Nkhondo ya pachiweniweni Tajikistan (zaka 1992-1997): kufotokoza, mbiri ndi zotsatira

Madzulo a azingokhala wa USSR (ndi mu oyambirira 80s), zinthu kunja kwa mzinda wa boma chinali Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Moldova, Tajikistan, ndi zina zambiri chapakati ku Asia, amene achoka anavomereza kuti Moscow ndi Kwenikweni, pa msewu wa separatism. Pambuyo kugwa kwa Union anatsatira kuphedwa zoopsa: choyamba akugwa pansi pa kameredwe mwathu muno, ndiyeno boma anayamba kuthetsa Otsutsa n'kotheka. Pafupifupi nkhani yomweyo anayamba nkhondo ya pachiweniweni Tajikistan.

Tikumbukenso kuti Tajikistan, monga Kazakhstan, wakhala mmodzi mwa anthu ochepa mayiko a ku Central Asia, umene kwenikweni sanafune kugwa kwa Soviet Union. Ndipo chifukwa zikhumbo ndipo apa panali izi zomwe zinachititsa kuti Civil nkhondo.

prerequisites

Sitiyenera Komabe, amaganiza kuti anayamba "mwadzidzidzi ndipo mwadzidzidzi" chifukwa aliyense chodabwitsa ali ena chiyambi cha moyo wake. Iwo anali mu nkhani iyi.

Chiwerengero kupambana - kuphatikizapo. anali Tajikistan 1990s chiyani? Civil kunabuka nkhondo dera kuti Soviet Union, komwe mpaka masiku ake otsiriza panali mofulumira ndi azilandira kukula kwa anthu. Kuti mwanjira ntchito nkhokwe yaikulu ntchito, anaponya anthu mu ngodya osiyana a dziko. Koma njira zimenezi vuto sichinayambe anathana mpaka kumapeto. Perestroika chinayamba, Boom mafakitale anaima, monga subsidy ndi anaima ndi mapulogalamu resettlement. Anamubisa ulova anafika 25%.

Mavuto ndi anansi

Pa nthawi yomweyo, unakhazikitsidwa Afghanistan ndi Taliban ulamuliro, ndi Uzbekistan anayamba amakhalidwe kulowerera pa zochitika za lakale la mlongo. Pa nthawi yomweyo pa malire a Tajikistan anakumana zofuna za United States ndi Iran. Pomaliza, Soviet Union si, ndipo sanathe utangoyamba Russian Federation kuchita monga arbitrator m'chigawochi. The voteji pang'onopang'ono kumawonjezera, izo zakhala zomveka zotsatira za nkhondo ya pachiweniweni Tajikistan.

Chiyambi cha mkangano

Ambiri, chiyambi cha nkhondo ya mwachangu chinathandiza njira, umene panthawi imeneyo unapitirira Afghanistan. Pakati Pashtun, Chitajiki ndi Chiuzibeki magulu anatembenuzira nkhondo mphamvu m'chigawo. Kuyembekezeredwa kuti Pashtuns mu Taliban maso wamphamvu kuposa adani awo odziŵika unagawanika ndipo zonse kukangana pakati pawo. Inde, Tajiks ndi Uzbeks ankakonda azipeza nthawi yocheza wina ndi mzake. Makamaka, Uzbekistan imayendetsedwa mwachangu ankatumikira ake mu dera la Tajiks. Choncho, Uzbeks tinganene kuti "zonse" mamembala ya nkhondoyo boma. Izi ayenera kutiuza zambiri.

Choncho, mkulu onyamula Mphamvu ya Uzbekistan, pamodzi ndi dongosolo polubanditskimi hissar Uzbeks zinasokoneza mwachangu nkhondo, ngakhale mu 1997, pamene nkhondo kale chikuzirala kwathunthu. Pamaso pa Uzbeks UN mwachangu wolungama ndi chakuti iwo amati kupewa kufala kwa kwakukulu Islam.

Zochita za lachitatu maphwando

Kumene, ndi maziko a zonsezi ugliness akunjoya sikuti mwasiya kuyesera kuti akathyole chidutswa cha mkate fatter, poganiza kuonjezera kukopa kwake m'chigawochi. Choncho, Dushanbe (1992) pafupifupi imodzi anatsegula Iran awo ndi ofesi ya kazembe US. Mwachibadwa, ankasewera pa mbali zosiyana, kuchirikiza magulu otsutsa zosiyanasiyana m'dera la Tajikistan. Chabe udindo wa Russia, amene anatenga kuchokera kupanda mphamvu m'chigawo, wachita m'manja mwa aliyense - makamaka Saudi Arabia. mafumu Arab mwina koma zindikirani zothandiza Tajikistan monga m'munsi ndi oyenereradi chifukwa ntchito mu Afghanistan.

