Nsomba Cartilaginous, Bony nsomba: makhalidwe, kapangidwe, kusiyana

Malinga atsopano deta sayansi makolo a nsomba amakono - nyama jawless, amatikumbutsa maonekedwe awo - kale ankakhala Mathanthwe oyambirira pafupifupi mamiliyoni 530 zaka zapitazo. Iwo amaloledwa lingaliro kuti nyama, anapeza mu 1999 mu Province Yunnan, angakhale makolo a inakhala onse.

Pa nthawi, cartilaginous nsomba, fupa ndipo zimenezi zimachititsa nsomba (re-finned ndi Lobe) Nkhani koposa theka la onse nyama peresenti, moyo pa dziko. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 31 zikwi zosiyanasiyana akalumikidzidwa, ukulu, tikukhala mu mchere ndi madzi abwino. Phunziro kwa zolengedwa wakale ndawala sayansi osiyana - ichthyology. Tiyeni mwatsatanetsatane pa magulu, makhalidwe awo ndi zosiyana.

nsomba cartilaginous

Mbali yaikulu ya anthu onse a m'kalasimo kuti mafupa awo unapangidwa chichereŵechereŵe, zomwe pamapeto pake zimabweretsa madipoziti mchere akhoza kukhala yovuta mokwanira. Poyamba, pachifukwa ichi iwo ankatengedwa nyama ya mbiri isanayambe. Komabe, kwa ambiri a iwo ankaikira kubadwa moyo, nthawi zina ngakhale ndi mapangidwe nsengwa ya ndulu - ndi chinachake chosiyana kwa nsomba cartilaginous Bony nsomba kwambiri.

Komanso, iwo ndi anatomical mbali zingapo structural. Choyamba, kupanda ndi chikhodzodzo kusambira. Choncho, afunika kusamukira, kumira kwa pansi pa dziwe. Kachiwiri, nsomba cartilaginous palibe makutu ndi gill slits lotseguka kunja khalidwe. Chachitatu, onse a iwo yokutidwa mamba placoid, omwe ndi ofanana ndi mano a inakhala. Amakhala dentin ndi enamel wosanjikiza kuphimba izo. mamba kungatenge kubwezeretsedwa mu nkhani ya imfa, koma ndi kukula kwa nsomba kuchuluka ake kumawonjezera.

moyo thandizo kachitidwe nsomba cartilaginous

Zochita za nsomba cartilaginous ndi fupa ndipo zimenezi zimachititsa kuti si wathunthu popanda kutchula a dongosolo ili: magazi m'mimba ndi kugonana, imene kusiyana anaona. Chichereŵechereŵe ali ndi magazi ofiira mtundu (chifukwa kukhalapo kwa hemoglobin ndi maselo ofiira), amene amapangidwa ndi ndulu ya. Iye magazi dongosolo wofanana ndi wa dongosolo mu cyclostomes. Pamodzi Tambasula a msana mu mawonekedwe a ziwiri mdima magulu ofiira impso. Cartilaginous nsomba intestine tichipeza magulu atatu awa: yaikuluikulu matumbo, rectum. Good kwa chiwindi, kapamba. Koma ambiri Chofunika ndi makalasi a nsomba cartilaginous ndi nsomba Bony ndi dongosolo losiyana cha ziwalo zoberekera. Pakuti loyamba khalidwe mkati umuna kubala mazira, sipangakhalenso anachedwa mu chilengedwe kapena kukhala pansi pa oviduct lapansi. Ngati chachiwiri, thupi la mayi wayamba kukhala umawonongeka.

Gulu la nsomba cartilaginous

Onse a anthu amene analipo a kalasi nsomba Cartilaginous anawagawa atatu superorder.

• Stingrays - cartilaginous nsomba (nsomba Bony - hereinafter) ndi khalidwe "flattened" mawonekedwe a thupi ndi pectoral lalikulu zipsepse zinaphatikizidwa kumutu. Azinji a iwo yafupika mamba, m'modzi wa ophunzira akuluakulu - manta.
• Nsombayi. Nsomba ndi ziwalo zimasiyanitsa: thupi looneka woboola pakati, elongated, heterocercal lalikulu mchira chipsyepsye ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha mano pa nsagwada lapansi. Imodzi mwa oimira wamkulu wa dziko, amene makolo anaonekera zaka miliyoni 420-450 zapitazo. Miyeso osiyanasiyana monga masentimita 17 mamita 20 (Shaki - zinkaimira pamwamba), zolusa kwambiri. Aliyense mtundu uli ndi zina moyo, koma ambiri a iwo kuleza ankakhala - zaka 20-30.
• Holocephali - umaimiridwa ndi chimodzi chokha detachment - Chimeras kupanga za mitundu 50 makamaka kwambiri. Ichi ndi chifukwa kafukufuku wawo waung'ono.

