National chuma - chuma ... RF. Chuma dziko la Russia

Akukhulupirira kuti chuma dziko - mndandanda wa katundu chuma dziko, kuonetsetsa miyoyo ya anthu, komanso kupanga katundu. Amatero ndi njira ya State Kafukufuku Komiti ya Russia. Izi gulu zachuma amadziwika ndi kuthekera chuma cha boma, limasonyeza chiyembekezo yaitali chitukuko.

Onani wagawo yakuti maganizo chuma dziko chavumbulutsidwa kudzera mwa gulu - chuma chuma. Mkati boma konstitutsialnye mayunitsi ndi umwini wa iwo kukhala ndi madalitso ndi chikhalidwe zachuma. Poona kufunika kwa polojekiti apitirize chizindikiro kudziwa mphamvu ya chuma malamulo a m'mayiko onse zonse kudziwa kukula kapena kuchepa

Ntchito mwa njira dziko la kuwerengetsa chuma dziko limanenedwa m'njira ziwiri: a njira ya mfundo dziko kapena bwino.

njira bwino

chuma National pamene kuwerengetsa muyezo limanenedwa ngati mtengo ukonde chilungamo mwachindunji ku sikelo tebulo la chuma ndi ngongole (onani. Table 1), wasenza kwa kumabungwe osiyanasiyana a chuma. Izi - njira mwambo kwa Russia (choyamba - kwa USSR) uyo chizindikiro ichi monga mndandanda wa katundu wa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, chuma dziko anasonkhanitsa mibadwo molumikizana ndi zinthu zachilengedwe nawo ndondomeko ya zachuma ...

Njira ya kachitidwe ka mfundo national

Komabe, ngati akatswiri onani, kachitidwe ka nkhani national bwino kudziwa chuma cha dziko. Izi - kwenikweni njira msika, chifukwa SNA ndi oyenera ya zizindikiro kunyezimiritsa zovuta zazikulu-chuma cha boma. Kuwonjezera chuma analenga ntchito anthu, kachitidwe ka nkhani mitundu komanso amaganizira kusiyana pakati pa chuma chuma (2) ndi ngongole ndalama (3).

Table 1. Cacikulu Kapangidwe ka chuma national

chuma National. kapangidwe

Kutanthauzira zomwe ndi mbali ya dziko chuma ndondomeko dongosolo nkhani motero dziko, mwachidule kufotokoza zigawo zake.

chuma Non-ndalama, kukhala chuma mayunitsi nchito, ndi njira yopanga ndi ubwino sanali zachuma anakhala. Mu kapangidwe kake, iwo monga chuma atathana (opanga ndipo sanali kupanga), katundu panopa, komanso makhalidwe abwino.

Mbali khalidwe la chuma ndi yoikidwiratu ndi katundu kangapo awo nawo kubalana chikhalidwe. Zikuphatikizapo ndi nyumba, makina ndi zipangizo, mayendedwe ndi aya, ndi zina zotero. Iwo angathe kuchepetsa phindu chifukwa chuma ndi khalidwe kuwonongeka. mlingo wa avale wa chuma lokhazikika la dziko - chizindikiro njira. Makamaka, Russian chuma pa mlingo pano amakhala ndi chiwerengero chapadera cha depreciation wa chuma lokhazikika. Kusakasaka iwo - malangizo ofunika chitukuko cha boma.

Inventories wa chuma atsopano a chikhalidwe zakuthupi - ndiyo zipangizo makamaka, yaiwisi, mankhwala kusasanyiwa, katundu opangidwa zogulitsa, komanso Anagula akagulitse. Udindo wa boma mu chitukuko cha gawo kupanga makamaka anatsimikiza mtima wake makampani okwanira chitetezo ntchito likulu, ndi "zopangira" kwa kupanga (mafuta, zipangizo, zipangizo moyenera, chakudya, mbewu ndi zina zotero.). Komabe, zofunika ndi okhazikika bwino maulalo a zachuma amene kuletsa mapangidwe m'matangadza kwambiri mankhwala itatha.

chuma Financial monga wauzimu, zomwenso awo - phindu. Ali ndi bokosi lapadera: ali ndi mwini - chuma wachibale mnzake ake - udindo.

