Organic nkhani - izo ... organic ndi ... Organic Chemistry

Organic mankhwala - mankhwala pawiri imene gawo la mpweya alipo. Kuchotserapo okha carbonic asidi, carbides, carbonates, cyanides, ndi oxides mpweya.

nkhani

Mawu akuti "nkhani organic" inatuluka mu moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku asayansi pa siteji ya umagwirira woyambirira. Ngakhale chogwidwa ndi kaonedwe vitalistic. Zinali kupitiriza mwambo wa Aristotle ndi Pliny. Pa nthawi imeneyi, pundits anali otanganidwa kugawa dziko mu zamoyo ndi zopanda moyo. Pankhaniyi, popanda yekha, mankhwala ndi bwino ogaŵikana mchere ndi organic. Iye akhapidziwa kuti kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala kuti "moyo" zipangizo muyenera wapadera "mphamvu". Ndi chibadidwe anthu onse moyo, ndipo popanda zinthu kwaiye organic sindingakhoze.

Ndi oseketsa sayansi amakono amanena anapambana kwa nthawi yaitali, mpaka mu 1828 Friedrich Wohler empirically si adakana. Izo zikhoza Mankwala ammonium cyanate wodziwitsidwa urea organic. Kuti anakankhira patsogolo zimapangidwira. Komabe, gulu la zinthu organic ndi zochita kupanga ndi osungidwa ndi pompopompo. Ndi maziko a gulu. Pafupifupi 27 millionov amadziwika organic mankhwala.

N'chifukwa chiyani anthu ambiri organic mankhwala?

Organic nkhani - ndi, ndi ena kuchotserapo, ndi mpweya pawiri. Ndipotu, izi ndi chinthu chidwi kwambiri. Mpweya akhoza kupanga maatomu awo mu unyolo. Nkofunika kuti Kubverana kwawo ndi wolimba.

Komanso, mpweya mu mankhwala organic ali valence - IV. Kuchokera pamenepa, ndizoonekeratu kuti mchitidwe amatha kupanga kugwirizana ndi ena zinthu osati umodzi komanso awiri ndi patatu. Ndi kukula multiplicities, unyolo ongokhala maatomu amakhala aafupi. Pa nkhani imeneyi, bata zikuchulukirachulukira.

Mpweya ali ndi luso mawonekedwe mosabisa, liniya ndi volumetric dongosolo. N'chifukwa chake chikhalidwe cha zinthu zina zosiyanasiyana organic.

kapangidwe

Monga tanena nkhani organic - ndi mpweya pawiri. Ndipo izi ndi zofunika kwambiri. organic mankhwala kukhala ndi kugwirizana kwake ndi pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya tebulo nthawi. Mu chikhalidwe, nthawi zambiri mu zikuchokera awo (ena kuposa mpweya) zikuphatikizapo mpweya, wa hydrogen, sulfure, asafe ndi phosphorous. Zinthu otsala ali n'kukhala kwambiri.

katundu

Choncho, organic ndi mpweya pawiri. Pankhaniyi, pali muyezo zingapo zofunika kuti ayenera kukumana. zinthu zonse zinachokera organic ndi katundu wamba:

1. alipo pakati pa maatomu a kufanizitsa osiyanasiyana kugwirizana kwenikweni zinagwira isomers. Koposa zonse, anapanga pa mamolekyulu mpweya pawiri. Isomers - nkhani ina, ndi kulemera maselo ndi zikuchokera, koma mankhwala osiyana ndi thupi katundu. zodabwitsazi amatchedwa isomerism.

2. china muyezo - chodabwitsa homology. Nkhani mankhwala organic, imene chilinganizo loyandikana zinthu isiyana m'mbuyomo wina CH ₂ gulu. Mundawu zofunika ntchito zipangizo sayansi.

ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a mankhwala organic chiyani?

mankhwala Organic monga makalasi angapo. Amadziwika onse. Iwo mapulotini, lipids ndi chakudya. Magulu amenewa angatchedwe ma polima kwachilengedwenso. Iwo nawo kagayidwe pa mlingo ma mu chamoyo chilichonse. Komanso mu gulu ili monga asidi mkati. Kotero tikhoza kunena kuti organic nkhani - kuti timadya tsiku ndi tsiku chakudya, ndiye, zimene tichipeza.

mapulotini

Mapuloteni zigwirizana structural zigawo zikuluzikulu - kwa amino zidulo. Ndi monomers awo. Mapuloteni amatchedwanso mapuloteni. Pali 200 yonse ya amino zidulo. Onse a iwo akupezeka zamoyo. Koma makumi awiri okha a iwo zigawo zikuluzikulu za mapuloteni. Iwo amatchedwa zofunika. Koma mabuku akhoza kupezeka zochepa wotchuka mawu - zidulo proteinogenic kwa amino ndi belokobrazuyuschie. Dongosolo la kalasi zinthu organic munali amine (-NH _2), carboxyl (-COOH) zigawo. Pakati pawo, iwo ogwirizana ndi zopinga chomwecho mpweya.

