Kostroma: anthu, fuko zikuchokera

Ancient Russian kuthetsa pa magombe a Volga, mzinda wa Kostroma, anthu, chiwerengero cha anthu amene adzakhala nkhani kubwerezanso m'nkhani anaonekera m'ma 12. Kwa zaka mzinda kukula, kusintha, ikusintha, ndipo izi zonse zimaonekera kapangidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu ake. Today Kostroma uli gulu la midzi sing'anga-kakulidwe mu Russia. mudzi uli ndi khalidwe lapadera zimene zimakhudza anthu ake.

Udindo Hrs wa Kostroma

Pa makilomita 300 kuchokera Moscow kumpoto chakumadzulo pa Volga, ndi doko lalikulu - Kostroma. Mzindawu uli pamalo malo a pakamwa akale a mtsinje wa dzina chomwecho. Kostroma lagona pa onse mtsinje wa Gorky mosungiramo, amene anaonekera m'ma 20 zana ndi gawo anasefukira m'gawo poyamba ankatchedwa Kostroma Bay (ie. E. Water meadows). Mumzinda limayenda mitsinje yambiri ndi mitsinje yaing'ono, amene unazunguliridwa mu chubu, kuti tisasokoneze anthu.

Ndi kuthetsa ili ku Kostroma otsika ndipo ali ndi ndalama zokwanira yosalala omasuka moyo malo. Malo okwana mbali za m'mizinda ndi 144,4 makilomita lalikulu. Yapafupi m'mizinda ikuluikulu kutalikirana: kuti Yaroslavl - 65 Km, kuti Ivanovo - 105 Km.

amadziwika Kodi anthu? Kostroma ikukula chifukwa mayamwidwe mwapang'onopang'ono mzinda m'midzi yapafupi. Agglomeration Kostroma pang'onopang'ono, koma kuchuluka.

Chongani History

Dziko limene lero Kostroma, anayamba kukhazikika mu nthawi Neolithic (5-3 BC Zakachikwi. E.). Oimira kungokonza mbali zowonongeka ndi Volosovsky zikhalidwe kuno, anapatsa mayina a mitsinje yaikulu ndi nyanja. Akukhulupirira kuti poyamba anthu okhazikika m'gawo a mafuko Finno-Ugric. Komabe, kusanthula mbiri ya maina a m'dera malo si nthawi zonse anatsimikizira Baibulo ili. Choyamba, anthu anali mu ambiri a nthawi, zilibe kumanga lalikulu, midzi okhazikika. Anatsimikizira woyamba tsiku ndi kuthetsa pa malo Kostroma imatengedwa mu 1152. Wolemba mbiri V. N. Tatischev kufufuza moyo wa Prince Yuriya Dolgorukogo, ndipo anazindikira kuti ali pa confluence wa Volga ndi Kostroma Mitsinje anali kuthetsa, zomwe iye anayambitsa. Archaeology chikutsimikizira kuti malo a mzinda pali zingapo zikhalidwe mbiri isanayambe, koma pa zifukwa zina osadziwika anthu wasiya m'deralo. Choncho, Baibulo la kukhazikitsidwa kwa mzinda Yuri Dolgoruky zikuwoneka yotheka ndithu.

M'zaka za m'ma 12, Theodore zinthu zakale mpingo mu Kostroma. Komanso, pali zambiri pa ntchito kwa amonke atatu wakale. chiwerengero cha Kostroma anthu anali opondapo nthawi. Mpaka m'ma 14 m'tauni mu dzikolo Yaroslav Vsevolodovich ndi ana ake. Mu 1364 Kostroma mbali ya Moscow ukulu, kuchokera nthawi limayamba kukula khola la midzi ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu ake. Mu 1709 mumzinda analandira udindo wa chigawo, chifukwa mu kukula kwa madera ake. Mu 1781 TH Mfumukazi Catherine Wachiwiri zinasaina ambiri kukonzanso dongosolo Pamudzi. Iye ankawonetsetsa Kupha nyumba zambiri kumbuyo ndi chilengedwe cha anthu ndi anthu.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18, mzinda chinayamba mafakitale umenewu umatipatsa ndi kuchuluka kwambiri kwa anthu. The kubwera kwachiwiri cha kusamuka kwa Kostroma mu theka lachiwiri la 19 - m'ma 20. Pamene kwambiri bwino khalidwe la moyo, pali ntchito yatsopano. The mafakitale nyengo Soviet, nayenso chinadzetsa kuchuluka.

Pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse apa anali anasamutsidwa zachipatala, mafakitale, ndi maphunziro mabungwe ambiri. Popeza 50s wa ayambe zachuma kumayambira mzinda, ndipo mwachibadwa kumabweretsa mphamvu zabwino chiwerengero cha anthu.