Table 2. Kaonekedwe ka chuma dziko SNA ndondomeko

Komabe, manambalawo SNA Kodi kuganizira gulu ndi wochepa thupi, munthu wa zowonetsera chuma dziko - chinthu anthu. udindo wake m'nkhani ino kuti anatchulidwa pambuyo pake. Pakali pano, makhalidwe ake anatsimikiza mtima magawo monga pafupifupi moyo amayembekezeka, kuchuluka kwa anthu ntchito ntchito mu zapaderazi, ndi nthawi yogwira ntchito, banja mkombero aliko, mlingo kubadwa.

chuma National. katundu index

Mfundo yofunika ndi chuma dziko - muyeso si malo amodzi, koma kusintha zazikulu pa nthawi. Amaonekera pa tsiku lililonse, phindu yotsalira.

Kachiwiri, monga tanenera kale, chuma dziko (Chidziwitso) sakanikira. Pa dzanja limodzi - zachilengedwe, pa zina - mankhwala a ntchito. Kumaphatikizaponso onse chuma chuma ndi chosaoneka ndi maso.

Chachitatu, mayiko chuma nkhani malo onse kukhala anthu, anthu ndi mabungwe alamulo, ngakhale kunja.

zigawo khalidwe

Ziwerengero za chuma dziko - si yunifolomu. Ndi njira ina kwa kusanthula zigawo zikuluzikulu za chithunzi lamavutoli kuti mwachibadwa ukapezeka m'makhalidwe ake. Ngati mukufuna kudziwa za mitundu, tikhoza kuzindikira categorization zotsatirazi:

1. Unplayable. Zikuphatikizapo mchere, nkhokwe akatha (makamaka mafakitale njira).

2. Playable. Ndi anafunsa wamphamvu anthu chuma cha zolinga kupanga ndi nonproduction.

3. chosaoneka ndi maso. Izi - ndi wodziwa mmene wa anthu a m'dzikoli, kwaiye ndondomeko yake chikhalidwe, maphunziro ndi zothandiza anthu mkati. Zikuphatikizapo moyo, ozindikira ndipo ayenerere angathe.

4. Nkhani sonyezani kuti m'mayiko ena ndi mabungwe ena azachuma.

Magawo chachikulu

Ziwerengero za chuma dziko zachokera pa kufufuza magawo ake. Ndi thandizo lawo, zovuta ndi akuunika udindo chuma cha boma: mphamvu ya Bank National; ntchito ya boma; zigawo, kuchuluka ndi dongosolo; zikuchokera ndi kutalika; mtundu wa kubalana wa chuma dziko ndi mbali zake; Chigawo mapangidwe.

Choncho Bank National ankayimiridwa ngati ya chuma ndi chuma chuma, mwachindunji okhudza kukodzedwa kubalana a anthu.

chuma cha dziko. ziwerengero

Russian Academy of Sciences pafupifupi dziko okwana chuma cha dziko. mlingo uwu anatsimikiza pamaziko a nkhani za deta Bank World. Mtengo wake pa chiyambi cha XXI atumwi akaphatikiza m'mayiko onse anali $ 550 thililiyoni. Taganizirani mu mawonekedwe onse pa Intaneti. The gawo la likulu anthu izo amapanga mbali yaikulu - $ 350 thililiyoni, Natural Resources - $ 95 thililiyoni, mafakitale ndi katundu sanali zipatso - $ 90 thililiyoni.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku, 50% ya chuma national dziko wa mayiko olemera kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, USA, Canada ndi Japan. Bank National wa United States ali pafupifupi $ 24 thililiyoni, $ 95 thililiyoni chuma dziko OPEC asaaonerera pa mbali yaikulu ya zitsime zamafuta dziko, 40% ya ulimi ndi dziko ake mitengo izo. Mayiko a CIS kale limabweretsa Bank National, apanga $ 80 thililiyoni.

