Osip Mandelstam mbiri ndi zithunzi

Mmodzi wa Olinganiza zoikidwiratu kwambiri zomvetsa chisoni linakonzedwa Soviet Union ngati ndakatulo kwambiri ngati Mandelstam. yonena wake zachitika kwambiri chifukwa cha chikhalidwe wosadzayanjanika wa Osipa Emilevicha. Iye sakanakhoza kupirira choonadi ndipo sanafune kugwadira amphamvu. Choncho, mosiyana masiku amenewo ndi izo sizikanakhoza chachitika kwa iye, kuti anali kudziŵa ndi Mandelstam. yonena wake, komanso ntchito za ndakatulo kwambiri, imatiphunzitsa zambiri ...

Budushee ndakatulo anabadwa mu Warsaw pa January 3, 1891 Childhood ndi unyamata anakhala mu St. Petersburg Osip Mandelstam. Autobiography, mwatsoka, sizinalembedwe mwa iye. Koma chokumbukira anali maziko a buku la "The Phokoso la Time." Izo zikhoza kuganiziridwa kwakukulukulu autobiographical. Onani kuti kukumbukira Mandelstam wa ubwana ndi unyamata ndi okhwima ndipo naleka - anapewa kuulula okha, sanali kuti afotokoze onse ndakatulo yake ndi moyo wake. Osip anali oyambirira kukhwima ndakatulo, kapena kani, adapenya. Rigor ndi kuopsa kusiyanitsa unsembe wake luso.

Timakhulupilira kuti m'pofunika tione mwatsatanetsatane za moyo ndi ntchito ya ndakatulo iyi, ngati Mandelstam. Mwachidule yonena za munthu kuti nkomwe yoyenera. Osipa Emilevicha umunthu ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi ntchito yake ayenera mosamala kwambiri. Pamene nthawi wasonyeza mmodzi wa aakulu Russian ndakatulo za m'ma 20 anali Mandelstam. Mwachidule mbiri, naperekanso m'mabukhu, ndi bwino osakwanira kumvetsa kwambiri za moyo wake ndi ntchito.

Magwero a ndakatulo iyi

M'malo mwake, kamvekedwe mdima tinged ndi pang'ono kuti angapezeke mu Maulendo Mandelstam za ubwana wake ndi mpweya ozungulira. Malinga ndi ndakatulo iyi, banja lake "kovuta ndi zovuta." Mawu, mawu akuwonetseredwa ndi mphamvu zapadera. Choncho, osachepera, iye ankaganiza Mandelstam. Zinali ngati kulankhula "mchitidwe" wa banja. Tikumbukenso kuti mtundu Ayuda Mandelstam anali wokalamba. Kuyambira m'zaka za 8, kuyambira m'masiku choonadi Ayuda, iye anapereka dziko madokotala otchuka, asayansi, rabbi, olemba mbiri ya mabuku omasulira Baibulo.

Mandelstam Aemilius Veniaminovich bambo Osip, ndi wabizinesi ndi kudziona anaphunzitsa. Iye anali kwathunthu wopanda tanthauzo la chinenero. Mandelstam analemba m'buku lake "phokoso la Time" ananena kuti mwamtheradi analibe chinenerochi, anali chabe "bezyazychie" ndi "lilime-tayi". Panango Osipovna Flora, mayi wa ndakatulo ndi nyimbo mphunzitsi. Mandelstam kudziŵika kuti dictionary zinali "wothinikizidwa" ndi "osauka" kumabweza wonyong'onya, koma anali loti ndi momveka, "wamkulu Chirasha." Zinali mayi ake anatengera Osip, ndi musicality ndi kutengera za matenda a mtima, ndi lolondola mawu, ndi zinawathandiza kudziwa a m'chinenero chawo.

