Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky: yonena, ntchito, chuma maganizo

Mikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranowski - Chirasha Chiyukireniya zachuma, kuyanga ntchito maphunziro amene anadza pa chiyambi cha XX atumwi. Iye anali wandale odziwika ndi States. Tugan-Baranowski ndi nthumwi ya otchedwa Marxism milandu Tsarist Russia. Yozef Shumpeter ankaona kuti iye ndi olemekezeka Russian zachuma nthawi yake. Pa moyo wake analemba angapo ntchito zoyenera chiphunzitso cha mtengo kufalitsidwa ndalama chikhalidwe, mbiri ya kasamalidwe ndi zochokera kasamalidwe olowa.

Tugan-Baranowski: yonena

Tsogolo wopambana Nobel Prize anabadwa pa January 8, 1865 ndi. Salt, pafupi Kharkov. Lero, ndi m'dera la Ukraine, koma nthawi dziko a Russian Ufumu. Tugan-Baranowski anabwera - mzere makolo - mtundu wa Lipka Chitata. Scientist mayi anali mitundu Chiyukireniya ku dera Poltava. Tugan-Baranowski sukulu ku Kiev ndi Kharkov. Kuyambira ndili mwana, wokonda nzeru, anaphunzira ntchito za Emmanuila Kanta. Mu 1884 analowa University of Kharkov, kumene anapitiriza kuphunzira sayansi zachilengedwe. Patatha zaka zinayi, Tugan-Baranowski muli ndi PhD. Koma panthawi imeneyi ndinali kale chidwi pa chuma ndale, choncho anaganiza kupitiriza maphunziro awo. Mu 1890, Mikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranowski digirii wina. Chaka chimodzi zimenezi zisanachitike, anakwatira mwana wamkazi wa mkulu wa St. Petersburg Conservatory, Lidii Davydovoy. Iye anali wakhama mu ntchito za m'dera ndipo wamanga yapamwamba maphunziro. Kumayambiriro 1919, Tugan-Baranowski ananditumiza ku msonkhano mu Paris monga mutu wa gululo Chiyukireniya. Paulendo, iye matenda awiri pectoris angina ndipo anamwalira pa sitima pafupi Odessa ndi lachitatu.

The maganizo chosintha

Pamene ndinali kuwerenga pa University of Tugan-Baranowski anayamba kutenga nawo mbali pa kayendedwe chosintha ndi boma tsarist mu Russia. Iye ankadziwa m'bale Vladimir Lenin a, dzina lake Aleksandr Ulyanov, amene anaphedwa 1887 ankachita nawo pofuna pa moyo wa Alexander III. Ubwenzi mawu amangidwe Tugan-Baranowski kwa gawo lotsiriza mwa wophunzira chionetsero mu St. Petersburg, anadzipereka kuti patha zaka 25 za imfa ya wolemba Nikolai Dobrolyubov.

Nkhani yoyamba bwino

A maphunziro yapamwamba Tugan-Baranowski inayamba mu 1890. Nkhani yake yoyamba, yakuti "Chiphunzitso cha mmphepete zofunikira za ubwino zachuma" linasindikizidwa mu October mu magazini "Milandu boma yotchedwa Gazette". Mu nkhani imeneyi chooneka moti ankanena kuti ntchito chiphunzitso cha mtengo ndi wake zachuma ano marginalist simuli asamenyane ankatsutsa, koma azigwirizana.

"Moyo wa anthu otchuka"

Pambuyo bwino poyamba m'munda wa ongolankhula sayansi Tugan-Baranowski anaganiza kulemba yochepa mbiri ndi mwachidule maganizo chuma Pierre-Dzhozefa Prudona, ndi John Stuart Mill, mndandanda wa mabuku, amene anali kufalitsidwa ndi kusindikiza nyumba Pavlenkova. Iye anasintha ntchito pang'ono, 80 okha masamba. Iwo Mikhail Tugan-Baranowski Proudhon amawanena kuti kusowa kwake kugwirizana mkati mu mayeso omaliza, chisokonezo ake stylistic, kusowa m'maganizo ndi thandizo achinyengo a boma Napoleon a. Maganizo pa Mill anagwa Mikhail Ivanovich moyo, chifukwa wasonyeza pozindikira moyenera za mzimu wa sayansi yamakono, zochokera kuphunzira chikhalidwe.

