Nyukiliya zitsulo ndi katundu wake. ndiyo nyukiliya zitsulo Kodi

Pakati pa mbali zonse za dongosolo nthawi zambiri uli otere, omwe anthu ambiri amati ndi mantha. Ndipo kodi izo mulingirira? Chifukwa chakuti nyukiliya, kutanthauza kuopseza mwachindunji ku thanzi la munthu.

Yesetsani kumvetsa mmene chimodzimodzi zinthu ndi oopsa ndiponso likuimira, ndi kupeza zomwe zotsatira zoipa pa thupi la munthu.

Lingaliro ambiri a gulu la zinthu nyukiliya

gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo zitsulo. Ambiri a iwo, iwo anayikidwa mu dongosolo nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa kutsogolera kwa selo atsopano. Muyezo waukulu umene analandira kwa membala makamaka a gulu la nyukiliya - ndi mphamvu yake ndi zina theka moyo.

Mu mawu ena, nyukiliya kuwola - wasinthika pachimake zitsulo ndi mzake, wocheperapo, umene limodzi ndi umuna cheza cha mtundu winawake. Pamene izi zimachitika ena kutembenuka ku zinthu zina.

Nyukiliya zitsulo - ndi amene ali isotope mmodzi si. Ngakhale mitundu yonse adzakhala ndi chimodzi, ndipo ndi m'modzi yekha wa iwo adzakhala chotengera cha chuma ichi, chinthu lonse tidzakambirana nyukiliya.

Mitundu cheza

The embodiments waukulu cheza amene amapezekanso mu limawola n'kusanduka zitsulo ndi:

• alpha-particles;
• beta tinthu azingokhala kapena neutrino;
• isomeric kusintha (Popanga madzi a gamma cheza).

Pali awiri Mabaibulo a kukhalako kwa zinthu zimenezi. The choyamba - masoka, mwachitsanzo, pamene zitsulo nyukiliya zopezeka mu chikhalidwe ndi chophweka njira mchikakamizo cha mphamvu kunja ndi n'kukhala zosiyanasiyana pa nthawi (akusonyeza mpweya wa poizoni ake limawola n'kusanduka).

Chachiwiri gulu - ndi chongopeka analenga asayansi zitsulo angathe azingokhala mofulumira ndi kumasulidwa ndalama zambiri cheza wamphamvu. Izi zachitika ntchito m'madera ena. Choyenera, amene amapangidwa ndi zochita nyukiliya masinthidwe a chinthu china mu zina, wotchedwa synchrotron.

Kusiyana pakati pa awiriwa anasankha theka njira zoonekeratu: milandu onse izo zokha, koma chongopeka opangidwa zitsulo kuupereka zochita nyukiliya m'kati deconstruction.

Zapansi tisonyezeni ngati maatomu

Popeza ambiri a miyambo ya isotopes kamodzi kapena kawiri kokha ndi nyukiliya, anatengedwa coonetsa pamene mtundu winawake wa kalembedwe, osati unit lonse wonse. Mwachitsanzo, kutsogolera - izo zangokhala zinthu. Ngati ife kuganizira kuti ndi - ndi nyukiliya zitsulo, ndiye titchedwe Mwachitsanzo, "kutsogolera-207."

Hafu ya moyo wa particles akhoza zimasiyanasiyana. Pali isotopes amene alipo masekondi 0,032 okha. Koma pamodzi ndi iwo palinso iwo amene ali zaka mamilioni kuphwanyaphwanya m'chikondi cha mwa dziko lapansi.

zitsulo nyukiliya: mndandanda

A mndandanda wa onse a magulu a zinthu angathe chidwi chokwanira, chifukwa zonse ndi za 80 zitsulo. Izi makamaka onse, ataima mu tebulo nthawi pambuyo kutsogolera, kuphatikizapo gulu la lanthanides ndi actinides. Ndiko kuti, bismuth, polonium, astatine, radon, francium, Analandira, Rutherford ndi zina zotero manambala siriyo.

Pamwamba malire anatchulidwa ndi ya oimira, aliyense amene ali isotopes. Komabe, ena mwa iwo basi nyukiliya. Choncho n'kofunika, kodi mitundu ndi chinthu mankhwala. Nyukiliya zitsulo, kapena m'malo imodzi mwa mitundu yake isotopic ndi pafupifupi aliyense pa tebulo. Mwachitsanzo, ali:

• kashiamu;
• selenium;
• hafnium;
• tungsten;
• osmium;
• bismuth;
• indium;
• potaziyamu;
• rubidium;
• zirconium;
• Europe;
• Analandira ndi zina.

Choncho, n'zoonekeratu kuti zinthu zimene kuonetsa katundu cha mpweya wa poizoni, ambiri - ambiri. Ena a iwo ali bwino kwa nthawi yaitali theka moyo ndi zopezeka mu chikhalidwe, winayo chongopeka analenga munthu zosiyanasiyana zofunika kwa sayansi ndi woopsa kwambiri chifukwa anthu thupi.