Maphunziro Tenishev sukulu malonda

Mandelstam mu nthawi kuchokera 1900 mpaka 1907, iye anaphunzira pa Tenishev sukulu malonda. Chikhochi ndi chimodzi cha zabwino payekha sukulu ya dziko lathu. Pa nthawi imodzi anaphunzira Zhirmunsky, Vladimir Nabokov. Zinkakhalira kuti anapambana apa panali aluntha-wokonda moyo wodzimana. Sukuluyi nakulitsa zolinga antchito boma ndi ufulu wa ndale. Mu zaka 1905-1907 wa Russian zisinthe choyamba, sakanachitira mwina koma amagwa radicalism ndale ndi Mandelstam. Wambiri ya konse yogwirizana kwambiri ndi zochitika za m'nthawi ya. Tsoka kwa nkhondo ndi Japan ndi nthawi chosintha anamuuza kuti alenge zatsopano stihovtornyh choyamba, chimene chikhoza kuonedwa ngati Student. Mandelstam anatenga zikuchitika monga mokondwera chilengedwe metamorphosis, kukonzanso amafotokozera.

maulendo kunja

Sukulu dipuloma analandira May 15, 1907 Pambuyo kuti ndakatulo anayesa kuyamba kumenyana gulu SRs mu Finland, koma pa ana aang'ono anali osavomerezeka kumeneko. Makolo poganizira za tsogolo la mwana wake, anafulumira kumulola kuchoka ku uchimo kuphunzira kunja komwe Mandelstam anayenda maulendo atatu. Nthawi yoyamba anakhala ku Paris ku October 1907 kuti m'chilimwe cha 1908. Kenaka, wolemba ndakatulo tsogolo anapita ku Germany, kumene University of Heidelberg anaphunzira Romance Philology (kwa chaka cha 1909 mpaka m'chaka cha 1910). Pa July 21, 1910 mpaka m'ma October, anakhala Zehlendorf, Berlin mzinda. Mpaka ntchito kwambiri posachedwapa mu ndakatulo Mandelstam ndi kuomba Echo wa kudziŵa bwino Ulaya.

Tinakumana ndi Anna Akhmatova ndi Gumilev, chilengedwe acmeism

Tinakumana ndi zikamera kumvutitsa Ahmatovoy ndi Nikolai Gumilev limanenedwa ngati ndakatulo Osipa Emilevicha. Gumilyov mu 1911, a maulendowa Abyssinian anabwerera ku St. Petersburg. Posakhalitsa anakhala atatu zimachitika madzulo mabuku. zaka zambiri zitachitika zomvetsa chisoni - kuwombera wa ENU mu 1921 - Osip analemba Akhmatova, Nikolayu Gumilevu kuti yekha anatha kumvetsa ndakatulo wake, ndi kuti iye analankhula kwa iye, ndi kukambirana. Mmene Mandelstam, Akhmatova anamuchitira umboni ndi mawu ake: ". I - wa m'nthawi ya Akhmatova" Only Osip Mandelstam (a chithunzi cha iye ndi kumvutitsa Andreevnoy anapereka pamwamba) akhoza kulengeza poyera zimenezi mu Stalin boma, pamene Akhmatova ananyozedwa ndakatulo.

Onse atatu (Mandelstam, Akhmatova ndi Gumilev) acmeism anakhala oyambitsa ndi owayimilira wotchuka kwambiri azimuth watsopano mu mabuku. Biographers amanena kuti pakati pa chiyambi cha mikangano adanyamuka chifukwa Mandelstam anali irascible, wankhanza Gumilyov ndi Akhmatova ayi.