Pa perestroika Kostroma Pamlingo wamng'ono kuposa madera ena ambiri, akukumana sakuyendetsa zaziwerengero, ngakhale ndithudi anali. Ichi ndi chifukwa kuteteza angathe zachuma mzindawo. Today Kostroma iyamba kukhala madera atsopano a ntchito anthu, amene ali ndi ubwino chiwerengero cha.

nyengo

Kostroma wa zone ya zolimbitsa chokhala ndi nyengo. Apa izo anamva chisonkhezero ofunda ya Atlantic Ocean, amene amapereka ena softness yozizira. Mbiri, anthu a mumzindawo (kuphatikizapo Kostroma) zimadalira chitonthozo nyengo. Choncho, m'mbali nkhanza pamaso pa anthu selilos zosakwana mu ofunda. pafupifupi pachaka kutentha mzinda ndi madigiri 4.2.

Nyengo mu Kostroma, komanso mu chapakati Russia, ena zakhala zikuzunza m'miyoyo mu kalendala yakale. Chilimwe akuyamba kumapeto May ndipo itha mochedwa August. Wapakati chilimwe kutentha - madigiri 22, yotentha ndi driest mwezi - July. kutentha Zima imapachikidwa pa za pafupifupi -10 ° C. Koma masiku angapo mu nyengo kungakhale frosts aakulu kwambiri, ngakhale mpaka 30 madigiri.

Administrative-Kupititsa magawano ndi anthu yogawa

Today Kostroma - ndi malo aakulu dera. Mwalamulo, mzinda allocated lalikulu Kupititsa mayunitsi atatu: Central, Zavolzhsky ndi malo mafakitale. Ngakhale dzina Tingaone pa limatchula za mbali iliyonse.

Kostroma, anthu amene ali osiyana kwambiri m'madera ali ndi malo osiyana ndi osalimba mkulu anthu ndi ambiri mabusa kuti si yokhala mbali ya malire a mzinda. Zikuphatikizapo m'mudzi wa Pervomaisky, New, Labor, Rebrovka, Karavaevo, Karimov ndi ena. Komanso mu mzinda, ambiri zigawo, chiwerengero cha amene nthawi zonse kukula chifukwa nyumba yatsopano.

The kachulukidwe chiwiri kwa yaikulu anthu a m'derali - Zavolzhye. Mu fakitale ndipo mu mzinda wa kachulukidwe ndi zochepa, koma m'dera la mbali ya mzinda nthawi zonse kukula.

zomangamanga Kostroma

moyo chitonthozo mlingo mu mzinda ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri kwa chikoka cha anthu ndi antchito. zomangamanga Social, makamaka m'mizinda ikuluikulu, kuphatikizapo dongosolo zoyendera. Kostroma, chiwerengero cha anthu (anthu) amene pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezeka, kuphatikizapo chifukwa mayamwidwe midzi wakunja kwatawuni ndi mavuto zoonekeratu magalimoto. N'zokhudza chakuti anthu a Mafakitale ndi Zavolzhsky m'madera kawirikawiri ntchito ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana ali kupita ku malo a mzinda. Ndipo mtsinje ali anakhala ndi milatho atatu okha, choncho nthawi imene kuchokera m'madera ena, mwachitsanzo, Malyshkova, kusiya zovuta.

Mzinda mabasi mabasi ndi magalimoto, mabasi trolley, minibuses. Komabe, m'madera akumidzi ogwirizana ndi pakati makamaka minibuses, amene zonyamula mphamvu ndi otsika. Center bwino anapereka cholinga chikhalidwe mabizinezi, pali mashopu ambiri, malo omwera, zakale ndi mabungwe chikhalidwe. Wa mzinda watsopano mzinda m'dera akhoza kudzitama zomangamanga bwino anayamba, anthu a m'madera ena a mzinda zambiri kupita ku malo kupeza ntchito. Zonsezi amakhudza chikoka cha m'dera Kostroma kwa anthu osalimba a anthu m'madera osiyanasiyana a mzinda.

Population kukula ndi osalimba

Zonse kuwunika mphamvu ya chiwerengero cha anthu okhala Kostroma inayamba mu 1811. Kenako, anthu a anthu 10 sauzande. Mpaka m'ma 19 m'zaka za bata chiwerengero cha anthu Sanazengereze anafikira anthu 4 zikwi kwa zaka zingapo. Koma kuyambira 1856 chiwerengero cha Kostroma anakula yekha. Izo sizinali mpaka 2000, pamene mphamvu za kusamvera kwa anthu chikwi anali oyamba olembedwa.

Ngakhale mu zaka za nkhondo kapena kusintha Kostroma anakhalabe mzinda wokongola kukhalamo. Mpaka 2011, izo yafupika ndi avareji ya anthu chikwi. Koma m'kupita anabwerera kuphatikiza wolankhulayo. Masiku ano, anthu Kostroma ndi za 276.700 anthu. Kukula kwa zaka zingapo zapitazi kwa anthu 3 zikwi.. pa chaka. The kachulukidwe pafupifupi anthu mu mzinda ndi anthu 1,900 pa kilometre lalikulu. Ndi kawiri kuposa ambiri ku dera Kostroma.