Chiyambi cha Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni

Pakati zonse kukula mimba lonse nyumba chigawenga, umene panthawi imeneyo ankagwira ntchito yotamandika mu zida za loyang'anira Tajikistan. Zonse zaipiraipira kuyambira 1989, pamene Amnesty misa zinachitikadi. Ambiri kale anali akaidi, kutero ndi ndalama ku lachitatu maphwando, anali wokonzeka kumenyana ndi aliyense ndi chilichonse. Ndi cha mtundu umenewu "msuzi" ndi anayambitsa nkhondo ku Tajikistan. Akuluakulu ankafuna chirichonse, koma kukwaniritsa njira mulingo woyenera ndi nyumba theka-chigawenga.

The kusiyana inayamba mu 1989. Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti nkhondo inayambika pambuyo misonkhano odana ndi zomwe mu Dushanbe. Zimamveka boma Soviet ndiye akagwidwa. Zimenezi ndi zilizonse, mwamsanga malemu 70 ntchentche wa Moscow boma la kudera anazindikira yokhala okha. Nagorno-Karabakh wakhala kulephera wathunthu wa boma la Russia kuti zoyenela pa nkhani ya chiopsezo, kotero kuti mphamvu kwakukulu pamene monga anatuluka mithunzi.

chisankho

November 24, 1991, chisankho choyamba pulezidenti apambana mwa Nabiyev. Ambiri, zinali zosavuta kuti, monga Otsutsa mu "kusankhidwa" iye sanali. Mwachibadwa, pambuyo anayamba nayonso mphamvu misa, pulezidenti wa kumene anagawira zida Kulyab mabanja, amene anadalira oimira.

Ena olemba wokwezeka amati zimenezi kunali kulakwa zoopsa za demokalase ya mnyamata Republic. Apitirizebe Pamene anaikira pa malire a Tajikistan ndi sanaoneke zida ndi ozimitsa ku Afghanistan ndi Uzbekistan, kuti chiyambi cha kugunda anali kokha nkhani ya nthawi. Mwatsoka, nkhondo ku Tajikistan anali anakonzeratu kuyambira pachiyambi.

Nkhondo

Pa chiyambi cha May 1992 ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira anatsutsa lingaliro la chilengedwe cha Kulyabis "Alonda National", nthawi yomweyo anapita tingalimbanirane. Anagwidwa ndi waukulu malo kulankhulana, zipatala, mwachangu anatenga Anagwiranso, magazi woyamba unakhetsedwa. Yamalamulo pansi zikachitika mwamsanga kupereka mabanja chikumenyana nsanamira kwambiri. Choncho, zochitika za masika 1992 zinachititsa mapangidwe "Mgwirizano" boma.

nthumwi zake pafupifupi nagwire ntchito yokoma kwa dziko kumene anthu, koma mwachangu akusemphana, kumanga zokhota wina ndi mzake ndi kuchita atasemphana lotseguka. N'zoona kuti nthawi yaitali choncho sangathe kupitiriza, nkhondo ya pachiweniweni Tajikistan. Mwachidule, chiyambi chake ayenera anafuna mu sankafuna kukambirana ndi adani.

Coalition nachobe mtundu wa umodzi mkati, umalimbana chiwonongeko thupi la adani onse angathe. Nkhondo zinakambidwa ndi poipa, nkhanza nyama. Ngakhale akaidi kapena mboni anamusiira. Mu yophukira oyambirira 1992 Nabiyev ambiri anali akapolo, ndiponso amakakamizidwa lowani akane chikhulupiriro chawo. Kutsutsidwa anatenga mphamvu. Mu mbiri izi mwachidule za Chitajiki nkhondo yapachiweniweni mwina zatha, monga nsonga latsopano anapereka maganizo mwanzeru ndithu osati akuyesetsa kuti adzawonongedwa dziko m'magazi ... Koma ameneyu kukhala.

Kulowa mu nkhondo ya magulu wachitatu

Choyamba, gulu la kwakukulu limodzi ndi Hissar Uzbeks. Chachiwiri, boma la Uzbekistan ali poyera ananena kuti asilikali a dziko adzakhala nawonso kumenyera ngati Hissar adzakhala kupambana chigonjetso mtima. Komabe, Uzbeks sanazengereze ntchito asilikali ake misa pa malire a dziko loyandikana nalo, popanda kupempha kuti mwaubwino ndi UN. Ndi chifukwa cha zimenezi "hodgepodge" Chilango motalika inatenga nkhondo ku Tajikistan (zaka 1992-1997).

Chiwonongeko cha anthu wamba

Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 1992, Hissar ndi Dushanbe Kuliabis n'kuulanda. magulu otsutsa anayamba duu mapiri kumbuyo kwawo iwo anapita Tola zikwi zambiri othawa. Ena a iwo anapita pa Apmir woyamba, ndipo kumeneko anthu anasamukira ku Afghanistan. Unyinji waukulu wa anthu akuthawa nkhondo anapita cha Garm. Mwatsoka, pali anachititsanso detachments Chilango. Atafika anthu unarmed, kunabuka ndi kuphedwa zoopsa. Masauzande mitembo m'ng'anjo mtsinje basi Surkhab. Matupi anali ambiri moti am'deralo analibe ngakhale anayandikira mtsinje kwazaka ngati makumi awiri.

