Nsomba (kalasi): malongosoledwe. banja nsomba

dziko ndi yosiyanasiyana nsomba, komanso malo awo. Iwo amakhala m'nyanja, mitsinje ndi nyanja, pakhale m'madera ofunda otentha ndipo madzi ozizira wa Ocean Arctic. Kodi iwo amasiyana ndi nyama zina? Mitundu ya nsomba ndi banja wotani?

Kodi tikudziwa za nsomba?

Pafupifupi 70% ya Earth ataphimbidwa ndi madzi, nyumba chachikulu angelo amenewa zodabwitsa. World nsomba tichipeza 20,000 mitundu. Iwo osambira kwambiri ndi anthu madzi ndi mchere. Kupeza chakudya, nsomba amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali.

Nyama zimenezi kupuma ntchito makutu kuti alipo mwa iwo pa magawo osiyanasiyana. yaikulu ya thupi nsombayo chimakwirira mamba - mbale kwambiri spaced kuti atumikire monga chitetezo. kutentha thupi lawo si nthawi zonse, koma zimadalira chilengedwe.

Pali nsomba moyo pafupi pamwamba madzi, ena amakhala miyala kapena pansi. Kusambira ndi chifukwa minofu. Iwo anawagawa "m'mbuyo", amene gulu la mpandawo ndi kulowerera ndi "kudya" angachitire n'kamodzi. The ayendetsa akutsatiridwa kudzera zipsepse, ndipo kwambiri kayendedwe - ndi kusambira chikhodzodzo (mbali chabe ya nsomba).

Species zosiyanasiyana gulu

Ngakhale gulu la inakhala ali ndi zotsutsana chonchi lonse mosiyanasiyana thupi ndi coloration monga nsomba. Iwo akhoza kukhala chowulungika, kuzungulira, kuphwa, Njoka (mwachitsanzo, ziphuphu kapena moray). Ena a iwo yokutidwa ndi spines (nsomba kanyama), pamene ena akumanidwa ngakhale mamba. Ena mitundu amatha mwachidule kukwera mitengo, kukumba pansi kapena kuuluka pamwamba pa madzi.

Jawed nsomba kuimira gulu la nyama yoperekedwa kwa chordates. classifications awo kusintha pafupipafupi chifukwa atulukira mitundu yatsopano. Panopa, iwo anawagawa m'magulu atatu: chichereŵechereŵe, ray-finned ndi Lobe. Otsiriza awiri ndinu gawo la superclass fupa.

Koma akhoza kugawidwa subclasses, superorder, madongosolo, mabanja, genera ndi mitundu. nsomba banja ndi lambiri. Iwo kuphatikiza ofanana angapo mu mawonekedwe, mtundu, chiwerengero ndi kukula kwa zipsepse yobereka. Wotchuka wa masewera nsomba za nsomba banja, carangidae, njoka yam'madzi, hering'i ndi ena.

Lobe

Pafupi ndi makolo awo akale nsomba. kalasi anaonekera pafupifupi 300 miliyoni zapitazo. nthumwi zake woyamba anasamukira ku matupi kumtunda madzi, amene anathandiza kutetezedwa bwino ku zilombo zolusa komanso kuteteza mbali yapadera.

nsomba Lobe Mbali zamakono chachikale chinkawavuta mu dongosolo la. zipsepse lonse amakulolani kusuntha pamodzi pansi ndi kuphimba mtunda waufupi matupi zina za madzi. Special outgrowth mu mmero awo kukhala kuwala, kuti iwo akhoza kukoka mpweya wawo.

