Roma chiyambi, nthumwi zake

Roma, Roma, Roma - anthu pachikhalidwe oyendayenda anachokera ku North India, yafalikira kuzungulira dziko, makamaka ku Europe.

Language chiyambi

Aromani ambiri amalankhula mawu a Roma, amene ndi yogwirizana masiku zinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya la kumpoto India, komanso chinenero chachikulu cha dziko limene akukhala. Akukhulupirira kuti Roma gulu kumanzere India nthawi zambiri, ndipo m'zaka za m'ma XI anali ku Perisiya, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XIV. - mu South-East Europe, ndi m'zaka za zana XV. anafika Ulaya. Ndi theka lachiwiri la zaka mazana makumi awiri. Iwo unafalikira m'maiko onse m'dzikolo.

Nkhope ambiri Roma amadzitcha okha ndi wina dzina wamba "ramu" (lomwe limatanthauza kuti "munthu" kapena "mwamuna"), ndi onse amene sanali Roma - mawu akuti "Gadjo" kapena "gadzho" (a mawu ndi osayenera onyoza, kutanthauza "hillbilly" kapena "wakunja" ). Roma ambiri amakhulupirira kuti dzina "Gypsy" zolawula.

ntundu

Chifukwa cha moyo wawo wosamukasamuka, kusowa kwa boma kalembera, komanso kusakaniza ndi magulu ena wosamukasamuka, ziyenera a chiwerengero cha dziko la Roma ndi anthu awiri mpaka mamiliyoni asanu. Palibe ziwerengero odalirika pamaziko a malipoti ayi m'mayiko osiyanasiyana sungagulire. Aromani ambiri akukhalabe mu Europe, makamaka m'mayiko slavyanogovoryaschih a pakati pa Ulaya ndi Balkans. Ambiri a iwo amakhala ku Czech Republic ndi Slovakia, Hungary, kale linali Yugoslavia ndi loyandikana Bulgaria ndi Romania.

osamukawo wosatha

Stereotype wa Majipise woyendayendawu kawirikawiri kosagwirizana ndi chakuti kuchepa kwa iwo alidi zonse zimachokera. Komabe, ulendo wawo uli ndi malire. oimira onse a woyendayendawu Roma chiyambi amasamukira pamodzi maulendo anakhazikitsa kuti kunyalanyaza Malire a mayiko. Iwo kutsatira unyolo wa banja kapena zikulumikizana mafuko.

Roma kutengera za ku njira woyendayendawu wa moyo chifukwa cha athamangitsidwe zachiwawa kapena kuthamangitsidwa. zaka 80 pambuyo maonekedwe awo koyamba ku Ulaya Ulaya m'zaka 15 anathamangitsidwa pafupifupi maiko onse a Ulaya. Ngakhale kuti Aromani anakhala chifukwa cha chizunzo mwadongosolo ndi katundu kunja kwa Roma, Komabe, anapitiliza kuonekela mu maonekedwe ena ndi ena mu maiko asiya.

zinthu kuyimbidwa

Onse magulu wapaulendo madera wamoyo pakati pa anthu Kukwatiwa ngati kukhala yabwino scapegoats. Ndi mmenenso zilili ndi Roma, kumene anthu wakume- zonse mlandu pa milandu yambiri, kuti kunachititsa kupititsa patsogolo kuvutitsidwa yokhala ndi malamulo. maunansi awo akuluakulu khamu dziko akhala kalikiliki zotsutsana motsatizana. malamulo Official nthawi zambiri umalimbana kuloŵerera awo, kapena kukakamizidwa kuti moyo wongokhala, koma Makonsolo kuti mwadongosolo adawatsutsa lamanja kuphwanya msasa wawo.

Pa Nazi Roma vuto kokha awo Chiromani dziko. Izi kwachititsa kupha 400,000 Roma ndi Anazi.

lamulo French panopa limaletsa akaime msasa n'kuzitentha nkhani kuti akathandizidwe apolisi, msonkho iwo ndi otchedwa usilikali monga nzika wamba.

Spain ndi Wales - maiko awiri omwe amaitchulatchula monga zitsanzo za limati imene Roma akhala amangokhala, ngati si kwathunthu anaphatikizana.

Posachedwapa, msasa zokomera m'mayiko Eastern Europe amene amafuna kugwiritsa pulogalamu ya kuthetsa yokakamiza, lakonzedwa kutha njira zawo woyendayendawu wa moyo.