Ntchito ya mapuloteni

Zimapanga thupi la nyama ndi zomera ntchito zambiri zofunika. Koma wamkulu - dongosolo. Mapuloteni ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu za nembanemba ma ndi organelles maselo masanjidwewo. Mu thupi lathu makoma onse a mitsempha, capillaries ndi mitsempha, tendons ndi chichereŵechereŵe, tsitsi ndi misomali ndi anapeka makamaka mapulotini zosiyanasiyana.

Ntchito zotsatirazi - enzyme. Mapuloteni zinthu monga michere. Iwo catalyze otaya mankhwala zochita za thupi. Iwo amachititsa kuwonongedwa kwa zakudya mu m'mimba thirakiti. Zomera, ndi michere ndi kuliika mpweya malo pa dzuwa.

Ena mitundu ya mapuloteni ndi kunditumiza ku chamoyo zinthu zosiyana, monga oxygen. organic komweko akhoza nawo. Popeza ntchito zoyendera ikuchitika. Mapuloteni chinafala mwa ziwiya magazi, ayoni zitsulo, zidulo mafuta, mahomoni, ndipo, ndithudi, mpweya woipa ndi hemoglobin. Transport zikuchitika pa mlingo intercellular.

Mapuloteni mankhwala - immunoglobulins - udindo kuchita ntchito atetezeke. chitetezo Izi magazi. Mwachitsanzo, thrombin ndi fibrinogen ndi kukhala wochitachita mu ndondomeko clotting. Motero, kupewa imfa waukulu wa magazi.

Mapuloteni ndi udindo ntchito ndi contractile ntchito. Chifukwa myosin ndi akitini protofibrils zonse ntchito kutsetsereka kayendedwe wachibale wina ndi mzake, pali kuchepetsa ulusi minofu. Koma ngakhale zamoyo unicellular pali njira zofanana. Movement bakiteriya michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana komanso zokhudza slidably microtubules, amene mapuloteni mu chirengedwe.

Makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa organic akumasula wambirimbiri mphamvu. Koma monga ulamuliro, mapuloteni ntchito pa zofuna mphamvu alipo ochepa. Izi zimachitika pamene wotopa m'matangadza. Ndi bwino yoti lipids ichi ndi chakudya. Choncho, mapuloteni akhoza kuchita ntchito ya mphamvu, koma akamaziwononga.

lipids

Ndi organic ndi mafuta monga pawiri. Lipids a mamolekyulu losavuta kwachilengedwenso. Iwo insoluble m'madzi, koma kupasuka mu njira nonpolar, monga benzene, efa ndi chloroform. Ali mbali ya maselo amoyo onse. Mankhwala, lipids - ndi esters wa alcohols ndi zidulo carboxylic. Wotchuka wa iwo - mafuta. Mu thupi la nyama ndi zomera, zinthu zimenezi ntchito zambiri zofunika. lipids ambiri ntchito mankhwala ndi malonda.

ntchito zamadzimadzi

Izi mankhwala organic pamodzi ndi zimapanga maselo kupanga Kakhungu kwachilengedwenso. Koma yaikulu ntchito - mphamvu. Mu makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mamolekyulu mafuta anamasulidwa ndalama yaikulu mphamvu. Akapita mapangidwe ATP mu maselo. Mu mawonekedwe a lipids mu thupi la yambiri ya nkhokwe mphamvu zikhoza anasonkhanitsa. Nthawi zina kuposa koyenera kuti moyo wabwinobwino. Pamene pathological kusintha kagayidwe "mafuta" maselo amakhala akuluakulu. Ngakhale chilungamo tisaiwale kuti m'matangadza awa kwambiri ali ofunika kwambiri ku nyama hibernate, ndi zomera. Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mitengo ndi zitsamba mu nyengo yozizira chakudya chifukwa nthaka. Ndipotu, iwo amathera m'matangadza mafuta ndi mafuta, wokhala mu nthawi ya chirimwe.

Anthu ndi nyama mafuta angachichite ndi zoteteza ntchito. Iwo waikamo mu minofu subcutaneous ndi ozungulira ziwalo monga impso ndi matumbo. Choncho, iwo kungakutetezeni wabwino motsutsana kuwonongeka makina, kuti ndi nkhonya.

