Pamene USSR anakomoka? Gorbachev Mihail Sergeevich

Kutha kwa Soviet Union limodzi ndi ndondomeko ya azingokhala dongosolo mu zovuta chuma, zinthu zokhudza, muzochitika zandale ndiponso dziko. Pamene USSR anakomoka, mayiko 15 ufulu wodzilamulira. Zimenezi limodzi ndi "perete wa sovereignties". M. S. Gorbachev (Mlembi General wa ku CPSU Committee chapakati) analengeza kuchotsa ntchito pa positi. Iye anafotokoza maganizo ake "mfundo tiganizira". Mayiko, Bungwe linavomereza. chikalata ichi mwalamulo ankanena kuthetsedwa kwa alipo USSR (1991, December 26).

Chifukwa kugwa

Kufikira tsopano, mbiri yakale simungakhoze kubwera kwa kuuzidwa za chimodzimodzi zomwe zinayambitsa ndondomeko izi zinatheka kupewa zinthu yapadera ndi chiwonongeko mkati mwa dziko. Mu zaka za Soviet Union zinali mwachangu kunyoza olamulira, ndipo anati ukalamba chidwi za mamembala mkulu wa wagawo ndi. Izo ziyenera kuti avereji ya anthu mu Politburo, ndi 80 chaka TH anali 75 malita. Choyamba, zinachititsa kuti "nthawi ya maliro." Ndiye, unit apamwamba Gorbachev analowa. Mikhail Gorbachev anakhala mwamsanga tipeze mphamvu ndi kufalitsa kukopa kwake chifukwa wachinyamata ndiye. Pa nthawi ya chisankho wake monga Mlembi General wa wachisanu anali 54. Mu zaka za Soviet Union amalembedwa ndi monocentrism kwapadera zochita iliyonse. Ufuluwu ali chabe "malo feduro" - Moscow. Nthawi zambiri, zimenezi zinachititsa kuti ndizipeza nthawi ndi kukhazikitsa osamveka njira m'deralo. Choncho zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kutsutsako lakuthwa mu zigawo. Ena olemba ndikukhulupirira kuti mphamvu galimoto anakhala zizolowezi dziko zomwe zachitika mu dziko. Pamene USSR anakomoka, mikangano mafuko amene peaked. mayiko osiyanasiyana m'gulu ananena cholinga kukhala chuma chawo ndi chikhalidwe. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zimene kugwa foni ndi utsogoleri wosadziŵa. Atsogoleri a mayiko anafuna kuti tichotse ulamuliro ikuchokera boma, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kusintha demokalase kuti Gorbachev Mihail Sergeevich anapereka. Ndi iwo ankayenera kuti awononge logwirizana boma dongosolo la anthu decentralized.

mavuto a zachuma

Mu Soviet Union pansi Gorbachev, monga, ndithudi, ndi pamaso pake, amalembedwa disparities mu dongosolo yaikulu zachuma. Zimenezi zinachititsa:

1. Permanent kuchepa kwa katundu ogula.
2. Kuchuluka luso backwardness muzochitika zones za mafakitale kupanga.

Posachedwapa kunali kotheka azilipira yekha okwera mtengo kwambiri njira yolimbikitsa. Mu 1987, kuipidwa ya miyeso Analeredwa. Iwo ankatchedwa "mofulumira". Komabe, kukhazikitsa mu mchitidwe kunali kosatheka, chifukwa chosowa mwayi wopezera ndalama.

dongosolo kachulukidwe

Pamene USSR anakomoka, kudalira dongosolo ndalama kunali mwakayakaya. Mu 1960-70. njira zazikulu za kulimbana ndi kupanda malonda ogula pansi zikhalidwe za chuma anakonza wachita pa mlingo waukulu mtengo wotsika ndipo chomasuka zipangizo. Ambiri mwa makampani ntchito mosinthana atatu. Anapanga mankhwala ofanana kwa zipangizo za otsika khalidwe. Monga njira yokhayo imene ingatithandize kuzindikira mphamvu ya makampani anachita mawu kachulukidwe. Chifukwa, amasokoneza kupanga Soviet Union, wagwa zikuchepa.

wotchuka kusakhutira

Zinabweretsa zosokoneza zonse mankhwala chakudya. Nkhani makamaka pachimake anali m'nyengo ya stagnation ndi perestroika. Chakuchepa anati mankhwala zofunikira zina ndi ntchito nthawi yaitali (chimbudzi pepala, refrigerators, etc.). Dziko wachita zinthu zoletsa lolimba ndiponso malamulo oletsa, alinso kungasokoneze pa maganizo ambiri. Kakhalidwe ka moyo nthawi zonse anali ndi mphamvu Western. ndodo Administrative anayesa kuti andipeze ndi kumayiko ena, koma zinthu izi chuma, iwo analephera.