M'chigawo choyamba cha ndakatulo

Mu 1913 analenga deta yake yoyamba ya ndakatulo ndi Mandelstam. Wambiri ndi ntchito kale kwadziwika ndi zochitika zambiri zofunika ndiponso zimene zikukuchitikirani pamoyo kale zambiri. Wolemba ndakatulo Chatuluka chopereka cha ndalama zake. Choyamba, iye ankafuna kuti buku lake "Nkhono", koma ndiye anasankha dzina lina - "Stone", chomwe chinali ndithu mu mzimu wa acmeism. mamembala ake mukufuna kupeza dziko mwatsopano, kupereka lonse munthu wolimba mtima komanso kuchotsa dzina la mosatsata ndi elegiac misty chophimba, ngati Symbolists. Rock - olimba ndi cholimba zinthu zachilengedwe, yosatha manja a Ambuye. Mu Osipa Emilevicha iye chofunika nyumba zidutswa za chikhalidwe uzimu osati chuma.

Osip Mandelstam mu 1911 n'kukhala Mkhristu, anapanga "kosangalatsa mu chikhalidwe European." Ngakhale iye anabatizidwa mu Mpingo wa Methodisti (mu Vyborg May 14), ndime zoyamba za kusonkhanitsa wake anagwidwa akupeza mutu wa Katolika. Mandelstam anagwidwa mu Roma Katolika pathos lonse gulu malingaliro. Mu ulamuliro wa Rome, mgwirizano wa dziko la Chikhristu wa West amachokera ku kwaya la anthu, anthuwo. Yemweyo "thanthwe" a tchalitchi wapangidwa miyala awo "mwamphamvu wosakoma" ndi "yachilengedwe kukhotakhota."

Mmene timaonera zinthu zisinthe

Mu nthawi kuchokera 1911 mpaka 1917 mu University of St. Petersburg, pa nthambi Romano-Germany, Mandelstam aphunzira. yonena wake pa nthawi iyi zinali zodzaza ndi maonekedwe a m'chigawo choyamba. Yovutayi zochitikazo inayamba zisinthe mu 1917. Yochititsa manyazi ndi kulephera inatha zoyesayesa aliyense Osipa Emilevicha kupeza malo mu Russia latsopano.

Collection Tristia

Vesi nthawi ya ulimi ndi nkhondo Mandelstam zimapanga magulu atsopano Tristia. Izi "Book of chisoni" linasindikizidwa kwa nthawi yoyamba mu 1922 popanda nawo wolemba, kenako, mu 1923, pansi udindo "Buku lachiwiri," tinalisindikizanso mu Moscow. Ndi kupanga mutu wa nthawi, otaya mbiri, umene ndi kuwonongedwa kwake. Masiku otsiriza a mutu uwu ukhala mtanda kudula mu ndakatulo iyi. zosonkhanitsira Ichi chinali latsopano khalidwe Mandelstam m'nyimbo ngwazi. Kwa iye, palibe munthu, si nawo otaya ambiri a nthawi. M'nyimbo mawu amveke kokha ngati Echo cha mkokomo wa chi. Kodi chikuchitika mu mbiri chachikulu, asawadziwe monga ngozi ndiponso kumanga "kachisi" wa kudzikonda.

Collection Tristia ndipo ananyezimiritsa atasintha kalembedwe a ndakatulo iyi. Inasinthira kapangidwe ikuyenda kwambiri kwa encrypted, "mdima" mtengo, zamalankhulidwe kosangalatsa zikwapu chinenero zopanda nzeru.

Masana ku Russia

Osip Mandelstam mu 1920s oyambirira. Ine akungoyendayenda makamaka kum'mwera kwa Russia. Iye anapita Kyiv, kumene mkazi wake, N. Ya. Hazinoy (onani chithunzi pamwambapa), ndinkatha nthawi zina pa Voloshin mu Koktebel, anapita kwa Feodosia, kumene Wrangel counterintelligence anamangidwa pa kukayikitsa espionage. Ndiye, atamasulidwa, anapita ku mzinda wa Batumi Osip Mandelstam. yonena wake kwadziwika ndi kumangidwa atsopano - tsopano pa mbali ya asilikali olondera panyanja ya Mensheviks. Osipa Emilevicha kupulumutsidwa ku ndende T. Tabidze ndi N. Mitsishvili andakatulo Chijojiya. Pomaliza, emaciated kwambiri, anabwerera Petrograd Osip Mandelstam. yonena wake akupitiriza zimene anakhalako nthawi mu Nyumba ya Tirhana, kenako anabwerera kum'mwera, kenako kuthetsedwa mu Moscow.

