Mendeleev a nthawi dongosolo. zinthu mankhwala a dongosolo zodziwitsa

M'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mu mbiri ya anthu - m'badwo umene ambiri kusintha sayansi, kuphatikizapo zimapangidwira. Inali pa nthawi iyi panali dongosolo nthawi ya Mendeleyev, ndi izo - ndi lamulo nthawi. Anakhala maziko zimapangidwira ano. Zodziwitsa D. I. Mendeleeva System likuimira zinthu systematization, amene inakhazikitsa kudalira katundu thupi ndi dongosolo mankhwala mankhwala ndi mlandu kwa maatomu.

nkhani

Chiyambi cha nthawi dongosolo la Mendeleyev kuika buku "Mtengo wa katundu ndi kulemera atomiki la zinthu", zinalembedwa kotala chachitatu cha m'ma XVII. Iwo anawonetseredwa poyerekezera ndi mfundo zoyambirira za odziwika mankhwala zinthu (pa nthawi panali 63 okha). Komanso, ambiri a iwo zolemera atomiki kuti atsimikiza molondola. Izi kwambiri angaletsedwe atulukira D. I. Mendeleeva.

Wotchedwa Dmitry Ivanovich anayamba kugwira ntchito yake amayerekezera katundu wa zinthuzo. Mu malo oyamba Iye ananyamula chlorine na potassium, ndipo kenako anasamukira ku ntchito ndi zitsulo soda. Titalandira makadi apadera limene Buku zinthu mankhwala, iye anayesa maulendo angapo kuti asonkhanitse "zithunzi": anaika pa desiki yawo pofufuza ma ufulu ndi machesi.

Pambuyo khama, wotchedwa Dmitry Ivanovich akupezabe chitsanzo kuti anali kufunafuna, ndipo anamanga zinthu pa nkhani zodziwitsa. Chifukwa mu selo akusowekapo pakati mphepo, wasayansi anazindikira kuti Ofufuza Russian sadziwa zinthu zonse mankhwala, ndipo kuti apereke kwa dziko chidziwitso m'munda zimapangidwira, limene asanaperekedwe ndi anzake amene analipo m'mbuyomo.

Aliyense ali bwino nthano kuti Mendeleev nthawi tebulo anali mu loto, ndipo anasonkhanitsa ku zinthu kukumbukira mu dongosolo limodzi. Ichi, ziri kulankhula, bodza. chakuti wotchedwa Dmitry Ivanovich kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo ankaganiza ntchito pa ntchito yake, ndi mwamphamvu yotopetsa. Pamene ntchito pa dongosolo la zinthu Mendeleev kamodzi anagona. Kudzuka, anazindikira kuti sanamalize tebulo, ndipo posakhalitsa anapitiriza lembani maselo kanthu. bwino lake, achilendo, mphunzitsi yunivesite, waganiza kuti tebulo nthawi analota maloto mu maloto, ndi mphekesera akufalitsa mwa ana awo. Choncho panali amanena.

kutchuka

Zodziwitsa dongosolo la zinthu mankhwala ndi kuonetsara analengedwa ndi wotchedwa Dmitry Ivanovich zambiri kotala lachitatu la XIX m'ma (1869) la chilamulo nthawi. Zinali mu 1869 pa msonkhano wa Russian Chemical Society anali kuwerenga chidziwitso Mendeleev za kulenga iwo dongosolo ena. Ndipo m'chaka chomwecho anafalitsa buku lakuti "chikhazikitso cha Chemistry", adayamba lofalitsidwa dongosolo nthawi ya zinthu mankhwala. Ndipo mu bukhu "Dongosolo chilengedwe cha zinthu ndi ntchito motsogozedwa ndi makhalidwe a zinthu sanaidziŵe" D. I. Mendeleev anatchula za mfundo yonena za "chilamulo nthawi".

Kapangidwe ndi malamulo a miyambo ya malawi

Masitepe oyamba kulengedwa kwa lamulo nthawi zinalengedwa ndi wotchedwa Dmitry Ivanovich kumbuyo mu zaka 1869-1871, pamene ntchito intensively pa kukhazikitsa kudalira katundu wa zinthu deta ku unyinji wa maatomu. Baibulo ano uli wosakanizika ndi tebulo ziwiri ooneka enieni a zinthu.