Malinga ndi asayansi tatchulawa amati chuma dziko la Russia ndi $ 60 thililiyoni. Mbali ya chinthu anthu mu izo - $ 30 thililiyoni, Zachilengedwe - $ 24 thililiyoni, mafakitale ndi sanali zipatso katundu - $ 6 thililiyoni.

Chiwerengero pamwamba pa dziko chuma dziko kuwonetsedwa Table 3.

Table 3. A Kapangidwe ka chuma national

Chuma dziko la Russia

Characteristically, Russia uli mwayi angapo m'mayiko ena mwa mawu a chuma pa nzika (400 thous. $), Umene uli kanayi pafupifupi dziko. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, ambiri osalimba a anthu Russian pa kilometre lalikulu ndi 8,39 munthu pamene France chithunzi ndi 119, kwa Italy - 200,52, Germany - 229,12.

Chidwi kufufuza chuma dziko la Russia. Land thumba izo - 12,5% ya dziko. Mu Russia ndi theka la nkhokwe madzi oyera dziko, anthu oposa 50% ya wakuda lapansi, oposa 60% ya nkhalango coniferous dzikoli. m'matangadza Russian zachilengedwe ali ndithu kwambiri, iwo amakhala nawo kwambiri zachilengedwe padziko lonse. Makamaka, nkhokwe RF mpweya zimapanga 32% ya mafuta dziko - 13%; nthaka - 15%; chitsulo - 26%; mpweya - 11%; nthaka - 15%; faifi tambala - 36%.

Yaiwisi chikhalidwe cha chuma

Akatswiri amanena kuti chuma cha boma latsopano la Russia pa nthawi ino ndi zipangizo. Kodi zikutanthauza chiyani? A yambiri ya mafuta ndi mpweya (pafupifupi 75%) ndi zimagulitsidwa ndi kokha kotala chimadyedwa mu msika zoweta. Mu dongosolo la Russia a GDP Tingafinye mafuta ndi gasi zatenga nawo kwambiri: pafupifupi 32%, pamene zomangamanga mankhwala - za 5%. Chithunzi yamasika, monga ife kumvetsa izo, si zogwirizana ndi kuthekera zachuma ndi sayansi Russia. nkhani zonse mu ulaliki leni akufunika msika padziko lonse zipangizo chifukwa ndondomeko protectionist wa West kwa mankhwala skill- ndi likulu mwamphamvu olembedwa kuti "anapanga Russia".

Mphamvu za mafuta kupanga Russian zikusonyeza kukula chizolowezi. Panopa, buku la ulimi wake ndi chidwi kwambiri manambala matani theka biliyoni. Russian chuma ali pachiopsezo ku malisiti ndalama amakumana ndi mafuta, kuphatikizapo ndalama mu gawo makina, kulola kupita ku umisiri watsopano. Amene ncho mu Russia, "golide wakuda" Table 4 ziwonetsero.

Table 4: Russian mafuta

Ambiri mwa mafuta Russian (malonda dzina Urals) - 65% - amapangidwa m'dera Tyumen. Komabe, mu migodi yaitali mu dera adzakhala yafupika, pamene nthawi imodzi monga Far East ndi kukula ntchito kum'mawa Siberia.

Ngakhale zambiri kuwulula kuwuka mphamvu mpweya Russia (onani. Table 5). Analysis zizindikiro zachuma anasonyeza azimuth ovutitsa: ndi reorientation za cuma pa dzuwa la zipangizo kuposa mayendedwe a chitukuko cha luso lopanga.