Komabe, pofika m'ma 1920s, ngakhale a muyezo wakale ziyembekezo ndi nkhawa pa kumvetsa zimene zikuchitika. Chotsatira ndi poetics wosinthika wa Mandelstam. "Mdima" tsopano kunadetsa bwino n'kosangalatsa izo. Mu 1925, pali yochepa mkangano zilandiridwenso kuti kumachititsanso ndi chilakolako Olgoy Vaksel. Pambuyo pake, wolemba ndakatulo imagwera chete kwa zaka zaka 5.

Mandelstam kwa theka 2 wa 1920s wa - nthawi ya mavuto. Pa nthawi imeneyo, wolemba ndakatulo anali chete, sanali kufalitsa ndakatulo latsopano. Palibe mmodzi ntchito Mandelstam sizimawoneka mu zaka 5.

Ndikaonekere kwa prose

Mu 1929, Mandelstam anaganiza kutembenukira kwa prose. Iye analemba buku la "The Prose Chachinayi". Ndi buku, ndi ang'ono, koma kwathunthu ankathamanga Mandelstam kunyoza olemba mochenjera, omwe anali m'gulu la Massolit. Kwa nthawi yaitali mu moyo ndakatulo ndi kopilas kuwawa. The "Chachinayi Prose" anaika khalidwe la Mandelstam - ankakangana, zachiwawa, mopupuluma. zosavuta Osip kupanga adani, iye analankhula maweruzo ake ndi amanenera. Kudzera mwa Mandelstam nthawi zonse, pafupifupi zaka zonse pambuyo chosintha, anakakamizika kukhala moyo mu kwambiri zinthu. iye anali mu 1930 Poyembekezera imfa pafupi. Mandelstam admirers luntha cha abwenzi ake sanali mochuluka kwambiri, koma ali.

moyo

Mmene timaonera moyo m'njira zambiri limasonyeza fano la munthu monga Osip Mandelstam. Wambiri, zosangalatsa za iye, ndakatulo kugwirizana ndi ubale wake wapadera. Osip anali yosayenera ndi moyo okhazikika moyo. Kwa iye, mfundo ya nyumba zokhalamo, omwe anali ofunika kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, Bulgakov kanthu. Dziko lonse ndi kunyumba kwa iye, ndipo nthawi yomweyo Mandelstam anali osowa pokhala ku dziko lino.

Pokumbukira Osip chiyambi cha 1920s, pamene iye anafika chipinda mu Nyumba ya Tirhana mu Petrograd (komanso ambiri olemba ena ndi ndakatulo), KI Chukovsky ananena kuti panali kanthu kuti akanakhala a Mandelstam, koma ndudu. Pamene ndakatulo potsiriza nyumba (mu 1933), B. Pasternak, amene anali mu ulendo Iye adati kuchoka, tsopano n'zotheka kulemba ndakatulo - nyumba kumeneko. Osip anachokera izi anakwiya kwambiri. O. E. Mandelshtam, amene yonena ikusonyezedwa ndi nkhani zambiri intransigence, wotembereredwa nyumba yake ndi wokonzeka iye kumbuyo kwa anthu amene anali mwina anafuna: portrayer, oukira woonamtima. Zinali mantha podziwa malipiro limene Mulungu ankafuna ake.