Udindo wa amafotokozera mu tebulo adzatenge wina mankhwala ndi thupi nzeru. Pa malo amafotokozera mu tebulo mungapeze zimene valence wake, kudziwa chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi ndi zina mankhwala. Wotchedwa Dmitry Ivanovich anayesa kukhazikitsa kugwirizana pakati pa zinthu monga ofanana ndi mnzake mu katundu ndi osiyana.

Gawo umadziwika nthawi ya zinthu mankhwala, iye anaika valence ndi kulemera atomiki. Poyerekeza katundu wachibale wa zinthu Mendeleev anali kuyesera kupeza chitsanzo, lomwe atigwirizanitse zinthu zonse zodziwika mankhwala kachitidwe kamodzi. Kuwayika iwo pa maziko a kuwonjezeka misa atomiki, iye akwaniritsa pafupipafupi aliyense mizere ya.

Komanso chitukuko cha dongosolo

tebulo nthawi mobwerezabwereza anju ikulembedwa mu 1969. Mkubwela kwa mpweya chabwino 1930, kunapezeka kuti adzawulule kudalira atsopano a nyengo - osati ku misa, ndi nambala siriyo. Kenako kupeza chiwerengero cha mapulotoni mu phata atomiki, ndipo anapeza kuti chikugwirizana ndi nambala siriyo wa mchitidwe wa. Asayansi wa XX m'ma kapangidwe zamagetsi la atomu wakhala ankaphunzira. Kunapezeka kuti zingamvekere pafupipafupi. Kumasintha kwambiri maganizo a zinthu katundu. chinthu ichi chimasonyeza Mabaibulo zaposachedwapa a dongosolo Mendeleev a nthawi. Sititha wa katundu ndi makhalidwe a zinthu ifeyo ku gome.

Kaperekedwe tebulo zodziwitsa

tebulo zodziwitsa ndi kugawidwa m'mbali (7 mizere anakonza horizontally), womwe anawagawa yaikuluikulu. Nyengo kuchokera ku zitsulo soda, ndiponso umatha ndi sanali zachitsulo katundu membala.
Molunjikitsa tebulo Mendeleev ali m'magulu (8 mizati). Aliyense wa iwo mu tebulo nthawi ongokhala subgroups awiri - ndicho, chachikulu ndi mbali. Pambuyo kutsutsana kwambiri za maganizo D. I. Mendeleeva ndi anzake W. Ramsay, anaganiza kuti atchule otchedwa ziro gulu. Pamafunikanso mpweya inert (Neon, helium, argon, radon, xenon, krypton). Mu 1911, wasayansi Soddy anali akufuna kuika mu dongosolo nthawi ya zinthu ndi indiscernible, otchedwa isotopes - maselo awo anali olekanitsidwa.

Ngakhale kukhulupirika ndi olondola a dongosolo nthawi, gulu la sayansi sanafune kuvomereza kupezeka. Asayansi ambiri anyoza ntchito D. I. Mendeleeva, ndipo ankakhulupirira kuti n'zosatheka kuneneratu katundu wa mfundo silinakwaniritsidwe anatsegula. Koma pambuyo ankaimbidwa zinthu mankhwala ankagwidwa (ndipo anali Mwachitsanzo, scandium, gallium ndi germanium), dongosolo Mendeleev ndi nthawi ndiponso malamulo ake anakhala maziko ongolankhula wa sayansi ya mmene zinthu zinapangidwira.

Gome pano

zodziwitsa dongosolo Mendeleev ya zinthu - maziko ambiri mankhwala ndi thupi atulukira zokhudza chiphunzitso atomiki ndi maselo. Chikhulupiriro chamakono cha mchitidwe wa zinachitika chifukwa cha wasayansi wamkulu. The zikamera wa tebulo nthawi wabweretsa anasintha kwambiri ndi ulaliki wa mankhwala osiyanasiyana ndi zinthu zophweka. Creation asayansi dongosolo nthawi wakhala zikukhudza pa zomwe umagwirira ndi masayansi, anagwirizana.