MHK - ziri ... World Art. MHK: Kubadwa Kwatsopano

N'zovuta kutsutsana ndi mmene amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya luso la nthawi iliyonse. Weruzani nokha: pa maphunziro a mbiri mu sukulu pambuyo pa mutu uliwonse odzipereka pa kuphunzira mmene nkhani zandale ndiponso zachuma mu dziko pa nthawi iliyonse nthawi, ophunzira akulimbikitsidwa kukonzekera malipoti pa luso la nthawi iyi.

Komanso mu Maphunziro a nthawi zochepa zapitazi pali chinthu monga MCC. Ndi mwamtheradi N'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa ntchito iliyonse luso ndi imodzi mwa chinyezimiro yowala nthawi yomwe analenga ndi limakupatsani kuyang'ana pa mbiriyakale ya dziko mwa maso a Mlengi, amene anaupereka moyo mankhwala.

tanthauzo la chikhalidwe

World chikhalidwe, kapena chidule MCC - mtundu wa chikhalidwe anthu, ozikidwa pa kubalana wophiphiritsa ndi kulenga kwa anthu ndi anthu, komanso zamoyo ndi chikhalidwe zopanda moyo kudzera njira ntchito ndi luso akatswiri ndi chikhalidwe wowerengeka. Ndi zachilengedwe ndi njira mchitidwewu wauzimu, amalenga, kugawira ndi lophunzira zinthu zakuthupi ndiponso zosemasema zopanda zokongoletsa. World Art zikuphatikizapo zojambula, ziboliboli, mapulani cholowa ndi zipilala za luso ndi ntchito zamanja, komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi kulenga aliyense payekha ake ntchito.

Udindo wa MCC zikhoza maphunziro

M'kati kuphunzira chikhalidwe dziko Timalipereka ngati kusakanikirana chachikulu ndi kuzindikira chikhalidwe kulankhulana mu malo oyamba ndi zochitika m'mbiri ya nthawi iliyonse, komanso sayansi chikhalidwe.

Monga tanena kale, chikhalidwe dziko kumaphatikizapo zochita zonse luso kuti ali anthu nthawi chinkhoswe. Bukuli, zisudzo, nyimbo, maluso zithunzi. Timaphunzira njira zonse zokhudza chilengedwe ndi yosungirako, ndi kuchulukana, chilengedwe ndi kuwunika ya cholowa chikhalidwe. Kukhala pa akungoonerera ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi makonzedwe a zina zachikhalidwe cha anthu ndi maphunziro ku mayunivesite moyenera akatswiri oyenerera.

Monga phunziro la MCC - kuchonderera kwa luso chikhalidwe lonse osati mitundu payekha.

Chiphunzitso cha lothandiza chikhalidwe

Cultural lothandiza kapena mawonedwe chikhalidwe ndi zovuta multifactorial chodabwitsa, munali chithunzi cha munthu makamaka ngati moyo pa nthawi imeneyo ndi wozengereza kugwira ntchito, ndi gulu la anthu ndi moyo womwewo, moyo maganizo ndi mindset, auchimo.

paradigms Cultural m'malo mzake chifukwa cha mtundu wa kusankha zamoyo ndi chikhalidwe ndi mogwirizana zigawo zikuluzikulu chikhalidwe ndi nzeru, amene amanyamula luso. MCC monga Inde likalowa chokha Cholinga cha phunziro ndi njira izi.

Kodi Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Imodzi mwa nthawi zofunika kwambiri chitukuko cha chikhalidwe ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano, chitsitsimutso, ulamuliro umene anali zaka mazana XIII-XVI. ndipo chinali chiyambi cha Chatsopano Time nyengo. Pansi kwambiri monga kuchuluka kwa luso.