Bony Nsomba: makhalidwe ambiri

Kwa nthawi yaitali, mpaka 21 TH atumwi, nsomba cartilaginous, nsomba Bony ankaziona monga makalasi awiri. Komabe, gulu la asayansi ayamba wamba wina amazionera. Mwachitsanzo, katswiri Canada ku ntchito zake nsomba ray-finned ndi Lobe imalongosola mu makalasi osiyana, ndi fupa, motero, mu superclass lapansi. Izi osiyanasiyana ambiri a anthu onse a madamu. m'kamwa mwawo aumbike akusowa nsagwada ndi mano ili pomwepo, ndi makutu ali pa arches gill, ndipo wophatikizidwa m'mphuno.

Kusiyana kwa nsomba cartilaginous

Kusiyana zofunika kwambiri kwa fupa ndipo zimenezi zimachititsa nsomba cartilaginous Choonekera kuchokera kwa mutu - mafupa. Iye ndi wochokera mafupa. Mu M'mimbamo mkati anakonza magazi dongosolo, kupatukana, kubalana ndi chimbudzi. Scale ndi khalidwe la munthu wa mitundu itatu: cycloid, kapena ctenoid ganoid.

Kusiyana kwina - kukhalapo kwa chikhodzodzo kusambira, ili pansi msana ndi kudzazidwa ndi mpweya yotulutsa Mitsempha. Pamene kuwonjezera mphamvu nsomba mosavuta pamwamba ndi kucheperachepera - anatilangizira mozama.

Kusiyanaku osati zizindikiro zokha nsomba cartilaginous ndi Bony, komanso Ziwalo zoberekera, monga zanenedwa. Chifukwa anthu ambiri gulu lachiwiri amakhala ndi umuna kunja, lomwe limapezeka mu sing'anga amadzimadzi. ndondomeko Ichi chikudziwika ngati malo spawning, izo zifika mu nthawi mwachindunji ndi limodzi ndi khalidwe khalidwe.

actinopterygii

Ndi numerically lalikulu kalasi mu zosiyanasiyana yamakono ya nsomba, pali oposa 20,000 mitundu, amene ali m'ma 95%. Iwo anthu ngodya zonse za dziko lapansi, kuyambira pa nyanja Arctic kwa equator otentha, masaizi osiyanasiyana monga 8 mamilimita kuti mamita 11, ndi kulemera kwa anthu ukufika matani oposa awiri. Dzina, ngati inu mukhoza ndikuganiza, amagwirizana ndi Kapangidwe ka zipsepse wophatikizidwa, akusowa woyambira olamulira. Maphunziro Nayenso m'magulu awiri: Novoperye (mitundu yambiri wolemera) ndipo osteochondral nsomba. kapangidwe yamasika lili ndi zinthu zapadera. Ali ndi chikhodzodzo kusambira, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, mafupa awo makamaka wapangidwa chichereŵechereŵe. The poyambira kokha cartilaginous Arc ndi dismembered, matupi vertebral monga iwo kulibeko. Chinthu chapadera - ndi rostrum ndi pakamwa m'munsi. Ambiri a iwo ndi nsomba, mu Nsombazi makamaka (m'munsimu muli chithunzi - muphe beluga).

sarcopterygii

Small kalasi ya nsomba zochokera mafupa ndi amene ali zotanuka poyambira. Iwo kuphatikiza zina zozama ndi chachikale chinkawavuta, mamembala onse a ziwiri superorder zamakono - Crossopterygii ndi lungfish. magulu onse kuphatikiza nsomba wakale. Lungfish moyo matupi madzi mu Australia, South America ndi Africa. Iwo samangokhala nacho makutu, komanso kuyatsa. Zimenezi zimawathandiza nthawi zina popanda madzi ndi kusuntha momasuka madzi mpweya-zatha. Onse amene akudziwika mitundu 6: anayi African protopter (onani chithunzi m'munsimu), Australia ndi ku South America cheshuychatnik Queensland Lungfish.

superorder Crossopterygii

Amaona pafupifupi zinatha. Mpaka lero wafika mtundu umodzi wokha - ndi Coelacanth (onani chithunzi m'munsimu), mitundu iwiri ya manambala. Onse amene anatulukira ndi posachedwapa, kope woyamba wagwidwa Indian Ocean mu 1938. Akukhulupirira kuti nsomba crossopterygian - okhala madzi oyera, zomwe adzasowe mpweya. Pa nkhani imeneyi, iwo apanga minofu m'tsinde mwa zipsepse ndi munthu mode wapawiri kwa kupuma (mapapo ndi makutu). Zimenezi zinathandiza ena kenako zosuntha m'nyanja ndi watsopano madzi pamapeto pake zisathe. Pali nkhambakamwa kuti crossopterygian nsomba wafunsira kalasi ya achule.

Choncho, cartilaginous nsomba, fupa ndipo zimenezi zimachititsa nsomba ndi zinthu zingapo zochititsa yeniyeni. Waukulu a iwo anati mu dongosolo chigoba (chichereŵechereŵe kapena fupa), kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa kusambira chikhodzodzo mamba mtundu, ziwalo zoberekera ndi njira kafalitsidwe.