Komanso, mafuta ndi otsika matenthedwe madutsidwe, amene amathandiza kuti kufunda. Ichi ndi chofunika kwambiri, makamaka m'nyengo yozizira. Nyama zam'madzi ndi subcutaneous wosanjikiza mafuta zimalimbikitsanso buoyancy wabwino. Koma mbalame akadali kunyamula lipids ndi madzi sangalowe ndi lubricating ntchito. Sera chimakwirira nthenga zawo ndi kuwapanga iwo mosavuta. A anaukira ofanana masamba ndi mitundu ina mbewu.

chakudya

Dongosolo la zinthu organic C _N (H ₂ O) _mamita amasonyeza pawiri a kalasi ya chakudya. Dzina la tinthu izi zikuonetsa kuti mupereke mpweya ndi wa hydrogen mu yofanana madzi. Kuwonjezera zinthu izi mankhwala akhoza kupezeka mu mankhwala, mwachitsanzo, asafe.

Chakudya ndi selo yaikulu mu gulu la mankhwala organic. Awa ndi mankhwala yaikulu ya ndondomeko dzuwa. Iwo zikuimira kuyambira zipangizo ndi kaphatikizidwe zomera zina, monga alcohols, organic zidulo ndi amino zidulo. Chakudya ndi mbali ya maselo nyama ndi mafangasi. Zikupezeka mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu za mabakiteriya mogwirizana. Choncho, selo ya kuchokera 1 mpaka 2% nyama, ndipo mu mbewu chiwerengero chawo angafikire 90%.

Pakali pano, atatu okha magulu akutali chakudya:

- losavuta dzuwa (monosaccharides);

- oligosaccharides wopangidwa mwa kuchuluka kwa tinthu olumikizidwa ku dzuwa yosavuta;

- polysaccharides, zikuchokera awo ndi oposa 10 mamolekyulu wa monosaccharides ndi ena ofanana awo.

chakudya ntchito

zinthu zonse organic muchipindachi kuchita zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, shuga - ndicho mphamvu gwero. Ndi kugawanika m'zipinda zonse zamoyo. Izi zidzachitika kupuma selo. Glycogen ndi wowuma zimapanga mphamvu yaikulu malo, chinthu choyamba nyama, ndipo chachiwiri - zomera.

Chakudya ndi kugwira ntchito structural. Mapadi ndi akuluakulu zikuluzikulu za makoma chomera selo. Ndipo arthropods ndi ntchito yofanana imagwiridwa ndi chitin. Komanso, Umapezeka maselo a apamwamba bowa. Ngati timatenga chitsanzo cha oligosaccharides ali mbali ya Kakhungu cytoplasmic - mu mawonekedwe a glycolipids ndi glycoproteins. Nthawi zambiri wapezeka maselo glycocalyx. Mu kaphatikizidwe zidulo mkati nawo pentose. Choncho deoxyribose inalowa mu DNA ndi ribose - RNA. Komanso, zigawo zikuluzikulu zimenezi zimapezeka coenzyme Mwachitsanzo, potengera anzawo, NADP ndi nad.

Chakudya amathanso kugwira mu thupi ndi ntchito yake yoteteza. Nyama, thunthu heparin mwakhama kumathandiza mofulumira magazi clotting. Chifukwa amapangidwa pa minofu choipa ndi midadada mapangidwe kuundana mu mitsempha ya magazi. Heparin opezeka mu lalikulu zedi mu maselo mlongoti mu granules lapansi.

zidulo mkati

Mapulotini, chakudya ndi lipids - izo siziri zonse zodziwika makalasi a mankhwala organic. Umagwirira amatanthauza pano, ndi zidulo mkati. Izi phosphorous munali biopolymers. Iwo, pokhala phata selo ndi cytoplasm wa anthu onse moyo, kuonetsetsa kulanda ndi kusunga deta chibadwa. zinthu zimenezi akhala zikomo anapeza kuti yanga F. Miescher amene ankaphunzira umuna wa nsomba. Zinali "mwangozi" anapeza. Patapita kanthawi, RNA ndi DNA anazipeza onse zomera ndi nyama zamoyo. Komanso zidulo mkati anafotokozedwa maselo mabakiteriya ndi bowa, ndi mavairasi.

Total mwachibadwa anapeza mitundu iwiri nukleokislot - ribonucleic (RNA) ndi deoxyribonucleic (DNA). kusiyana ndi lomveka ku dzina. Kapangidwe ka DNA zikuphatikizapo deoxyribose - zisanu mpweya shuga. Ndipo mu RNA molekyulu ndi wapezeka ribose.

Phunziro zidulo mkati nawo umagwirira organic. Mitu kufufuza ndi mankhwala kuchipembedzo. zizindikiro ndi DNA angaulule zosiyanasiyana matenda chibadwa, kupeza kuti asayansi ali koma kukhala.