Gypsy ntchito

Anatinso kwa Roma zikugwira ntchito imene inawathandiza kuti akhalebe njira woyendayendawu wa moyo, anakakhala ku periphery wa anthu. Amuna amenewa amalonda ng'ombe, aphunzitsi ndi amisiri, tinkers, blacksmiths, amisiri kukonza ziwiya khitchini ndi oimba; mkazi ndikudabwa anagulitsa zamdziko, kupempha ndi anachereza omvera.

Pamaso pa Kubwera wa ziweto, alimi ambiri anali kufunafuna Roma kukaonana nawo pa nkhani ya nyama ndi ng'ombe thanzi.

moyo wamakono wa Roma amasonyeza "kutukuka" a dziko Hajiyev. Ulendo tsopano zaperekedwa kwa makamu a magalimoto, magalimoto ndi nyumba, ndi malonda ziweto m'malo ndi malonda a magalimoto ntchito ndi nyumba. Ngakhale kuŵeta wa ziwiya khitchini, ndi kumanzere tinker popanda ntchito, ena Roma m'tawuni akhala galimoto zimango ndi kukonzanso matupi galimoto. Ngati anthu ena ambiri Roma akadali kukhala njira woyendayendawu wa moyo, ambiri akhazikika, nachita luso lanu kapena kugwira ntchito monga antchito. Oyendayenda pamasewera ndi m'mapaki lachisangalalo kupereka ntchito Roma zamakono monga aphunzitsi, mavenda kiosk ndi olosera zam'tsogolo chuma.

banja

Chakale Roma banja imakhala banja ndi ana awo wosakwatiwa, komanso mwana mmodzi m'banja, mkazi wake ndi ana awo. Pambuyo pa ukwati wa mwamuna ndi mkazi wamng'ono zambiri amakhala ndi makolo mwamuna monga mkazi wamng'ono sadziwa njira ya moyo wa m'banja la mwamuna wake. Choncho, ndi nthawi imene mwana wamkulu okonzeka kukhala ndi achibale ake, mwana wamng'ono kukwatiwa ndi kutsogolera banja mkazi wake watsopano. ukwati wapoyamba kale bungwe akulu a banja kapena gulu kulimbikitsa andale ndi zimakhalira pachibale ndi mabanja ena, magulu kapena nthawi zina confederations, ngakhale kumapeto kwa zaka mazana makumi awiri, mchitidwe umenewu akuchepa kwambiri. Mbali yaikulu ya mabanja a Roma adalipira malowolo makolo mkwatibwi wa makolo a mkwati.

mafuko

mbali zapadera Roma chiyambi atsimikiziridwa zosiyana dera, anatsindika ena mbali chikhalidwe ndi kalankhulidwe kena. Pali nthambi zikuluzikulu zitatu, kapena mtundu, Roma:

• Kelderari - Kotljary-tinkers, amene adachokera ku Balkans kenako ku Ulaya Central, omwe ali ochuluka kuposa.
• Spain ameneŵa Roma, kapena zhitanos - Roma chiyambi, amene mamembala moyo makamaka mu Iberia, Africa North ndi kum'mwera kwa France. Olimba mu luso la zosangalatsa.
• Manush (kuchokera manouche French), amatchedwanso Sinti - Roma chiyambi, amene mamembala moyo makamaka Alsace ndi madera ena a France ndi Germany. Ambiri a iwo oyendayenda showmen ndi maseŵeralo.

Aliyense wa Roma chiyambi lagawidwa subgroups awiri kapena kuposa, anasiyana specialization kuntchito kapena chiyambi malo.

gulu landale

Ine sindinayambe mwalamulo analenga palibe thupi, msonkhano ndi osankhidwa palibe "mfumu" analandira onse Roma, ngakhale "mayiko" congresses wa Majipise zinachitika mu Munich, Moscow, Bucharest, Sofia (1906) ndipo mu mzinda Polish Ruvne (mu 1936). Komabe, kuli akuluakulu a ndale Roma ndi yoona. Amene analandira maudindo mfulu, monga "Duke" kapena "Chiwerengero", mu mbiri ake oyambirira ndi anthu akuderalo, anali mwina zosaposa magulu Atamans kuti zinali kusunthira mu kuchuluka kwa 10 mabanja mazana angapo. Atsogoleri (woweruza) anasankhidwa kuti moyo pakati pa mabanja otchuka. mphamvu zawo, ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi chiwerengero cha anthu ocheza nawo, miyambo ndi ubale ndi mabungwe ena mwa chitaganya cha.

