Ontogenesis - ndi kuwerenga maganizo kuti ndi

Dongosololi kumatanthauza kusintha ontogeny motsatizana mu chamoyo kuchokera m'munsi zimatiyika apamwamba ntchito kwambiri. Pali structural ndi zinchito ungwiro wa munthu.

maphunziro ontogeny amachitika amalanga angapo sayansi. Mwachitsanzo, morphophysiological ontogeny (mapangidwe thupi) ndi chinthu kuphunzira zamoyo. Poyankha, maganizo ndi chikhalidwe ontogeny amaphunzira m'minda osiyana wa zamaganizo (psychogenetics, zaka komanso sayansi mwana, chikhalidwe ndi kuwerenga maganizo maphunziro).

Malingaliro a phylogeny ndi ontogeny

Mawu akuti "phylogeny" (Greek:. "Phyle" - "Species, mtundu, fuko" ndi "genos" - "chiyambi") amagwiritsidwa ntchito potanthauza ndondomeko ya maonekedwe ndi chitukuko mbiri ya mtundu. Mu sayansi maganizo ndi chitukuko cha psyche nyama Inde kwa zinthu, ndi zamoyo wa mitundu ya kutsitsimuka anthu.

More zofunika kwambiri ndi mfundo "ontogeny". Izi (Psychology) citukuko ca psyche payekha. Pankhaniyi tikulankhula za chilengedwe mpaka kalekale chitukuko - chibadwire kwa mphindi ya imfa yake. Malingaliro a phylogeny ndi ontogeny wa sayansi maganizo zinachokera ku zamoyo, wolemba awo ndi German zamoyo Ernst Haeckel.

lamulo biogenetic

Pamaziko mfundo izi, pamodzi ndi F. Müller, Haeckel anakonza lamulo biogenetic (1866). Malinga ndi izo, aliyense chitukuko munthu (ontogeny) mwachidule akudutsa magawo onse a mtundu wake (phylogeny).

Kenako, lamulo biogenetic anali kwambiri kudzudzulidwa ndi asayansi. Mwachitsanzo, ngati Council ya University of Jena mfundo chakuti palibe munthu embryonic mchira ndipo gill slits potsimikizira-Scientific. Ngakhale thandizo la chilamulo biogenetic ndi Charles Darwin (analengeza umboni wake waukulu chiphunzitso chakuti zamoyo zinangokhalako zokha), lingaliro ankaona ndi Council Scientific monga untenable, ndipo wolemba wake - mlandu wa chinyengo sayansi.

Komabe, lamulo biogenetic, ndi kunena maganizo recapitulation (Latin:. "Recapitalatio" - "Succinct, mwachidule kubwerezabwereza woyambawo woyamba") ndi mphamvu kwambiri pa chitukuko cha sayansi kwachilengedwenso, kuphatikizapo - pa chitukuko cha malingaliro chisinthiko. Kukopa kwake lamulo biogenetic wakhala pa zomwe kuwerenga maganizo. The ontogeny wa psyche angathe kusewera udindo wa zinachitikira mbadwo wakale.

Vuto la asilikali a galimoto chitukuko maganizo

Osiyana lofunika maganizo vuto ndi funso la ziti akupita ku kakulidwe ka maganizo, Mzimuyo ontogeny ake. zamaganizo Izi anatsimikiza ndi lingaliro la mphamvu galimoto chitukuko maganizo. Pali njira ziwiri yaikulu pothetsa vuto limeneli - biogenetic (achilengedwe) ndi sotsiogenetichesky (anthu).

Othandiza madera oyambirira kuti lolunjika pa majini (chibadwa), kuganizira mofatsa kampani kutsogolera njira ya chitukuko cha munthu wa maganizo. Choncho, udindo wa chikhalidwe zinthu ndi chabe. Mwa oimira wotchuka kwambiri njira biogenetic - Descartes, F-F. Rousseau, Spencer, S. Hall, D. Baldwin.

Zotsutsana, sotsiogenetichesky njira monga mphamvu galimoto chitukuko maganizo anasankha chinthu chikhalidwe - udindo wa chilengedwe chikhalidwe. Man Motero, amachita monga akunja mankhwala (mozungulira) chikoka. Mtengo wa chibadwa amalimbikitsa munthu wa njira imeneyi anali ananyalanyaza. Oimira -. J. Locke, E. Durkheim, P. Janet.

Ziwiri chinthu chiphunzitso cha ontogenesis wa psyche ndi

Komanso, kuyesa kuphatikiza zinthu zonse Atengedwa - otengera kwa makolo ndi chikhalidwe - kufotokoza kulunjika mfundo maganizo "ontogeny". Chifukwa cha malangizo wachitatu zamaganizo - chiphunzitso cha zinthu ziwiri. Icho chinali kafukufuku oyamba Stern, amene anakonza mfundo za mgwirizano wa zinthu ziwiri. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, mzere cholowa intersects ndi mzere, chifukwa zachilengedwe chikhalidwe mu chitukuko cha munthu (pali mgwirizano).