Analandira Mbali

Dzina la mchitidwe amaperekedwa ndi anatulukira ake - ndi Curies, Pierre ndi Marie. Anthu yoyamba anazindikira kuti imodzi mwa isotopes wa zitsulo - Analandira-226 - ichi ndi mawonekedwe khola kwambiri, ali katundu wapadera cha mpweya wa poizoni. Zimenezi zinachitika mu chaka cha 1898, ndipo chotero chodabwitsa yekha anadziwika. Zofunikila maphunziro ake kuchita akazi akatswiri.

The etymology mawu amatenga mizu ku Chifulenchi zomwe izo zikumveka ngati Analandira. Total 14 kudziwika zosintha isotopic wa mchitidwe wa. Koma mitundu khola ambiri a manambala misa:

• 220;
• 223;
• 224;
• 226;
• 228.

Akadzauzidwa mpweya wa poizoni mawonekedwe ali 226. palokha, Analandira - chinthu mankhwala pa nambala 88. The atomiki kulemera [226]. Monga mankhwala osavuta angathe kupulumuka. Imeneyi ndi silvery-woyera nyukiliya zitsulo ndi limatsogolera mfundo za 670 ⁰ C.

Kuyambira mfundo mankhwala amaona akusonyeza digiri mokwanira mkulu wa ntchito ndipo amatha yatikhudza ndi:

• madzi;
• organic zidulo kupanga maofesi khola;
• mpweya kupanga okusayidi.

Katundu ndi Mapulogalamu

Komanso Analandira - chinthu mankhwala kuti ndipamene mndandanda wa salt. Mumadziwika ake nitrides, chlorides, sulfates, ku feteleza, carbonates, phosphates, chromates. Palinso salt awiri ndi tungsten ndi beryllium.

chakuti Analandira-226 kungakhale ngozi za umoyo, anatulukira ake Per Kyuri anaphunzira yomweyo. Koma ndinali kuona izi, pamene imachitika kuyesera: tsiku anayenda ndi okhudzidwa chapamwamba dzanja mayeso chubu ndi zitsulo. Pa nsonga ya kukhudzana ndi khungu anaonekera telephium, kuchotsa wasayansi akanatha palibe miyezi iwiri. Ku mayesero awo pa chodabwitsa cha mkazi mpweya wa poizoni sanandisiye, chotero zinafa, zochokera mlingo waukulu wa poizoni.

Kuwonjezera pa mtengo zoipa, pali mbali zingapo zimene Analandira-226 ntchito ndi ubwino:

1. Chizindikiro nyanja madzi mlingo kuchepetsa.
2. Izo ntchito kudziwa kuchuluka kwa ureniamu mu thanthwe.
3. M'gulu kuyatsa zosakaniza ndi.
4. Mu mankhwala ndi ntchito mapangidwe osambira zachipatala radon.
5. Ntchito kuchotsa milandu magetsi.
6. Ndi mwambo akuponya chilema ndi welded seams mwatsatanetsatane.

Nyukiliyazo basi ndi isotopes ake

mchitidwe uwu anapeza mu makumi anai a XX m'ma asayansi American. Choyamba olekanitsidwa ureniamu miyala, umene unakhazikitsidwa ku neptunium. Last Pankhaniyi - chifukwa cha ureniamu phata. Ndiko kuti, iwo onse kumagwirizana ndi mzake ndi kusinthika wamba nyukiliya.

Pali zingapo isotopes khola la zitsulo. Komabe, ambiri ndi zofunika zothandiza mtundu ndi nyukiliyazo basi-239. Mumadziwika zochita mankhwala zitsulo ndi:

• mpweya,
• zidulo;
• madzi;
• alkalis;
• halogens.

The thupi katundu wa nyukiliyazo basi-239 ndi Chimaona zitsulo ndi mfundo limatsogolera a 640 ⁰ C. The njira yaikulu ya zimakhudza thupi - mapangidwe pang'onopang'ono khansa, kudzikundikira mu mafupa ndi kupatsidwa ulemu adzawonongedwa, matenda a m'mapapo.

Field ntchito - makamaka makampani nyukiliya. Amadziwika kuti oipa tidziwe za nyukiliyazo basi-239 ndi allocated ndi kuchuluka kwa kutentha zomwe angafanane ndi matani 4 wa malasha yopsereza. N'chifukwa chake ichi mtundu wa zitsulo ndi choncho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zochita. Nyukiliya kalasi nyukiliyazo basi - gwero la mphamvu ya nyukiliya ndi mabomba nyukiliya. Iye ntchito yopanga magetsi mphamvu yosungirako zipangizo, amene utumiki angafikire zaka zisanu.

Uranus - gwero la cheza

mchitidwe uwu anapeza mu 1789 ndi sayansi ku Germany Klaproth. Komabe, kufufuza katundu ndi kuphunzira mmene ntchito pa anthu chizolowezi kuti anakwanitsa okha XX atumwi. Waukulu zimasiyanitsa mbali ndi kuti ureniamu nyukiliya amatha kupanga oipa chilengedwe cha phata la:

• Tsogolerani-206;
• krypton;
• nyukiliyazo basi-239;
• Tsogolerani-207;
• xenon.