Oimira wotchuka - latimerievyh banja. Iwo crossopterygian nsomba, limene kwa zaka zambiri ankatengedwa zinatha pafupifupi zaka 60 zapitazo. Mu 1938, coelacanth anatengedwera ku gombe la South Africa ndipo dzina lake polemekeza Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer, amene anatulukira izo.

actinopterygii

The kalasi chokhudzana ndi fupa nsomba zambiri ndipo kumafuna zambiri 93% ya nsomba zonse. makulidwe awo zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa millimeters ochepa mpaka mamita 10-12. Ndi angati fupa, ali ndi kusambira chikhodzodzo udindo hydrostatics, ndi mpweya ndi mapangidwe phokoso. Zimathandiza nsomba kuti asungike ku kuya zina popanda khama, komanso kusuntha kuchokera pansi pamwamba.

Avilable nsomba ray-finned yodziwika ndi pakalibe poyambira pa (a kotenga olamulira a mafupa a), mosiyana Lobe lapansi. Pali fupa msana. Mamba Nthawi zina m'malo mwa mbale fupa. Wophatikizidwa zipsepse pa misana yawo ndi zitatu. Internal m'mphuno mipata zilipo.

Awa ndi nsomba zambiri. Maphunziro zikuphatikizapo mabanja oposa mazana awiri. Izi zikuphatikizapo odziwika bwino nsomba zonse, Nsombazi, gobies ndi whimsical goosefish, triggerfish. Yotsirizira ndi wokongola akuda kapena milozo mtundu. Pafupi dorsal spines chipsyepsye, iwo ndi atatu, mmodzi amene amachita monga choyambitsa ndi, wogonjetsa ena awiri.

nsomba cartilaginous

Maphunziro a nsomba cartilaginous ndi osiyana mu malo oyamba kapangidwe ka mafupa, amene tiri ndi kuchuluka kwa chichereŵechereŵe. Iwo mosatsata ndi chikhodzodzo kusambira, choncho unachitikira mu madzi ndime wokangalika kuyenda. Ambiri nsomba cartilaginous musati kuikira mazira koma kubereka ana.

Kapangidwe ka makutu kwambiri mtundu. Iwo si ataphimbidwa ndi chivundikiro gill, ngati nsomba Bony, ndi kupita panja. Mitundu ina ya kupuma pakamwa, ena ntchito spiracle ndi makutu. zikuchokera awo mankhwala ofanana ndi mano anthu.

Maphunziro Nthumwi ndiziwunda ndi lowopsya nsombazi. Stingrays kuti penapake flattened matupi ambiri pectoral zipsepse mchira anatambasula woonda. Nyama kukula kuchokera masentimita angapo mpaka mamita asanu m'litali. cheza magetsi ndi ziwalo wapadera amatha opereka kumaliseche panopa mpaka 250 volts.

Nsombayi amapanga pa 450 mitundu. Miyeso osiyanasiyana 15 masentimita kwa mamita 20. Yaikulu Shaki imatengedwa kukhala womuimira. Iwo akudya zomera ndi si owopsa kwa anthu. Ambiri mitundu ina ya chilombo m'madzi M'malo mwake, ali adani. Ambiri a iwo ndi tanthauzo kwambiri kununkhiza. White nsombazi Mwachitsanzo, akhoza kugwira kafungo ka dontho la magazi kwa mamita angapo.

nsomba zapamwamba

Zovuta kwambiri nsomba zonse Bony ndi nsomba mwezi. Chimakula mpaka mamita atatu m'litali. Animal flattened mbali ndi kumaoneka ngati chimbale ndi yotundumukira kunja kwa mpanda zipsepse awiri. Chekeni bulauni kapena mdima imvi. The chitsanzo waukulu akulemera makilogalamu 2 zikwi chotero ukufika mamita 4.2 m'litali.

Seahorse ndi nsomba, ngakhale pang'ono kufanana kwa iye. Iwo amayandama vertically chooneka ngati Chess chidutswa kavalo. Amaona kuti wachibale wa leafy nyanja chinjoka. zipsepse wake translucent amafanana atachuluka mbewu.

Napoleon nsomba wa banja Gubanov, amene si pachabe. Iwo ali yaikulu milomo. Dzina limeneli chifukwa cha zophuka zachilendo pamphumi, ngati lachifumu cocked.