Motero, ontogeny wa zamaganizo anthu ikuchitika mu ndondomeko ya merging zinthu mkati ndi kunja kwa kugwira ntchito maganizo. Mwachitsanzo, titadziwa chibadwa cha masewerawo adzaona ndiponso mmene mwanayo kusewera. Poyankha, chuma ndi ndondomeko zinthu kudzayesedwa malo enieni.

Zinali zofunika njira yapadera kudziwa limatchula za ubale wa zinthu kunja ndi mkati kuti kudziwa ontogeny. Mu kuwerenga maganizo kakulidwe ndi njira ziwiri.

mfundo zofunika

njira Didimo inachokera pa kusanthula poyerekeza chitukuko maganizo a mapasa mono- ndi dizygotic. Kutanthauza zinali zakuti ngati amapasa ndi dizygotic (DZ - osiyana chibadwa) Pokonza m'njira zosiyanasiyana Choncho, chinthu majini zinthu ofanana chikhalidwe n'kofunika kwambiri. Ngati chitukuko pafupifupi pa mlingo wofanana wa quality, makamaka akutumikira chinthu chikhalidwe. Ndi monozygotic mapasa (MH - zofanana chibadwa) zinthu zofanana. Kenako koefishienti ndi kusiyana DZ- MZ mapasa akukhala m'nyumba osiyana / ofanana akuyerekezedwa. Didimo njira chimagwiritsidwa ntchito psychogenetics.

Choncho, kuwerenga maganizo a umunthu chitukuko ontogenesis, malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano, lotengeka ndi nkhwangwa awiri:

• X zinthu chibadwa.
• Mu zinthu za chilengedwe.

Mwachitsanzo, odziwika bwino British zamaganizo Eysenck nzeru sankaoneka ngati ndilochokera za chilengedwe ndi 80% ndi wamkati (kumtundu) - 20 okha%.

A sangathe ya chiphunzitso ziwiri chinthu cha umenewu akuti ndi kutisokoneza chifukwa Kuwonjezera cholowa makina ndi zizindikiro chikhalidwe. Nayenso ontogenesis - ndi (Psychology) njira zosavuta, simungathe kuchepetsedwa okha anapezazo ndi masamu. Nkofunika musangoganizira chiŵerengero awo kachulukidwe, komanso mbali Mkhalidwe. Komanso, monga chitsanzo nthawi zonse chipinda kusiyana payekha.

njira Psychoanalytic kuti maganizo "ontogeny" Psychology

Kodi izo - ontogeny - pamaso pa psychoanalysis? Ngati chiphunzitso m'mbuyomo tinaona mgwirizano (mgwirizano) wa nkhwangwa zinthu cholowa ndiponso chikhalidwe, chiphunzitso cha Sigmund Freud, ndondomeko iwowo. zinthu izi amaonedwa ku mfundo ya nkhondoyo, gwero umene ndi mismatch chilengedwe cha zolinga, zachibadwa khalidwe la ( "ID", "Iwo" - mosadziŵa) ndi chikhalidwe ( "superego", "superego" - chikumbumtima, malamulo abwino).

Pamene munthu lotengeka ndi zikhumbo zobisika ndi zokhumba, ndi chiwonetsero cha masoka, matabwa ake mpaka kukomoka. Kuyesa kulamulira tsatanetsatane wa chiyembekezo, kukana iwo, kutsutsidwa kuyesa adzawathamangitsa iwo pamtima - ndi ntchito ya chigawo chikhalidwe Pawokha (internalized dongosolo la makhalidwe, malamulo ndi malamulo, anapanga mchikakamizo cha chilengedwe munthu amacheza).

Chiphunzitsochi nayenso anyozedwa ndi asayansi, makamaka Bibulo kwakukulu pakati pa zigawo chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha umunthu.

Analytical mfundo KG mnyamata

Tikaonanso lingaliro la recapitulation (malamulo biogenetic), takambiranazi pamwambawa, ndiye kudziŵika angafanane Analytical Psychology wa Swiss zamaganizo CG Jung. Tikulankhula za chiphunzitso chakuti gulu atakomoka. Monga Ernst Haeckel m'zimene ontogeny recapitulation wa phylogeny, Jung amaona munthu monga chotengera zinachitikira zamaganizo a mbadwo wakale. kuyesera zikusonyezedwa condensed mawonekedwe mu mawonekedwe a dongosolo ena nzeru ndi kutanthauzira kwa chenicheni - archetypes. Letsani kale ndipo analibe mwayi kwa dera la chikumbumtima ali kungasokoneze ndondomeko ontogenesis, amachititsa kuphwanya munthu bwino maganizo.

Ontogenesis ndi zochitika

Mawu oyamba a gulu la ntchito, monga mwa kuwerenga maganizo dziko, DB Elkonin amalola pamlingo winawake kuti vuto la Kugawilidwa kwanthaka ndi zimene kawirikawiri ontogenesis wa psyche lapansi. Njira ya chitukuko - ndi choyamba, ntchito ya nkhaniyo chifukwa ntchito yake substantive. Koma chibadwa ndi chikhalidwe, amachita zinthu chilengedwe chitukuko, koma osati monga lalikulu ake. Amayambitsa si njira ya chitukuko cha za maganizo, koma Kusiyana kwake mkati osiyanasiyana yachibadwa.