Amapanga limati kutsekedwa

Kwa zaka 80-TH. zinadziwika anthu onse. Mu USSR, ndondomeko kuvomerezedwa kwa opereka zikalata unayamba kupita kunja. Documents zofunika maulendo kwa Bomali. Mu boma opareshoni malamulo ovuta kwambiri pa kumvera mawu a mdani, chete, ambiri mfundo za mavuto mkati ndale, ndi apamwamba khalidwe la moyo m'mayiko ena. Pa TV ndi atolankhani anachita kufufuza. Linasindikizidwa ambiri a ntchito za zochitika osafunika ndi osadziwika mbiri ya dziko, kuwululidwa umboni wa lamulo la buku. Chifukwa cha, kenako chokana misa, Novocherkassk kuphedwa, odana Soviet kupanduka mzinda wa Krasnodar.

mavuto

Pamene USSR anakomoka, ndi aakulu kuchepa kwa katundu wafika pazipita ake. Popeza 1985, ndodo utsogoleri anayamba kukonzanso. Chifukwa cha zikuchepa kulalikira mwakhama andale a anthu. Iwo anayamba kupanga yaitali, mtundu ndi kwakukulu kuphatikizapo mabungwe ndi magulu. izo mwalamulo analengeza mu chaka cha 1898 kuti mavuto kumalondolera dziko. Ndi 1991 TH la zogulitsa ufulu mbisoweka pafupifupi zonsezi, kupatula chakudya. Pafupifupi onse zigawo kovuta mu mawonekedwe a makuponi wakhala anayambitsa. Mu 1991, mlingo imfa kuposa mlingo kubadwa. Icho chinali choyamba mwalamulo olembedwa zaziwerengero mavuto.

"Chidani"

M'zaka lotsiriza la Soviet Union amalembedwa ntchito yogwira kusokoneza a m'mayiko a Azungu. Icho chinali chigawo chimodzi cha "nkhondo ozizira." Woukira anali limodzi ndi chikoka '' wothandizila 'mkati mwa zida lolamulira la dziko. maganizo anasonyeza zina za kufufuza anapanga, makamaka, nambala mitu wakale wa KGB ndi chipani Communist.

Boris Yeltsin

Gorbachev ayesa kusunga mphamvu zonse za USSR. Komabe, kulepheretsa kuchita zimenezi osankhidwa May 29, 1990 kuti udindo wa wapampando wa Supreme RFSR Yeltsin. Russia anali gawo la USSR Republic a. Iye anaimira ambiri a anthu a Union. The Akuluakulu chapakati wa dziko la Russia komanso Onse-Union, anali mu Moscow. Koma iwo anawona pambuyo. Pambuyo pa chisankho cha Yeltsin RFSR munayamba kuganizira kwambiri za kulalikidwa kwa ulamuliro wa Union, komanso kuzindikira za ufulu wa Union ena komanso mayiko ake yoyenda yokha. Monga positi wapampando wa Mphamvu ndi onyamula, iye waikanso RFSR kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo mutsogoleli wadziko. June 12, 1991 ankamukonda mavoti otchuka. Choncho adakhala pulezidenti woyamba wa Russia.

m'chiwembucho

USSR anafika mavuto kuya muzochitika zones za moyo. Pofuna kuteteza Union ndi achire ake ku udindo uwu inakhalapo ndi boma Komiti ya Emergency. thupi ili analipo kuchokera 18 mpaka 21 August 1991. Komiti Emergency zikuphatikizapo akuluakulu ndi akuluakulu maboma amene ankatsutsa kusintha perestroika kugwiridwa ndi kumachita pulezidenti wa Union. m'Komiti anatsutsa kusintha dziko la mu chitaganya latsopano. Mphamvu, mutu umene anali Boris Nikolaevich Eltsin, anakana kumvera thupi kupangidwa, adawayitana ntchito odana ndi lamulo lalikhulu ladziko. Cholinga cha zokhumba anali kuchotsa Gorbachev kwa pulezidenti, kuteteza umphumphu wa Soviet Union, kuteteza ulamuliro mabwalo a. Zochitika za masiku awa, amatchedwa "wa August putsch." Chifukwa cha ntchito zokhumba anali kuletsedwa ndipo anthu ake anamangidwa.

Pomaliza

Mu ndondomeko ya azingokhala wa USSR poyamba anakana, kenaka mofulumira anazindikira mavuto a anthu Soviet. Kulalikira kwa sikelo zoopsa chifukwa cha uchidakwa, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, uhule. Society anali zikuchepa ochita, zikuchepa adakula mthunzi chuma. nthawi imeneyi amalembedwa angapo onsewa technogenic (ngozi Chernobyl, mabomba mpweya ndi ena). Pa padziko lonse panali mavuto. Wokana zochitika mkati mayiko ena zinachititsa kuti dontho lalikulu zovomereza-Soviet ankhanza kum'mawa kwa Ulaya mu 1989, chitsanzo, mu Poland, Leh Valensa amalandira mphamvu (mutu wakale wa dziko "Umodzi" wogwirizana malonda), mu Czechoslovakia - Vaclav Havel (poyamba dissident) . Mu Romania Achikominisi kosangalatsa zinachitika ndi ntchito mphamvu. Malinga ndi chigamulo cha bungwe loweluza, pulezidenti Ceausescu ndi mkazi wake anawomberedwa. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, panali kugwa kwa dongosolo Soviet, analenga pambuyo Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World.