Patapita nthawi kuchepa mu Middle Ages luso limamasula ndipo amatsitsimutsa nzeru yakale yoyendera luso. Inali pa nthawi imeneyi m'lingaliro "chitsitsimutso" ntchito Rinascita, mawu Italy, kenako pali Akhristu ambiri mu zilankhulo za ku Ulaya, kuphatikizapo French Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Zolengedwa zonse zokongola, makamaka zithunzi zojambulajambula, amakhala chilengedwe "chinenero" kuti amalola inu kudziwa zinsinsi za chikhalidwe ndi pafupi kwa icho. Master imabereka chikhalidwe si lachabechabe, koma amamuchititsa munthu pazipita mwachibadwa, kuyesera kuposa Supreme. Umayamba chitukuko cha bwino kwa ife lingaliro la kukongola, ndi sayansi ndi chidziwitso cha Mulungu nthawi zonse kupeza mumafanana. Pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano, ndi luso wobwezera zasayansi ndipo kachisiyo.

periodization

Chitsitsimutso kugawidwa m'mbali zingapo nthawi. Mu Italy - kunyumba Kubadwa Kwatsopano - nthawi zingapo anali kudziŵika amene akhala ntchito padziko lonse. Iwo Protorenessans (1260-1320 gg.), Pang'ono m'gulu nthawi duecento (XIII c.). Komanso, panali nthawi trecento (XIV c.) Quatrocento (XV c.) Cinquecento (XVI c.).

A periodization kwambiri ambiri ukugawa nyengo pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano Early (zaka XIV-XV.). Panthawi imeneyi, pali mogwirizana kwa mumaganiza latsopano ndi Gothic, amene akumvera losandulizika. Komanso pali nthawi ya Middle, kapena Mkulu, ndi malemu Kubadwa Kwatsopano, malo apadera kuti analipira Mannerism, yodziwika ndi vuto la Kubadwa Kwatsopano zaumunthu chikhalidwe.

Komanso, m'mayiko monga France ndi Netherlands, anayamba otchedwa kumpoto Kubadwa Kwatsopano, kumene ntchito yaikulu ankaimba ndi malemu Gothic. Pamene mbiri ya MCC akuti chitsitsimutso umaonekera Eastern Europe: Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary ndi mayiko a ku Scandinavia. Spain, UK ndi Portugal akhala unakhazikitsidwa m'mayiko Kubadwa Kwatsopano awo oyambirira chikhalidwe.

Ndi akatswiri achipembedzo zigawo za Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Kudzera kusinkhasinkha oimira ngati a nzeru za nthawi ino, monga Giordano Bruno, Nikolay Kuzansky, Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola, Paracelsus, kukhala zogwirizana mu MCC mutu wa zilandiridwenso wauzimu, komanso kulimbana ndi ufulu azimuuza munthu "mulungu chachiwiri" ndi amuna wothandizana naye.

Zogwirizana, monga mwa nthawi zonse, vuto la chikumbumtima ndi abwino, ndi chikhulupiriro mwa Mulungu ndi wolamulira wamkulu. Kuchitidwe monga amagonja ndi, odziletsa, ndi maganizo ampatuko pa funso limeneli.

Man anakumana ndi kusankha, ndi mpingo wa nthawi imeneyo, kusintha ikukhudza Kubadwa Kwatsopano osati mu MCC. Ndi chitsitsimutso cha makhalidwe abwino anthu, zimafalitsidwa atsogoleri zisudzo za zipembedzo zonse achipembedzo, kuchokera adayambitsa Reformation kuti Ajezwiti.

Ntchito yaikulu ya chi. mawu ochepa A za umunthu

Chapatsogolo pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano anaika maphunziro a munthu watsopano. Mawu Latin wa humanitas, amene adza mawu "umunthu" ndi ofanana ndi mawu achigiriki "maphunziro".

Monga mbali ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano umunthu limalimbikitsa munthu kuonetsetsa kuti likhale zofunika kwa nthawi nzeru wakale ndi kupeza njira kudzimvera chidziwitso ndi kudzikonda kusintha. Apa pali maphatikizidwe yabwino kwambiri tikhoza kupereka nthawi zina tidasiya chizindikiro awo MCC. Kubadwa Kwatsopano anatenga cholowa wakale wa Kale, achipembedzo ndi akunja akale malamulo a ulemu, ndi mphamvu za kulenga za malingaliro a munthu wa Age Chatsopano, kupanga mtundu zatsopano ndi looneka changwiro worldview.

Kubadwa Kwatsopano muzochitika zosiyanasiyana za ntchito anthu luso

Nthawi imeneyi, zojambula zachiphamaso naturopodobnye kuchotsa mafano, kukhala likulu la luso. mitunda Mwakhama olembedwa, kunyumba kupenta, chithunzi. Gawani kusindikizidwa chosema pa zitsulo ndi matabwa. Ntchito ojambula zithunzi zina zachidule kukhala mtundu osadalira pa zilandiridwenso. Chithunzi zachiphamaso chikhalidwe pano mu kupenta chadzaoneni.

