindawu.

Kuchokera pamlengalenga, nyumba za sitimayi, fakitale ya ndege, ndege ya asilikali ndi ena, kuphatikizapo nyumba, zinawonongeka. Anthu ambiri sanazindikire kuti nkhondo inayamba. Kwa iwo, izi zinali zochitika zochitika, zomwe zinagwidwa mwamphamvu ndi asilikali a Soviet kwa zoposa chaka.

Kuyambira pomwepo mzindawu unayamba kukonzekera chitetezo. Mndandanda wa chitetezo cha Kiev unalengedwa, womwe unkaimira ma 200. Pamaso mwawo, mizati inamangidwa motsutsana ndi akasinja ndi maulendo apanyanja. Pafupi ndi mzindawu, mzere wina wa madontho ndi madontho anapangidwa. Ntchito zonsezi zinachitidwa ndi anthu oposa 160,000 ochokera ku Kiev komanso okhala m'midzi yapafupi.

June 23 mumzindawu anatsegula mfundo zolimbikitsa. Ankatchedwa anthu zikwi 200, ndiko kuti, achisanu mwa anthu a ku Kiev. Malinga ndi zomwe anaona, achinyamata adayesetsa kupita kutsogolo kunkhondo ndi Ajeremani. Kukonda dziko lino sikunasokonezedwe ndi mayankho ambiri ndi mayankho, zomwe zinachitika mu 1930 ndi kubwereranso chifukwa cha nkhondo.

Chiyambi cha opaleshoni yoteteza ku Kiev chimaonedwa kuti ndi July 11, pamene asilikali a Wehrmacht anafika ku Irpen River. Idali makilomita 15 kumadzulo kwa mzindawo. Ntchitoyi inatha masiku 70.

Ochita nawo mwambo

Pofuna kumvetsetsa yemwe adachita chiwonongeko cha mzindawo komanso amene adayang'anira Kiev, ndi bwino kuyang'ana pa tebulo.

Mapulani a Germany mu July 1941

Lamulo la Germany likuyembekeza kulanda Donbass ndi Crimea kusanayambe nyengo yozizira. Zinali zofunikanso kuti agwire Leningrad kuti agwirizane ndi asilikali a ku Finnish. Iwo akanakhoza kuletsedwa kuti akwaniritse zolinga izi ndi mphamvu yodzitetezera ya Kiev.

Malinga ndi imodzi mwa malangizo, Hitler analamula kuti gawo la kum'mwera chakum'mawa lisamangotengedwa. Ntchito yofunika kwambiri sinali kulola kuti zida zazikulu za mdani zibwerere mkati, koma kuti ziwawononge ku mabanki akumadzulo a Dnieper.

July-August akulimbana: zosankha zowononga

Kumadzulo kwa Kiev kunali asilikali "South". Anakumana ndi SF yake, yomwe inaposa mdani mu chiwerengero cha asilikali ndi zipangizo zamakono. Koma panalibe kusowa kwakukulu. Asilikali a Soviet analibe atsogoleri oyendetsa ntchito, ndipo Ajeremani anayenda mosamala kwambiri ndipo ankazungulira mozungulira adaniwo.

Pamodzi ndi nkhondo, anthu adachotsedwa. Komabe, sizinagwirizane. Kawirikawiri nthumwi za akuluakulu a boma zinatumiza mabanja awo ndi katundu wambiri, zomwe zinakwiyitsa anthu wamba. Zolinga izi ngakhale magalimoto ankagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zinali zosowa kwambiri kutsogolo.

Nkhanza zamphamvu za asilikali a General Vlasov zinathandizira kuthetsa vutoli kwa kanthaŵi kochepa. August 10, chifukwa cha iye, chigawo cha Kiev chinamasulidwa. Izi zinakwiyitsa kwambiri dziko la Germany Fuhrer, amene August 8 adakhazikitsidwa kuti akonzekere Khreshchatyk. Komabe, kupambana kwa a Red Army sikunathe nthawi yaitali.

Zolinga za Germany mu August

Wopambana chitetezero cha Kiev anakakamiza German kulamula kusintha ndondomeko yake. Hitler ankakhulupirira kuti kunali kofunika kwambiri kuti asagwire Moscow, monga momwe Franz Halder ankaganizira, koma madera akum'mwera a USSR. Mpaka m'nyengo yozizira, Hitler ankafuna kutenga chigawo cha Crimea, madera a malasha ndi mafakitale a Donbass, ndipo amaletsa njira yotulutsa mafuta ku Caucasus kupita ku asilikali a Soviet.