Ntchito "Moskovsky Komsomolets"

Munayamba mwadzifunsapo zimene anapitiriza njira ya moyo ya ndakatulo, monga Mandelstam? Wambiri chinayambira bwino anayandikira 1930s mu moyo wake ndi ntchito. Bukharin, woyang'anira wa Osipa Emilevicha mabwalo boma, anakonza kuti kumayambiriro kwa 1920-30-ntchentche mu nyuzipepala "Moskovsky Komsomolets" wowongolera. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti ndakatulo ndi mkazi wake pa njira zosachepera osachepera ang'onoang'ono. Koma Mandelstam adakana "malamulo a masewerawo" olemba Soviet amene anatumikira mode. impulsiveness wake kwambiri ndi emotionality kobvuta kwambiri asapita Mandelstam ndi anzanu. Iye anali pakati pa mzinda wa choyalutsa kwa - ndakatulo iyi mlandu plagiarism ntchito yomasulira. Pofuna kuteteza Osipa Emilevicha ku zotsatira za kumuyalutsa mu 1930, Bukharin bungwe Ulendo ndakatulo ku Armenia, amene amapangidwa chidwi chachikulu pa iye, komanso akamagwiritsa ntchito yake. Mavesi atsopano bwino anamva ndi wotsiriza chiyembekezo ndikuopa wogona mtima. Ngati Mandelstam mu prose anayesa kuthawa mkuntho yayandikirayo., koma tsopano iye potsiriza anatenga gawo lake.

Kuzindikira za tsoka la tsoka lake

Kuzindikira za tsoka la tsogolo lake, anasankha zambiri Alimbikitsa Mandelstam anapereka zazikulu, zomvetsa chisoni pathos ntchito zake zatsopano. Yankholo mu kukumana kwa umunthu ufulu a ndakatulo iyi, "m'zaka za zana chirombo." Mandelstam akuona wovutika ochitiridwayo, mwamuna wamng'ono pamaso pake. Iye akumverera wofanana izo. Mu ndakatulo 1931 "Pakuti kubingula olimba a mibadwo kubwera", imene inkatchedwa M'banja "Wolf", Mandelstam ndipo ananeneratu ukapolo akubwera Siberia, ndipo imfa yake, ndi ndakatulo chosafa. Kwambiri wolemba ndakatulo anazindikira kale kuposa ena.

Kalanga ndakatulo za Stalin

Mandelstam Nadezhda Yakovlevna, mkazi wamasiye wa Osipa Emilevicha, anasiya mwamuna wake mabuku awiri a Maulendo, amene amasimba za ungwazi nsembe ya ndakatulo iyi. Zenizeni Mandelstam zambiri m'mphepete pa kudzipha. Mwachitsanzo, mu November 1933, iye analemba za Stalin zikuchepa satirical ndakatulo, lomwe limati kwambiri anzanga, kuphatikizapo Boris Pasternak. Boris Leonidovich anakhumudwa ndi tsoka la ndakatulo iyi ndipo anati ndakatulo yake - osati buku Ndipotu, si kuti ena, monga "kuchita zofuna kudzipha," kuvomereza kuti sangatero. Pasternak anamulangiza kuti kuwerenga kwambiri ntchito imeneyi. Komabe, iye sakanakhoza kukhala chete Mandelstam. Wambiri, chidwi mfundo imene ife tawagwirawa, kuyambira amakhala moona zomvetsa chisoni.

Chiganizo Mandelstam, n'zosadabwitsa wakhala munaupereka zofewa mokwanira. Pa nthawi imeneyo anthu anaphedwa ndi pa zochepa kwambiri "zolakwa '. kusamvana Stalin tiwerenge chabe: "Sankhani koma kusunga". Mandelstam anali ku ukapolo m'mudzi kumpoto kwa Cherdyn. Apa Osip, akudwala matenda okhudza ubongo, ngakhale ankafuna kudzipha. Mabwenzi anathandiza. Kale kutaya chikoka Bukharin lomaliza analembako kuti Comrade Stalin, kuti andakatulo ndi bwino nthawi zonse, mbiri amene ali kumbali yawo. Pambuyo Osipa Emilevicha Anam'samutsira Voronezh, zinthu zochepa kwambiri.