Mu chikhalidwe, zitsulo ndi kuwala imvi mtundu, ali limatsogolera mfundo pa 1100 ⁰ C. Zimachitika mu mchere wokhala:

1. Autunite.
2. Uraninite.
3. Pitchblende.
4. Autun.
5. Tyuyanmunit.

Pali atatu khola isotope wa zachilengedwe ndi chongopeka apanga 11, ndi manambala misa ku 227 240.

makampani chimagwiritsidwa ntchito nyukiliya ureniamu, wokhoza apasuke mofulumira ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mphamvu. Kotero, ntchito:

• mu geochemistry;
• migodi
• nyukiliya;
• mu kupanga zida za nyukiliya.

Zotsatira pa thupi la munthu sasiyana ku yapita tinakambirana - zitsulo kudzikundikira kumachititsa kuchuluka cheza mlingo ndi yatsoka ndi khansa.

zinthu transuranic

Zitsulo zofunika kwambiri, nditaima kuseri ureniamu mu tebulo zodziwitsa ndi aja amene akhala chatsegulidwa posachedwapa. Monga mu 2004, kuunika anatuluka magwero natsimikiza kubadwa kwa mchitidwe kuwala 115 a dongosolo lino nthawi.

Iwo anakhala kwambiri nyukiliya zitsulo kwa onse kudziwika kwa tsiku - Ununpentium (Uup). katundu wake sanapite mpaka tsopano, chifukwa theka moyo wa masekondi 0,032! Taganizirani tidziwe zambiri za kapangidwe ndi makamaka m'mikhalidwe yotereyi ndi sangathe.

Komabe, mpweya wa poizoni ake nthawi zambiri kuposa kanjedza pa wachiwiri katundu mchitidwe - nyukiliyazo basi. Komabe, ntchito mchitidwe Ununpentium ndi "wolekerera" comrades wake tebulo - ureniamu, nyukiliyazo basi, neptunium, polonium ndi zina.

Chinthu china - unbibium - theoretically kulibe, koma kutsimikizira pafupifupi asayansi ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana simungathe kuyambira 1974. Ulendo wotsiriza anapangidwa mu 2005, koma anali anatsimikizira ndi akatswiri ambiri konsolo.

thorium

Iwo linatsegulidwa m'zaka za m'ma XIX ndi Berzelius dzina pambuyo Norse mulungu Thor. Ndi ofooka nyukiliya zitsulo. Mbali imeneyi ndi asanu a 11-isotopes.

The ntchito yaikulu mu mphamvu za nyukiliya sayendera luso zimatulutsa yambiri mphamvu kutentha mu kuvunda lapansi. Mbali kuti thorium phata angathe yolanda neutrons ndi n'kukhala ureniamu-238 ndi nyukiliyazo basi-239, limene mwachindunji ndi zochita nyukiliya. Choncho, thorium akhoza zimachitika ndi gulu la zitsulo pansi kulingalira.

polonium

Silvery woyera nyukiliya zitsulo pansi nambala 84 mu dongosolo nthawi. Iwo linatsegulidwa ndi chimodzimodzi ofufuza odzipereka cha mpweya wa poizoni ndi ciliconse cokhudzana ndi mkazi wake Maria ndi Pierre Curie mu chaka cha 1898. Mbali yaikulu ya mankhwala ndi kuti alipo momasuka za 138,5 masiku. Ndiko kuti, izi ndi theka moyo wa zitsulo.

Mu chikhalidwe, zopezeka mu zikuchokera ureniamu ndi ores ena. Izo ntchito monga gwero mphamvu, ndi mokwanira amphamvu. Ndi zitsulo njira monga ntchito kupanga zida za nyukiliya. chiwerengero ali mosamalitsa zochepa ndipo ali m'manja a dziko lililonse.

Komanso ntchito ionize mpweya, kuthetsa magetsi malo amodzi mu chipinda, mu kupanga heaters malo ndi zinthu zina zofanana.

Amene amadza pa thupi la munthu

zitsulo onse nyukiliya angathe kulowa pa khungu la munthu ndi kudziunjikira mu thupi. Iwo bwino kwambiri excreted mankhwala zinyalala, sizimaoneka kuti thukuta.

Ndi nthawi kuyambira kuwononga kupuma, magazi mantha dongosolo, kuchititsa inasinthiratu mu iwo. Mphamvu pa maselo, kuwachititsa silingayende bwino. Chifukwa ndi mapangidwe zotupa zilonda, khansa uka.

Motero aliyense zitsulo nyukiliya - ngozi yaikulu kwa anthu, makamaka ngati tikukamba za iwo mu mawonekedwe woyera. Musakhudze iwo ndi manja ndi kukhala mu chipinda nawo popanda chitetezo chapadera.