Paleontology - Science ndi chiyani? Kodi kuphunzira paleontology?

Palaeontology - sayansi kuti Maphunziro a mbali ya kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya zinthu zinalili mu Geological zapitazi, anasunga mafupawa, moyo wotsatira ndi oryctocoenoses.

paleontology zamakono

Angagwiritsidwenso ngati sayansi kuti amachita ndi kuphunzira zonse mawonetseredwe zilipo kafukufuku wa moyo mu nthawi zakale chilengedwe moyo paliponse (chamoyo, anthu, biogeocoenosis) ananena.

Chinthu kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti palaeontology - ndi sayansi zamoyo amene ali paubwenzi ndi nthaka, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zotsatira za kafukufuku ndi pa nthawi yomweyo akutumikira monga gwero singasiyanitsidwe zokhudza chilengedwe moyo. Ndi ubwenzi ndi Mzimuyo kukhulupirika kwa paleontology, amene amalondola pamodzi ndi ena zinthu mu kasinthidwe zachilengedwe tikukhala mu lakutali Geological zapitazi.

The cholinga cheni

Monga tanenera, sayansi akuphunzira paleontology zinatha zamoyo amene amakhala Geological zapitazi. Kuti cholinga cha phunziro ikukhudza powunikira mbali zonse za moyo wawo. Izi, makamaka, kapangidwe (kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe) ndi taxonomy; kufalitsidwa mu malo ndi nthawi; njira ndi malamulo a kusanduka; moyo ndi chilengedwe.

ntchito zonse zogwirizana ndi mzake. Kotero, pokana kuphunzira zinthu morphological si mapeto palokha koma yogwirizana kwambiri systematization wa zamoyo. Mosamalitsa dongosolo la sayansi silingakhoze kumangidwa popanda kuphunzira zinthu zamoyo zinachita ndi njira ya chitukuko mbiri ya magulu nyama ndi zomera sangathe inachokera popanda kudziwa kulikonse pa malo siriyo mitembo yawo mu zigawo ndi mmene zinthu zachilengedwe pa zamoyo. kusanthula zinchito zikutisonyeza njira ya moyo chifukwa cha kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe wa zolengedwa. Choncho, chomaliza ndiponso chofunika kwambiri ntchito palaeontology - ndi chidziwitso cha zamoyo wa dziko organic mu kasinthidwe mbiri ya Earth.

Gawo

Palaeontology - sayansi ya zinthu zinatha ya chiyambi zosiyanasiyana. muyezo Izi ndi Anakhalanso maziko gulu, ndipo amadziwikanso pamaso pa m'madipatimenti zingapo:

• Paleozoology akhala akuphunzira mafupa a zamoyo nyama. Iye, nayenso lagawidwa m'magawo awiri; yoyamba ikufotokoza invertebrates wakale, ndipo chachiwiri - wa peresenti wakale.
• Paleobotanist zoyenera kuphunzira zomera gasi. Mu dongosolo lake lili bulanchi ambiri Sciences. paleoalgologiya izi (kuphunzira malasha algae), ndipo paleopalynology (kuphunzira mafupa a mungu wakale ndi spores wa zomera), ndi zina zotero. D.
• Paleomycology. Chinthu kuphunzira ndi mafupawa wa bowa.
• Micropalaeontology. Ichi ndi malamulo dzina ntchito pankhani kuphunzira zotsalira za zinthu zakale (benthic mogwirizana, ostracods, zooplankton zosiyanasiyana ndi timayandama, mabakiteriya).
• Paleoecology maphunziro kugwirizana kwa zinthu zinalili mu akutali kale, ndi wina ndi mnzake ndi chilengedwe chawo pamlingo a anthu ndi zachilengedwe zimadalirana.
• Paleobiogeography kuganizira malamulo malo a zamoyo wakale mogwirizana kwambiri ndi zamoyo wa nyengo, tectonics, ndi ena.
• Biostratinomy ndi taphonomy akuphunzira chito kufalikira ndi wakale manda chikhalire.

Mbiri ya paleontology: magwero

Kukhoza kutanthauzira kwa kudziwa za chikhalidwe cha mbiri malasha ndi msonkho kwa Chinese ndi naturalists European Kubadwa Kwatsopano. M'zaka za m'ma XVII, asayansi awiri (N. Steno, R. Hooke) pafupifupi imodzi, payekhapayekha mzake kwa nthawi yoyamba anayamba kuyankhula mitundu zinatha. A MV Lomonosov zaka zana pambuyo akufotokozera maganizo a akapolo anzawo akale, kutanthauza kuti m'chilengedwe m'kati mapangidwe ake panali zonse zamoyo zinachita kusintha.

maganizo atapereka ndi asayansi ochokera m'mayiko ena: French Buffon ndi J. Soulavie, Briton John Hutton ..

Chikhazikitso cha paleontology anayamba kupanga, pamene pa chiyambi cha XIX atumwi W. Smith anatha kupereka zifukwa limagwirira kudziwa zaka formations Geological za thupi chitsanzo a mafupa nyama zonse zopanda mafupa ndipo zochokera maganizo awo, woyamba mapu Geological mu mbiri.

Paleontology monga mwambo sayansi. Mbiri ya mapangidwe

M'munsi monga mwambo wa sayansi ndi msonkho kwa Georges Cuvier, amene pambuyo kwambiri poyerekeza anatomical kusanthula fupa akhala nyama wakale, analengedwa peresenti Paleontology.

Patapita zaka zochepa, pa French katswiri Adolphe Brongniart lakuti "Mbiri ya zomera gasi." Choncho maziko paleobotanists.

Palaeontology - sayansi, poyamba unkatchedwa petromatognoziya. Kutchula koyamba za dzina ili chinakopedwa chiyambi cha m'ma XIX. Pomaliza, sayansi wapeza dzina lake mu 1840s, pamene France D. Orbigny anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "paleontology" mu mabuku awo.

Kulankhulana ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi

Paleontology - mwambo wa sayansi kuti ndi yogwirizana sayansi zina kwachilengedwenso. ubwenzi umenewu ndiwo makamaka chifukwa cha ntchito tsankho njira ya sayansi zokhudzana: chibadwa anthu, kakulidwe zamoyo, cytology, sayansi, biometrics ndi ena.

Kuchititsa malasha maphunziro amakono kaŵirikaŵiri limodzi pogwiritsa ntchito maluso atsopano potengera ntchito zosiyanasiyana poizoni kusanthula mankhwala, ndi chindodo elekitironi wamamamayikirosikopu ndi T. D. Sonyezani kugwirizana ndi chapansi pa amalanga monga poyerekeza ndi mmene thupi, kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe ndi taxonomy za nyama ndi zomera. Kufunika kwa kusanthula zinchito ndi kuphunzira morphogenesis nyumba chigoba a mafupa amapanga interpenetration wa paleontology, Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa, embryology, biomechanics.

Pa gawo lino akhala kuwonjezera limasonyeza paleontology sayansi chilengedwe (biogeocenology, biogeography) chifukwa kudzikundikira lalikulu zedi zakuthupi, kulola kuti achite kusanthula poyerekeza ya zinthu zakale mbiri kudzera njira actualism.