Kumene, tsoka lake linali losindikizidwa. Komabe, mu 1933, kwambiri kulanga zimatanthauza lengezani ndakatulo za Stalin chotero ankaoneka kuthetsa zambiri ndi wolemba ndakatulo iyi. Ndipo izo ndithudi sayenera Stalin, "tate wa fuko la". Stalin amadziwa dikirani. Iye ankadziwa kuti nthawi zonse. Pankhaniyi, iye ankafuna Wamkulu Choopsa cha 1937, imene Mandelstam amayembekezeka, pamodzi ndi masauzande anthu ena untraceable kutha.

Zaka moyo Voronezh

Voronezh chobisa Osipa Emilevicha, koma chobisa iye zoipa. Komabe, sanaleke kulimbana ndi mosimidwa, likunena anabwera kwa iye, Osip Emilevich Mandelshtam. yonena wake wa zaka amalembedwa ndi mavuto ambiri. Iye analibe njira ang'onoang'ono, naye anathawa, sizinali bwino tsoka lake. Mandelstam mtima wake wonse anamva monga amakumana ndi "zaka chirombo." Ulendo A iye mu ukapolo Akhmatova umboni kuti m'chipinda chake alternately "ntchito imasonkhezera mwini." Anali mavesi silingaimitsidwe adafuna kumasulidwa. Maulendo akusonyeza kuti Mandelstam kamodzi anathamanga ndi malipiro foni ndi kuwerenga wapolisiyo, zomwe zaikidwa, ntchito zawo zatsopano. Iye ananena kuti palibe kuwerenga kwambiri. misempha anabala anali ndakatulo, ndakatulo, iye ankathamanga ululu wake.

Voronezh kuchokera 1935 mpaka 1937, atatu "Voronezh Notebook" zinalengedwa. Kwa nthawi yaitali dongosolo ntchito sizinachitike lofalitsidwa. Ndale sangathe adzatchedwa, koma amaona kovuta kuti ngakhale "ndale" ndakatulo monga iwo anali ndakatulo, silingaimitsidwe ndi osadziletsa. Ndipo mphamvu palibe kupatula zoopsa, chifukwa, monga J. Brodsky, "agwedeza njira moyo" osati andale.

Bwererani ku likulu

Kumverera imfa pafupi zinapatsira ndi ndakatulo ambiri a nthawi ino, monga mwa ntchito lonse la Mandelstam 1930s. Akuti Voronezh limasonyeza n'kumwalira mu May 1937 chaka china Osip anakhala pafupi ndi Moscow. Iye ankafuna kuti mupeze chilolezo kukhala likulu. Komabe, magazini akonzi ndinakanitsitsa osati kufalitsa ndakatulo, komanso kulankhula naye. Ndakatulo wopemphapempha. Zinamuthandiza mu nthawi iyi, abwenzi ndi anzawo: Boris Pasternak, Shklovsky, V. Kataev, Ilya Ehrenburg, ngakhale iwo anali ndi nthawi yovuta yekha. Anna Akhmatova analemba kenako m'chaka cha 1938, kunali "apocalyptic" nthawi.

Kumangidwa, ukapolo ndi imfa

Patsala pang'ono kulankhula za olemba a chi monga Osip Mandelstam. Mwachidule yonena za lake yodziwika ndi kumangidwa watsopano, umene unachitika May 2, 1938. Iye akakhale zaka zisanu yakalavula gaga. Kotero iye anapita ku Far East. Iye sanabwerere kumeneko. December 27, 1938 pafupi Vladivostok, mu msasa wa mtsinje chachiwiri, wolemba ndakatulo mmwamba ndi imfa.

Tikukhulupirira kuti amafuna kukhala ubwenzi ndi ndakatulo waukulu ngati Mandelstam. Wambiri, photos, njira kulenga - zonsezi amapereka lingaliro la izo. Komabe, anatembenuka yekha ntchito Mandelstam, inu mukhoza kumvetsa munthu uyu, ndikumverera mphamvu ya umunthu wake.