Voivod anali msungichuma gulu, ndiyo njira ya kusamuka ake ndi nawo zokambirana ndi makonsolo oyang'anira tauni. Iye wotsogozedwa ndi bungwe la akulu, amenenso anakambirana ndi mkazi wokalamba kucheza. Mphamvu ya masika unali wamphamvu, makamaka yokhudza tsogolo la akazi ndi ana, ndipo zochokera luso akuoneka kuti akapeze ndi bungwe akazi m'gulumo.

khalidwe pamalo

mabungwe amphamvu khalidwe pamalo wa Roma dziko anali "Chris" - malamulo a pachikhalidwe ndi chilungamo, komanso magulu miyambo ndi bwalo. Roma anali maziko a kachidindo womveka wa kukhulupirika, Mgwirizano ndi reciprocity mkati anazindikira gulu landale. The muyeso wapamwamba chilango Khoti, amene anachitira ndi mikangano yonse ndi kuyan'anila za Code, anali achotsa kwa gulu. oletsedwa chiganizo akhoza kukusalani munthu nawo ntchito zina, ndi chilango kugwira ntchito chizolowezi. Nthawi zina, akulu chopatsika konzanso, kenako chiyanjanitso tchuthi.

gulu chikhalidwe

magulu Roma zigwirizana Vic, T. e. mayanjano anawonjezera banja ndi magwero ofanana, onse makolo ndi akuchikazi, analipo anthu osachepera 200. Ambiri Vitsa akhoza kukhala wamkulu yake ndi konsolo. Nawo wachiwiri, inu anganene chifukwa cha ukwati membala wa mtundu wa. Kukhulupirika ndi mgwirizano chuma chikuyembekezeka pa mlingo wa banja osati mlingo vitsy. The chinenero Romani si generic amatanthauza banja. Munthu akhoza mwina kudalira thandizo osiyanasiyana achibale zogwirizana ndi amene ali pafupi mwakuthupi ndi si mu kukangana,.

zikhulupiriro wauzimu

Roma mulibe chikhulupiriro boma, ndipo m'mbuyomu, iwo kawirikawiri ananyoza chipembedzo. Masiku ano, Roma nthawi zambiri ankachita monga chipembedzo chofala kwambiri m'dziko limene iwo akukhala, ndipo amanena kuti "nyenyezi zambiri zotayana mu maso a Mulungu." Magulu ena ndi Akatolika, Asilamu, Achipentekoste, Achiprotestanti, Angilikani ndi Abaptisti.

Roma kusunga kuipidwa malamulo amene amayendetsa zinthu ngati neatness, ukhondo, kulemekeza, ulemu ndi chilungamo. Malamulo amenewa amatchedwa "Roma." Romano zikutanthauza kuti azikhala ndi ulemu, monga anthu Roma. "Romanipen" - dzina Gypsy wa mfundo zawo.

alonda a miyambo

Roma ndi wogulitsa zikhulupiriro wotchuka ndi makhalidwe kumadera yakhala (mwachitsanzo, Romania), kusunga miyambo dziko, kuvina ndi monga, amene kwakukulukulu mbisoweka moyo wakumudzi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XXI. cholowa chawo nyimbo ndi wautali kwambiri ndipo zikuphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, flamenco. Ngakhale Roma ndi olemera m'kamwa mwambo, zolembedwa awo ndi uneventful.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XXI, ndi Roma kupitiriza kulimbana ndi zotsutsana mu chikhalidwe chawo. Ngakhale kuti ali wochepa kudziteteza kuvutitsidwa ndi anthu ankhanza, ena kukayikirana ndi tsankho chikhalire. Mwina vuto ndi zomwe akukumana nazo, anali kukokoloka kwa moyo wawo mchikakamizo cha mzindawo magulu otukuka. Mitu ya banja komanso kukhulupirika mitundu, lofala nyimbo ya Roma, anathandiza kusunga ena chiphunzitso cha chiyani Roma chiyambi, koma ena exponents achinyamata ndi luso la nyimbo zimenezi zimakhudza mphoto molowera kwa dziko lakunja. nyumba munthu, ufulu chuma, ndi kukwatirana ndi Nerom afala kwambiri.