Kuyambira pamenepo, nkhondo chinatenga, ndi flaring, ndiye anayamba kuchepa kachiwiri kwa zaka zoposa zisanu. Nthawi zambiri, "yapachiweniweni singaimitse ntchitoyi" kuyitana nkhondo imeneyi si zolondola kwambiri, chifukwa 60% wa asilikali a mbali yotsutsa, osanenapo magulu ndi m'madera ena a ku Soviet Union, kuphatikizapo Georgia, Ukraine, ndi Uzbekistan. Kotero kuti nthawi ya Nkhondo momveka bwino: munthu kunja kwa dzikoli yakhala yopindulitsa kwambiri kwa nthawi yaitali ndi mosalekeza kukana zida.

Ambiri, kugalukira otsutsa sanasiyire pomwepo. nthawi yaitali bwanji zinatha nkhondo ku Tajikistan? zaka 1992-1997, monga mfundo boma la view. Koma izo siziri choncho, kwa kumenyana chatha chibwenzi kuchokera 2000s oyambirira. Malinga ndi kafukufuku zosavomerezeka, zinthu m'dziko Central Asia, kutali abwino lero. Zimenezi ndi zoona makamaka tsopano, pamene Afghanistan ambiri wakhala gawo wodzala vakhabitami.

Zotsatira za nkhondo

Sichangozi kuti tsoka kwambiri dziko sikuona mdani, osati masoka achilengedwe, koma nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Mu Tajikistan (1992-1997 gg.) Population akhoza kukhulupirira zinachitikira zawo.

Zochitika za zaka amenewo yodziwika ndi ovulala wautali kwambiri mwa nzika, komanso kuwononga lingamutsatire zachuma: pa nkhondoyo anawonongedwa pafupifupi zomangamanga mafakitale mayiko wakale wa dziko la USSR, sadzachitanso anatha kuteteza wapadera opangira magetsi siteshoni mphamvu pa nthawi amapereka kwa 1/3 bajeti okwana Tajikistan. Malinga ndi lipoti la boma, anapha anthu osachepera 100 sauzande, nambalayi - akusowa. Tellingly, mbadwo Wotsirizira - osachepera 70% Russian, Ukrainians, Belarusians, amene pamaso kugwa kwa Union komanso kukhala ku dera la Republic of Tajikistan (1992). The nkhondo yapachiweniweni yalimbikitsa ndipo inapita kumayiko ena.

Vuto la othaŵa

Chiŵerengero cha othawa anali akadali silidziŵika. Ambiri mwina, anali zambiri oposa, zomwe akuluakulu amanena Chitajiki akuluakulu. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, ndi vuto la othawa akadali imodzi mwa nkhani yovuta kwambiri zomwe boma akuyesera kupewedwa polankhula ndi anzake ku Russia, Uzbekistan, Iran ndi ngakhale Afghanistan. Mu dziko lathu amati dziko anasiya anthu osachepera miliyoni anayi.

Mu yoweyula yoyamba yotere asayansi, madokotala, olemba. Choncho, Tajikistan (zaka 1992-1997) wataya osati malo mafakitale, komanso pakati pake penipeni aluntha. Kufikira tsopano, dziko akukumana ndi kusowa pachimake akatswiri ambiri aluso. Makamaka, chifukwa cha zimenezi, komabe ndiribe anayamba kukula kwa madipoziti ambiri mchere zomwe zilipo pa madera ake.

Pulezidenti Rakhmonov mu 1997 inaika lamulo pa gulu la thumba lonse "chiyanjano" imene theoretically amathandiza othawa kubwerera Tajikistan. The nkhondo yapachiweniweni mu 1992 odula kwambiri dziko, koma chifukwa pa kusiyana zapitazi, palibe amene amachita chidwi.

m'malo mapeto

Koma ntchito mwayi umenewu antchito makamaka otsika-aluso ndi ozimitsa kale anali mbali yotsutsa. Woyenera akatswiri mu dziko kuti abwerere sinditi, chifukwa iwo akhala anaphatikizana kunja, ndipo ana awo sadziwa chilankhulo kapena miyambo ya kwawo kale. Komanso, pafupifupi inawonongedwa mu Tajikistan makampani kumathandiza nambala likukulirakulira antchito anapita kukagwira. M'dzikoli pali malo ogwirira ntchito, koma chifukwa iwo apite kunja: mu Russia, malinga ndi 2013, nthawi zonse ntchito osachepera miliyoni Tajiks.

Ndipo ndi - mwalamulo yekha anadutsa FMS lapansi. Malinga ndi kafukufuku zosavomerezeka, chiwerengero m'dziko lathu akhoza kufika miliyoni 2-3.5. Kotero nkhondo Tajikistan kamodzinso zimatsimikizira lingaliro nkhondo ya boma - chinthu choyipa chimene chachitika mu dziko. Iwo sakudziwa kupindula aliyense (ena kuposa adani kunja).