Kuwonjezera pa Halder, Heintz Guderian sanagwirizane ndi chisankho cha Hitler. Iye mwini adayesa kukopa Mtsogoleri kuti asamangidwe motsutsana ndi Moscow, koma mfundo zake sizinakhudze chisankho cha mkulu wa Wehrmacht. Motero, mbali za gulu la "Center" zinasamutsidwa kumwera pa August 24, ndipo kusemphana ndi Moscow kunamiswa.

Zolinga za USSR mu August

Stalin ankaopa Moscow. Ankadziwa kuti posachedwapa nkhondo zitha kusunthidwa. Izi zimatsimikiziranso ndi nzeru. Malingana ndi deta kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa August, asilikali achijeremani amayenera kukantha Moscow kudzera ku Bryansk.

Koma Stalin sankadziwa kuti Hitler angasinthe kusintha kwake ndikukutumiza zowonjezereka kumwera.

Kumenyana kumapeto kwa mwezi wa August: kubwerera kwawo

Pa August 21, Hitler anasaina lamulo. Icho chinakhudza kwambiri pa nkhondo yotsatira. Izi zinaphatikizapo kuti mphamvu yaikulu ya Wehrmacht inasunthira ku Moscow kumwera, ndiko kuti, ku Kiev, Crimea ndi Donbas.

Ngakhale kuti panali asilikali komanso chitetezo cha Kiev, vutoli linasokonekera. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, lamulolo silinalole kuti apereke mzindawo, poopa zomwe Stalin anachita, yemwe adaletsa.

Chifukwa chake, SWF inali yozunguliridwa ndi Ajeremani. Usiku wa pa 18 September, Moscow anaganiza zobwerera. Komabe, nthawi inali yotayika, monga zotsatira sizuntha zonse zomwe zinakhoza kutuluka mu mphete. Asilikali pafupifupi 700,000 anagwidwa ndi kuphedwa. Zomwezo zinachitikira General Kyrponos, komanso abusa 800 ndi akuluakulu oyang'anira kutsogolo.

Kuteteza Kiev kunalephera. Asilikali a Soviet, akubwerera, mofulumira koma adathetsa mabotolo onse anayi kudutsa Dnieper. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, anthu amtundu wa anthu ndi amishonale ankadutsa mwa iwo nthawi yomweyo. Malo ogwira ntchito mumzindawu, madzi anasiya ntchito. Zikwi zambiri zamatumba zinkaponyedwa m'madzi. Zonsezi zinapha anthu otsala (pafupifupi anthu zikwi mazana asanu ndi anai) kuti apeze njala mumzinda womwe umakhalamo.

Ajeremani adalowa mumzinda pa September 19. Tsiku lotsatira, Ayuda anayamba kuphedwa, ndipo anthu ambirimbiri a m'derali anatengedwa kukagwira ntchito ku Germany. Izi zinachitika kwa zaka zitatu.

Zotsatira ndi zotsatira za ntchitoyi

Kuteteza malo ku Kiev sikukanatha kulimbana ndi mphamvu za Wehrmacht. Kugonjetsedwa kunali koopsa kwambiri kwa asilikali a Soviet. Kuwonjezera pa chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu ovulala, zoposa 4,000 mfuti, matope, matanki ndi ndege zinatayika.

Kulephera kuteteza Kiev kunatsegula njira yopita kummawa kwa Wehrmacht. Kenako zochitikazo zinayambika mwamsanga. A Germany anagonjetsa madera atsopano.

Kuwerengera nthawi ya kulanda kwa madera akummawa ndi kumwera:

• October 8 - Priazovye;
• October 16 - Odessa dera;
• October 17 - Donbass;
• October 25 - Kharkov;
• November 2 - Crimea (Sevastopol inagwa mu blockade).

Panali nthawi zingapo zabwino zowonongeka kwamagazi. Choyamba, asilikali a ku Germany, omwe anasamuka ku Moscow, anapatsa Soviet mwayi wokonzekera chitetezo chake. Chokhumudwitsa ku Leningrad chinamangidwanso kuti chikhale chozungulira pafupi. Motero, ntchito ya chitetezo cha Kiev inasiya nthaŵi yoti Ajeremani agwire Moscow.