Kukonzekera zinachitikira kunja

Monga Karl Marx ndi Friedrich Chichewa, Tugan-Baranovsky anaona England chitsanzo kwa m'mayiko osauka, makamaka Russia. Choncho, masika ndi chilimwe cha 1891, asayansi linachita ku British Museum, kuphunzira mabuku kawirikawiri ndi ntchito zowerengera. Kenako anabwerera ku St. Petersburg. The zaka ziwiri anakhala mu phunziro chiphunzitso m'zinthu malonda. Panthawi imeneyi iye analemba ntchito yaikulu kwambiri "Industrial mavuto Modern England. Zimayambitsa ndi yaikulu miyoyo ya anthu" Pakuti munali mu 1894, digiri katswiri wa zachuma andale University of Moscow. Kenako anabwerera ku St. Petersburg, anacititsa ku yunivesite kwa malo pulofesa wothandizira. Tugan-Baranowski ntchito kumeneko mpaka 1899, pamene iye anachotsedwa kwa kusadalirika ndale.

ndale

Mu 1895, M. Tugan-Baranowski, pamodzi ndi Co-wolemba P. B. Struve limodzi ndi Free Economic Association. Mu 1896 anakhala tcheyamani ake ndipo analemba mmodzi mwa yotchuka kwambiri nkhani zake "Kufunika kwa chinthu chuma mbiri." Ngakhale kuti chuma cha Tugan-Baranowski anali Marxist mu chikhalidwe, wasayansi Sikunakhalepo mbali ya mobisa kayendedwe chikhalidwe-demokalase omwe anatuluka monga nthawi panthawi imeneyi Russia. Mu chaka cha 1898 adaona kuwala ntchito zake zikuluzikulu, "Russian fakitale kale unali ndi pano." Kwa iye, analandira digiri wake pa Moscow State University. Kuyambira 1901 mpaka 1905 Tugan-Baranowski nawo mbali pa moyo anthu a m'dera Poltava. Iye anayamba kugwira ntchito mu zemstvo m'deralo. Pambuyo pake, wasayansi anabwerera ku St. Petersburg. Apa anagwira ntchito lecturer ndi pulofesa mu mabungwe a zachuma a akonzedwa a mabungwe Polytechnic ndi malonda, komanso yunivesite payekha Shanyavsky mu Moscow.

Neokantianism ndi ndale

Pang'onopang'ono, chidwi Marxism milandu Tugan-Baranowski suzimitsidwa. Iye amasamalira Wachiwiri kuti akupezeka ntchito zake m'zaka za m'ma XX, odzipatulira kwa kayendedwe amandimvera. Mu 1901 anafalitsa "Mfundo nkhani ya chuma ndale" mu "chuma dziko" magazini. Ntchito imeneyi, komanso yotsatira ake, latembenuzidwira German mu 1915. Mu 1919 panali ntchito yoyamba ya sayansi mu chinenero Chiyukireniya amatchedwa "Cooperation, chikhalidwe chake ndi cholinga." Kuyambira 1906 iye ankagwira ntchito limodzi ndi Mihailom Grushevskim. Ndi iye analemba Buku la "The anthu Chiyukireniya kale unali m'tsogolo." Tugan-Baranowski anali membala wa Chiyukireniya Social-Federalist Party ndipo anasiya ntchito ku Secretariat General wa November 20, 1917 zionetsero ndi kulengeza Universal Chachitatu a ku Central Rada, amene analankhula za kufunika kudziyimira pawokha kwambiri Ukraine.

maganizo zachuma

Zonse ndi Tugan-Baranowski zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu angapo malinga ndi nkhani imene iwo anati:

1. Pa ndizosowa lamadyerero.
2. Malinga ndi mfundo kugawa.
3. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha zofunikira mmphepete.
4. Pamaziko a mgwirizano.
5. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha m'zinthu mafakitale.

Pa zapansi lamadyerero

Tugan-Baranowski anapanga zopereka kwambiri kuphunzira za mgwirizano. Iye anafotokoza Russian ndi achilendo zinachitikira. M'buku lake "The Social Madziko a Cooperation", linatuluka mu 1916, wasayansi nawo mfundo kayendedwe wogwilizana ndi mawonekedwe a ogwira ntchito zachuma monga mukupanga a. Abwino woyamba ndiko Kulenga kwa kulankhula zokomera, munthu watsopano, ndipo chachiwiri - phindu zachuma amene ali m'manja mwa lingaliro capitalist a ulimi. Komabe, cholinga chachikulu cha izi mawonekedwe a kampani si kupeza phindu, ndi kuwonjezeka mu ndalama ntchito anthu ntchito, ndi kuchepetsa kuti katundu wambiri. Pali njira zosiyanasiyana cooperatives: wamba, zazing'ono-bourgeois ndi proletarian. The mtundu wa ogwira chimadalira pa zolinga kalasi, amene amalenga izo. Pakuti Tugan-Baranowski mgwirizano - ndi kulimbana ndi bizinesi, koma si zida ndi okwatiranawo, koma mwa bata.

yogawa lingaliro

Chiphunzitso cha Tugan-Baranowski chikuphatikizapo gawo osiyana pa kugawana kuwapatsa mankhwala chikhalidwe. Wasayansi analozera vuto la limagwirira alipo kugawa, pamene ambuye a zinthu ndi makalasi si ntchito. ntchito yolipidwa afika gawo kwambiri ka mankhwala chikhalidwe. Zili kwa proletariat monga gulu zimadalira yomanga zokomera onse, chifukwa iye yekha angakhoze chuma ku capitalists ndi olemekezeka. Recent kulandira ndalama unearned Choncho, ayenera kulimbana nawo.