Tsankho zikuchokera ndi chinenero

Ambiri okhala Kostroma - Russian, za 93%. Achiwiri kukula mitundu gulu - Ukrainians (0.88%). m'mayiko ena anapereka zedi yaing'ono: Chitata - 0,35%, Chiameniya - 0,26%, Roma - 0,24%.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, Kostroma, anthu pang'ono ndi pang'ono kukula, akukumana ndi azimuth m'dzikolo kuonjezera chiwerengero cha osamukawo, makamaka ku Ukraine, koma dziko pokha inflow ku Central Asia ndi sadamve.

zosiyanasiyana Kugona anthu

Kostroma, anthu, chiwerengero cha amuna ndi akazi amene ali mutu wa akatswiri kwambiri chofufuzidwa, zikugwirizanira wonse Russian makhalidwe a kugonana chiŵerengero. Pafupifupi chiwerengero cha amuna ndi zosakwana akazi pafupifupi 20%. Pakuti yense amuna zikwi pali akazi 1204. Komanso m'dziko lonselo, chiwerengero cha anyamata pobadwa pang'ono chimapambana chiwerengero cha atsikana. Ndi zaka, chiŵerengero n'kosiyanasiyana, kufika mfundo akula pazipita.

Age zosiyanasiyana za anthu

Wapakati moyo amayembekezeka Russia ndi pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezeka ndipo azimuth ichi chipitirira Kostroma. chiwerengero cha anthu kupitirira zaka zopuma pantchito zikuchulukirachulukira bwinobwino. chiwerengero cha anthu osakwanitsa zaka ntchito ndi pafupifupi 15%, ndipo chithunzi ichi pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezeka. chiwerengero cha anthu oposa zaka pensionable ndi 24%. Chiwerengero cha anthu a msinkhu wogwira ntchito - 61%.

chiwerengero

Kudziwa khalidwe la moyo m'chigawo ambiri akuti zizindikiro monga mitengo kubadwa ndi imfa. Chiwerengero kukula kwa Kostroma zisakuyenda si kugwirizana ndi kukula mlingo kubadwa ndi kusamuka. Popeza 2013, mlingo kubadwa mumzinda yafupika ndi za 0.2 munthu pa anthu chikwi. Imfa yafupika ndi anthu pafupifupi 0.4 pa 1 zikwi. Cel. Posachedwapa anakonza otaya kubwera pansi.

zinthu zaziwerengero

Yowerengera zinthu zaziwerengero amalola kulosera za chitukuko zachuma derali. Kostroma, amene anthu zisakuyenda pang'ono kumawonjezera, amatanthauza "ukalamba" mumzindawo.

Moyo amayembekezeka zikuchulukirachulukira, amachepetsa imfa, mitengo chonde mu madontho ang'onoang'ono, ndipo akatswiri amanena kuti mwayi ali woposa ngakhale mphamvu zoipa chizindikiro ichi mu zaka kudza. Onse kumam'phunzitsa pamwamba chakuti wodalira chiŵerengero zikuchulukirachulukira. Today, aliyense wamphamvu wokhala wa Kostroma ayenera kupereka malawi koma ndekha munthu winanso 0.4. Ndipo m'tsogolomu, katundu kwambiri. Komanso bwino katundu chinthu cha penshioni, chifukwa chiwerengero cha anthu pa zaka zopuma pantchito chaka zingawonjezere yekha. Zonsezi kumatanthauza wina mavuto azachuma ndi chikhalidwe.

Economy Kostroma

Kuchuluka ndi khalidwe la Ambiri kwambiri kwambiri kufooketsedwa ndi zizindikiro zachuma. Ngati anthu ali ndi ndalama khola ndi chitsimikizo cha m'tsogolo, m'posavuta kuti abereke ana. Ngati iwo moyo wochuluka, ndi bwino kudya, kutenga mankhwala abwino ndi moyo wautali.

Kostroma, anthu amene pang'onopang'ono limakula amapereka lokha popanda mizinda yambiri ya Russia ambiri mafakitale khola. Apa ntchito mafakitale kwa yopanga zigawo magalimoto, mpweya, mphamvu zopulumutsa, Kutentha, zamalonda, zipangizo refrigeration. mzinda bwino anayamba processing chakudya, kupanga, makampani nsalu. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kukula mofulumira makampani zokopa alendo, zoipa - utumiki. chuma mzindawu ali m'mavuto ndi ndalama, ndi chitukuko cha madera chikhalidwe zofunika zaumoyo, maphunziro komanso chikhalidwe.

ntchito

Kukhala ntchito n'kofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha ntundu m'maderawa. Kostroma, anthu (nambala ya anthu) amene kumawonjezera ndi chuma ndi wolimba kugwira ntchito, yopindulitsa yosiyana kuchokera m'mizinda yambiri Russian mu ulova otsika. Ndi 0,8 yekha%. Ntchito mumzinda zokwanira. Komabe, pali vuto ndi ntchito za ogwira kwambiri oyenerera. malo ntchito makamaka kupereka ntchito kwa anthu ogwira ntchito, koma anthu ndi maphunziro apamwamba, makamaka kwa amayi pa zaka 30, n'kovuta kupeza ntchito m'munda awo.