Table 5. Mphamvu kupanga mafuta mu Russia

Komabe, ziyenera a chuma dziko Russia adzakhala chosakwanira popanda zopinga pa mphamvu ya chulutsa ake. Iwo zokhudza zonse. Mu Russia pa likulu anthu nkhani mitundu chuma 50% ya chiwerengero cha, zachilengedwe - 32% kupanga likulu ndipo sanali kupanga, motero - 18%. Pa nthawi yomweyo, chuma mtundu wa mayiko Western ku Ulaya, chiwerengero cha chinthu anthu ndi 78,4%.

The otsogolera a chinthu anthu mu dongosolo la chuma national

Akatswiri, osati mawu mtengo mtheradi, komanso dongosolo la chuma fuko ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri boma moyo. The chuma cha sukulu Chicago mu 70s Mu zaka zapitazo anapeza kwambiri dongosolo la National Bank ya otsogolera ankaimba ndi chinthu anthu. Tanena kale kuti zidazo anatsimikiza ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu zingapo: ubwino ndi moyo amayembekezeka, maphunziro ndi kupanga aakulu pa munthu. Ngati kotala zaka zapitazo, Russian Federation pa index ili a malo 23th, tsopano - 66th.

Wamba kapena zonyoza zimayenda ndi chinthu anthu?

zinthu zosiyanasiyana za chuma amitundu magulu a kudziwa mavuto azachuma. Poyambira mtima wa likulu anthu ndi ziyenera ake a msika zoweta ntchito.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti nthawi imeneyi kukonzanso ndalama m'boma, kupanga zachepa makamaka zeroed. mtengo kakang'ono aka maziko a mitengo ya dzikolo. Chifukwa, wazamalonda m'khalapakati anali mwayi nkhambakamwa ndi gawo kuwirikiza kakhumi ya GDP kuposa antchito aluso mafakitale.

Pa wamba USSR chuma zipatso phindu pa ntchito pafupifupi eni latsopano mu osiyanasiyana 0,1 - 0,5 $ TH .. Yerekezerani mtima wa mtengo msika wa makampani US zochokera phindu la ogwira ntchito 100 zikwi. $. Makamaka, kampani ZIL ndi mazana-masauzande a ogwira ntchito anali privatized kwa $ 16 miliyoni. Chimodzimodzinso privatized Uralmash, GAZ, ndi zina zambiri dongosolo ntchito.

Kukonzanso Russian chuma, molingana ndi makonzedwe a "Washington gwirizanani" mu 1990 sanasinthe imbalances izi. Zolimba ndalama malamulo, pamodzi ndi liberalization malonda alibe vutoli. Panopa, mu Russian Federation 20% ya disposable ndalama, musati kupereka malipiro moyo pa m'banja. Pakuti kubalana wa chinthu anthu (makamaka opanga), sitiyenera akulimbana ndondomeko ndi zachuma.

Pomaliza

Chuma dziko la Chitaganya cha Russia pa siteji pano kumafuna revaluation kwambiri zigawo zake kutulutsa mphamvu kukula khola. Chofunika ndi kuonjezera chiwerengero cha likulu anthu. Kuti tichite zimenezi, kupereka ndalama ndi zinthu zina. The oligarchs adzayenera akambirane "chidutswa cha mkate" ya GDP Russia, amene iwo zimawononga, ndiponso kunditumiza ku mabanki madipoziti Western.

Choncho ntchito anthu, chidwi ndi maximizing ndalama yawo pang'ono kuona kuti ndalama ku likulu anthu mu Russia - ndi opindulitsa kwambiri, ndi kuphunzira kusankha iwo mwadongosolo. Mwina izi ayenera chokwanira "kufotokoza" ndi oligarchs boma.

Komano, kudzakhala mu ankafuna ndi zomangamanga wapadera, ulamuliro ndi kuonetsetsa dzuwa la ndalama mu chinthu anthu.