Chiphunzitso cha zofunikira mmphepete

Tugan-Baranovsky sanagwirizane ndi maganizo phindu ntchito za Marx. Zofunikira mmphepete pakuti - ichi ndi chifukwa chake mtengo wa katundu zachuma. Sayenera kukachita nkhondo ndi mtengo wa ntchito, koma ndi mnzake womuyenerera kutero. Malinga Tugan-Baranowski, vuto ndi zimene chiphunzitso cha zofunikira mmphepete ndi khunyu. chiphunzitso Ricardo a mtima pa cholinga zinthu mfundo ndi Menger - zotengera malingaliridwe. Choncho, si ankatsutsa m'chilengedwe. Koma chiphunzitso ntchito ya mtengo wa Ricardo ndi Marx yothandizana mfundo zofunikira lenileni ndi kuwuluridwa mu Menger. Chirichonse chiri mu mumgwirizano wangwiro. Wasayansi anatsimikizira kuti zofunikira mmphepete katundu momasuka reproducible nthawi zonse molingana ndi phindu ntchito. Zimenezi nthawi zambiri amatchedwa Lingaliro Lovomerezeka la Tugan-Baranowski. Lenin sanali nawo maganizo Chiyukireniya zachuma. Tugan-Baranovsky ankakhulupirira kuti sosholisimu m'mabanja asanakonzekere - ndi njira yolunjika ku ukapolo ndi umphawi ambiri a anthu. Scientist kumbuyo udindo wapadera wa kalasi pakati monga kugwirizana pakati pa antchito ndi anzeru. Komabe, mu Soviet Union ndi maphunziro ake anali ndi mavuto aakulu. Patapita nthawi, ngakhale Lenin amaona kuti nyumba lamadyerero - ichi ndi tsogolo.

Chiphunzitso cha m'zinthu kupanga

maganizo chuma Tugan-Baranowski anali lonse zokwanira. The ambiri masiku ano chiphunzitso chake cha m'zinthu ndalama. Tugan-Baranowski anali kufufuza mavuto m'mafakitale England. chifukwa awo anaona Kugawilidwa kwanthaka akanagwiritsa likulu, zomwe zimakhazikika ndi osauka banki. Ntchito zake "Industrial mavuto Modern England" anatsindika kuti capitalist chuma yokha angalenge msika, choncho alibe malire kwa chitukuko ndi kukula. Komabe, Tugan-Baranowski ankanena kuti ufulu mpikisano angalepheretse patsogolo ulimi. Chifukwa cha mavuto a ankaona osati pansi-mowa, komanso mavuto ngongole ndi ndalama kufalitsidwa. Monga maziko a ndalama mkombero chiphunzitso wasayansi munatenga lingaliro Marx kuti kusinthasintha mafakitale zokhudzana zosowa nthawi kulenganso likulu lokhazikika. Motero malinga Tugan-Baranowski, gawo mafakitale mkombero kumatanthauza malamulo ndalama. Kusinthasintha zimachitika chifukwa chosowa kufanana madera osiyana a zachuma pa chikweza, ndi mismatch pakati pa ndalama ndi ndalama, disproportion mu mitengo ogula ndi likulu katundu. Tugan-anafufuza ndi udindo wa chiwongola dzanja mu chuma. Iye anati kuti kuwonjezeka ake ndi chizindikiro kuti dziko lili likulu wamng'ono, ndi yamasika chifukwa chachikulu cha mavuto, monga wasayansi ya.

Tugan-Baranowski: Ntchito

1. "The mafakitale mavuto mu Britain ano, zimayambitsa awo ndipo zimakhudza miyoyo ya anthu" (1894).
2. "The Russian Factory m'mbuyomu ndi pano" (chaka cha 1898).
3. "Chiphunzitso chakuti zofunikira mmphepete" (1890).
4. "Proudhon, moyo wake ndi ntchito" (1891).
5. "Essays pa History of Economy Political" (1901).
6. chiwerengero cha ntchito German.
7. "Zina zachidule nkhani zaposachedwapa za chuma ndale ndi zokomera onse" (1903).
8. "Madziko ongolankhula wa Marxism" (1905).
9. "Socialism monga chiphunzitso zabwino" (1918).

Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky - yotamandika kwambiri zachuma chiyambi cha XX atumwi. A malo apadera chitukuko cha zachuma sayansi zimatengera chiphunzitso chake cha m'zinthu makampani, omwe anakhala wotsogolera wa mfundo ndalama olowa. Wasayansi anaona chifukwa cha vutoli si overproduction, koma kupanda ungwiro kwa dongosolo la ndalama ndi ngongole kufalitsidwa. Iye sali monga nthumwi ya Marxism malamulo, komanso mmodzi wa chuma wotchuka Mu zaka zapitazo. Iye ali ndi ntchito amene ali odzipereka ku chiphunzitso cha mtengo ndalama chikhalidwe yogawa lingaliro, chitukuko cha ndizosowa kasamalidwe. Anasiya Mikhail Ivanovich akupitiriza kuuzira asayansi amakono ndi mfundo Tugan-Baranowski sanataye kufunika awo lero.