Kodi chosema? Mpesa chosema (chithunzi)

Kodi chosema? Funso limeneli ndi lofunika kwa ambiri. Mu ena mawu sonorous yachilendo amagwirizana ndi chithunzi cha nkhaniyo m'Baibulo pa zitsulo kapena mwala bolodi, anthu ena amakhulupirira kuti ali chabe zojambula, chosema ndi mpeni pa tebulo.

Komabe, funso: "Kodi zipsera?" - sangayankhe unambiguously, ngati sayansi ya zithunzi ndi zovuta ndithu. Koma amene anganene motsimikiza. Chosema - izi ndi mtundu wapadera wa likutipatsa zojambulajambula, limene lili ake ojambula zithunzi apadera ndi consummate mbuye.

zida chosema

Luso kupenta siyikhuzana njira iliyonse luso, kuwonjezera pa mndandanda wa maburashi luso, phale ndi easel. Chinthu china - zipsera kuti amafuna maphunziro Mipikisano luso, ndi zambiri amathamanga mayesero. Koma ndiye kuli kofunika? Si kosavuta kujambula chithunzi ndipo musawononge nthawi ndi mphamvu pa makope ake angapo. The kwambiri kuti luso oona salola kubwereza. Koma apa, mfundo imeneyi si ntchito. chosema zotsatira lagona zachilendo ake, kujambula dongosolo zithumwa.

Zithunzi analandira yosindikiza Pankafunika "kusindikiza". Komabe, kusindikiza - ndi kusindikiza kwa aliyense wa kusindikiza apachiyambi - ndi okhala ndi zolengeza lalembedwa. ndi chosema pamaso pa zotsimikizira luso chiyani? Zambiri mpheto, imene m'pofunika kupitiriza pepala pepala kwa gulu, amene kale anali ntchito utoto. pepala Izi ndiye mosamala wosiyana bolodi - ndipo ndi wokonzeka kusindikiza.

Zitsulo ndi matabwa

Art zipsera si kulisindikiza, ndi kupanga choyambirira, chimene inu ndiye kupanga chiwerengero cha magazini. Mphamvu ndi chuma pomanga "board", ndi zidindo zambiri lidzakhala lilipo. Zojambula mochita kugoba ndi mitundu iwiri: mkulu ndi gravure yosindikiza. Yoyamba njira ndi luso recess choyambirira cha galasi, mu njira yoti utoto kunditumiza ku pepala padziko lakunja la chitsanzo odulidwa. A njira yachiwiri imafotokoza kuti utoto akupitiriza pepala kuchokera zamkati atadzaza kwa "board".

Luso chinayamba m'zaka za m'ma 15, kuyambira pamenepo mobwerezabwereza kusinthidwa. Chosema matabwa poyamba anapanga pepala mkuwa monga chitsulo kwambiri zofewa. Kenako, panali xylographic luso lomwe gulu unasemedwa kuchokera matabwa olimba. njira Izi zakhala nthawi yochepa-kudya, kupatula kotheka kulenga Mipikisano mtundu zipsera. Chifukwa chaichi kunali kofunika kupanga matabwa ochepa ndi dongosolo losiyana kwa zinthu zojambula. pepala The anali ntchito alternately aliyense bolodi, ndi kuyanika wapakatikati, umene fano mtundu chinapezeka.

mpesa chosema

Zipsera anakhala ambiri m'zaka 15. The zipsera chidali zinalengedwa pa nthawi yomweyo, mu zokambirana za German wojambula Martin Schongauer ndi Albrehta Dyurera. Sitikudziwa achoke kwa iwo Italy Andrea Mantegna ndi Antonio Pollaiuolo.

M'zaka za m'ma 16 luso kusindikiza luso Anthu ambiri anazindikira Europe chosema anaukitsidwa kwa mlingo wa luso mkulu, makamaka chiyamiko kwa katswiri ndi Dürer, monga "The Four apakavalo a Chivumbulutso," "Odula mmikono Imfa," "Melancholia".

Mapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 16 amalembedwa yojambula pa luso chosema, zojambula achidule m'mbuyomu, panali chosiyana kudula kudzera luso wakhala zovuta kwambiri, kufanana ndi mtanda kuswa akhoza kukwaniritsa zotsatira wosangalatsa kukwaniritsa akuzinga phokoso zotsatira ndipo sewero kuwala ndi mthunzi. Chithunzi anapeza zizindikiro za kuukonza kuti anali kutsogolera kwa njira zina kusintha.

zipsera chitukuko

Ojambula zithunzi anayamba ntchito etching a m'munsi zitsulo ndipo analandira etching luso, zimene bloomed mu mphamvu ndi m'zaka za m'ma 17. A portraitist wanzeru Rembrandt komanso chinkhoswe zipsera ndi akwaniritsa bwino ndithu m'munda uwu. Wojambula Zhan Kallo anadzipereka moyo wake kwa luso la chosema ndipo analenga zomera zithunzi za m'nthawi yake. Klod Lorren anachita chidwi ntchito yomasulira zojambula ake zojambula mochita kugoba. A Rubens anakonza msonkhano wapadera, zomwe zimaberekana zojambula wake.

kutchuka

M'ma 17 unali m'badwo golide za chitukuko cha luso latsopano - zojambula mochita kugoba ndi etchings. List of Mitundu imene wojambula ntchito, onse kukodzedwa. Izi zinali zithunzi ndi malo oweta, zithunzi nkhondo, komabe lifes, nyama ndi anthu a nyanja. Anthu ambiri aluso nthawi olemekezeka kuyesa dzanja lawo pa luso la chosema. Panali Albums lonse, logwirizana thematically pa yekha ndi malo luso. Mwadzidzidzi anatchuka kwambiri etchings satirical wa Hogarth, Daniel Chodowiecki kakang'ono angapo zojambula mochita kugoba za Francisco Goya.

Art zipsera Japan

Japan, amadziwika mwambo wake luso wosayendapo kutali. Japanese zipsera - ndi wosanjikiza lonse la chikhalidwe dziko, mbali ya luso lake dziko. Nkhani ya zipsera choyamba, "ukiyo-e" inayambira m'ma 17. Ndiye thabwa Japanese osindikizidwa mu utoto. Mu zaka za m'ma 18, aluso akhala anayambitsa mtundu kusindikiza ndi "ukiyo-e" losandulizika.

Chosema mu Japan ndalama zotsika mtengo komanso ankasangalala kufunika odekha. Iwo akamachita zithunzi za ku moyo wa anthu wamba. Izi makamaka geisha wokongola (linali mutu waukulu), ndiye anayenda sumo wrestlers, ndipo mu malo wachitatu anali zisudzo zotchuka Kabuki zisudzo. Patapita nthawi, kudalowa otchuka malo chosema.

Chitetezo cha zinthu chidali

The etchings wotchuka kwambiri, akale ndi m'nthawi posachedwapa, ndi systematized. zithunzi chosema zilipo anthu, ali kulembetsa yake nambala, monga ulamuliro, m'kaundula. Izi ndi kuonetsetsa kuti phindu lake luso anakhalabe n'komwe. Osowa nthawi, monga katswiri Albrehta Dyurera, ali pansi pa chitetezero cha UNESCO. Dziko wotchuka kapena chofunika kwambiri zojambula mochita kugoba, zithunzi ndi zokoperazo zimene zili akalozera wapadera Interpol, kutetezedwa ndi misonkhano yapadera.

modernity

Mu zaka za m'ma 20, chitukuko cha chosema ngati luso anapitiriza. Mu ulamuliro wa Soviet, panali mibadwo yonse aluso aluso amene akwanitsa ntchito m'munda wa etchings ndi zipsera. Nthawi imeneyi chosema anakumana kuwuka kwake lotsatira, kujambula ngakhale zovuta, mawu ake anabwera kwa pachimake. 30, ntchentche anapanga Russian, ndipo kenako Soviet chosema sukulu, kuperekedwa ndi amisiri aluso, komanso ana awo. Chiyembekezo cha pofuna kukwaniritsa luso etching aakulu utawaleza. Kenako mu zaka prewar, chosema anakhala chithunzi, ndi kutchuka kwake akuchepa kwambiri.

Nkhondo yachiwiri itatha kwa zaka 20, koma zipsera zinalembedwa monga njira zofalitsira nkhani zotsika mtengo koma ogwira Soviet. Panopa, luso chosema ali stalemate, ziribe okonda latsopano, aluso ndi achikulire akugwira nawo ntchito zamalonda. Ngakhale lero pa funso zimene chosema, aliyense Russian tithe kupereka yankho mabuku. Mwina kudzakhala mitundu yatsopano zipsera m'tsogolo, chifukwa luso amatha kutsitsimutsa mu guises latsopano.