Pa zomangamanga, motsogoleredwa ndi mtima wofuna lingaliro la mapulani centric otchuka ndi njila kwa akachisi, nyumba zachifumu ndi ensembles kamangidwe, kupanga kutsindika pa dziko lapansi, centric kuona bungwe horizontals.

Kubadwa Kwatsopano mabuku amakhala ndi chikondi cha Latin monga chinenero cha anthu ophunzira kwambiri, limodzi ndi zinenero dziko ndi wamba. Kukhala Mitundu otchuka monga buku picaresque ndi buku m'tauni, ndakatulo amunamuna komanso mabuku a akale knightly ulendo-lathu, Zotengera oweta ndi chikondi ndakatulo. Pa nsonga ya kutchuka kwa sewero zisudzo kuvala masewero chakudya maholide mzinda ndi extravaganzas zobiriwira bwalo, kukhala mankhwala kwa kaphatikizidwe zokongola zosiyanasiyana luso.

nyimbo chikukula okhwima polyphony nyimbo. Vuto la zikuchokera, maonekedwe a mitundu woyamba Sonatas, kamera, zipinda zazikulu zokhala ndi oratory overture. Adziko nyimbo pafupi nthano ndi ogwirizana achipembedzo. Pali kulekana nyimbo zoimbidwa monga mitundu osiyana, ndipo nthawi ya nsonga - chilengedwe cha zonse kunachitika payekha songs, masewero a ndi oratorios. Mu malo a kachisi wa sewero la akubwera, amene akutenga malo pakati nyimbo chikhalidwe.

Ambiri, yojambula lalikulu limakhala zimene anali kamodzi kudzibisa akale m'malo mwa munthu payekha, zilandiridwenso mlembi. Pa nkhani imeneyi, chikhalidwe dziko chimatsatira mlingo watsopano.

Kubadwa Kwatsopano titans

N'zosadabwitsa kuti chitsitsimutso chachikulu luso kwenikweni kwa phulusa sakanakhoza kutenga malo opanda anthu amene analenga zolengedwa awo chikhalidwe chatsopano. Kenako adayamba kutchedwa "titans" kuyamikira apanga.

Protorenessans ankaimira Giotto, ndi pa Quatrocento zimatsutsana constructively okhwima Mazachcho ndi modzipereka m'nyimbo ntchito Botticelli ndi Angelico.

Avereji, kapena Wotukuka, Kubadwa Kwatsopano umaimiridwa ndi Raphael, Michelangelo ndi kumene Leonardo da Vinci - ndi amisiri amene akhala wodziwika bwino kumayambiriro kwa M'badwo Watsopano.

Wotchuka Kubadwa Kwatsopano wamanga Bramante anayamba, Brunelleschi ndi Palladio. Brueghel Wamkulu, Van Eyck ndi Bosch - Dutch amisiri wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Holbein Wamng'ono, Dürer, Cranach Wamkulu anayambitsa wa German Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

Mabuku a nthawi ino kukumbukira mayina amenewa masterov- "Titans" monga Shakespeare, Petrarch, Cervantes, Rabelais, anapereka dziko mawu a, chikondi, ndi sewero, ndi amene anapanga zopereka mapangidwe zinenero mabuku a m'mayiko awo.

Mosakayikira, Kubadwa Kwatsopano zachititsa kuti chitukuko cha madera ambiri a luso ndi linapereka kwa chilengedwe cha atsopano. Sizikudziwika kodi mbiri ya chikhalidwe dziko, ngati izo sizinali nthawi. Mwina chakale luso lero sibwenzi anachititsa kusangalala zimenezi, malo ambiri mu mabuku, nyimbo ndi luso kuti kulibe konse. Kapena mwina zonse zimene tili ntchito kusonkhana chakale luso, adzaonekera, koma kwa zaka zambiri kapena ngakhale patapita zaka zambiri. Kaya Inde zochitika, mbiri salola ndi maganizo subjunctive. Ndipo n'zoonekeratu chinthu chimodzi chokha: ngakhale lero timasirira ntchito za nyengo ino, ndipo kamodzinso zimatsimikizira kufunika kwake mu moyo zachikhalidwe cha anthu.