Nkhondo, anatseka misewu ya Leningrad. Masiku angati kuti anapitiriza anatseka misewu ya Leningrad? Kuzinga Leningrad: Zaka

Chilakolako kugwila Leningrad chabe ankazunza lamulo onse German. M'nkhani ino ife tinena za chochitika, nanga masiku a anapitiriza anatseka misewu ya Leningrad ambiri. Izo zinakonzedwa ndi magulu angapo, muyanjane pansi pa lamulo la Field polimbana Wilhelm Von Leeb magulu monga "North", kukankhira asilikali Soviet ku limati Baltic ndi kuyamba kugwila Leningrad. Potsatira bwino ntchito imeneyi, ankhondowo German adzakhala ndi mwayi waukulu zedi kwa mwadzidzidzi gawanikani kumbuyo kwa asilikali Soviet, ndi kusiya Moscow popanda chitetezo.

Kuzinga Leningrad. tsiku

The adani a Leningrad ndi Germany kuti basi kumana Soviet Union ya Baltic zombo, amene ali kangapo zaipiraipira zinthu njira. Kuthekera kupanga kutsogolo latsopano chokaniora Moscow imeneyi sizinali chifukwa cha mphamvu zonse kale ntchito. asilikali Soviet sanathe maganizo kuvomereza kulanda mzinda wa mdani, ndi yankho ku funso lakuti: "Kodi masiku ambiri anapitiriza anatseka misewu ya Leningrad" Zikanakhala yosiyana. Koma izo zinachitika, m'mene zinachitikira.

July 10, 1941 ku Germany anaukira Leningrad, wapamwamba koposa mphamvu zawo zinali zosachita kufunsa. Ankhondowo, koma kugawikana oyenda 32, anali ndi thanki 3, 3 Moto Division ndi anatithandiza kwambiri ya ndege. Mu nkhondo imeneyi, asilikali German anakana kumpoto ndi kumpoto-kumadzulo kutsogolo komwe kunali anthu zochepa kwambiri (okwana 31 zopatutsana ndi 2 brigades). Mu nkhani iyi, zokometsera analibe akasinja iliyonse, palibe zida, palibe mabomba, ndi ndege konse inali nthawi 10 poyerekeza mwa anthu a.

Kuzinga Leningrad: nkhani ya kuukira loyamba la asilikali German

Khama kwambiri khama, dziko la Germany anakankhira mmbuyo asilikali Soviet ku Baltic States ndi anapezerapo kuukira Leningrad mbali ziwiri. asilikali Chifinishi anasamukira kudzera Karelia ndi ndege German anali anaikira kuzungulira mzindawo. asilikali Soviet anachita kubwera kwa mdani m'zonse ndipo ngakhale anaimitsa asilikali Chifinishi pafupi Karelian kamtunda kopita ku chilumba.

The German Army "North" anapitiriza amanyansidwa ndi ziŵiri: lushskomu ndi Novgorod-Chudovo. Waukulu Division mantha anasintha machenjerero ndipo anasamukira ku Leningrad. Komanso adenda kumzinda wa German mpweya mphamvu, amene ali apamwamba kwambiri kuposa Soviet. Komabe, ngakhale kuti Soviet ndege zinthu zambiri wolephera mdani, inam'siya airspace pa Leningrad chabe ndege angapo Nazi. Mu August, asilikali German anaswa kuti Shimskaya, koma asilikali Red Army kusiya mdani pa Staraya Russa. Izo pang'ono chimasokoneza kayendedwe ka Anazi ndipo ngakhale anaopseza kuti chilengedwe chawo.

Kusintha malangizo mmene

Lopondereza lamulo anasintha malangizo ndi pansi pa Staraya Russa anatumiza magulu awiri Moto, mothandizidwa ndi zoponya mabomba. Mu August, mzinda lalandidwa Novgorod ndi Chudovo ndi oletsedwa mayendedwe sitima. German High Lamulo anaganiza kuphatikiza pafupi Nyanja Ladoga ankhondo ake ndi Chifinishi, ikuyenda umenewu. Kale mu mochedwa August, asilikali mdani oletsedwa misewu zonse zotsogolera ku Leningrad, ndi 8 September mzinda anatengedwa ndi mdani pamene azingidwa. Tizilumikizana ndi dziko lakunja zinali zotheka ndi mpweya kapena madzi. Choncho, achifasizimu Leningrad "anazinga", anayamba shelling mzinda ndi anthu wamba. Pakhala zonse mlengalenga mabomba.
Osati kupeza chinenero Stalin Poteteza nkhani likulu, September 12 anatumizidwa ku Leningrad Zhukov ndipo anapeza kuti achitepo kanthu pofuna kuteteza mzindawo. Koma ndi October 10 chifukwa cha vuto asilikali pansi Moscow Zhukov Ine ndinachita kupita uko, ndi timu anaikidwa Major wake m'malo General Fedyuninsky.

Hitler anathyola ndi zina magulu a zina pasanapite nthawi kwathunthu kugwila Leningrad ndi kuwononga asilikali Soviet. nkhondo mzinda unatenga masiku 871. Ngakhale kuti pasadakhale mdani unatha a m'deralo anali pafupi moyo ndi imfa. m'matangadza chakudya tsiku lililonse anayamba kuvutika, ndi shelling ndi mpweya kunyanyala sikuti mwasiya.

kasupe

Kuyambira pa tsiku loyamba la anatseka misewu njira imodzi yokha ya njira cholinga - the Road wa Moyo - akhoza kusiya mzinda anazinga. Iwo anadutsa Ladonezhskoe nyanja, ndi chifukwa izo zikhoza kuthamangitsidwa Leningrad akazi ndi ana. Komanso pa msewu uwu mu mzinda analandira chakudya, mankhwala ndi zida. Koma chakudya sikokwanira, masitolo analibe kanthu, ndipo pafupi ophika buledi ndi kusonkhanitsa ambiri mwa anthu pofuna kuti chakudya makuponi wake. "Road a Moyo" anali ndi lopapatiza zonse pansi pa diso la Nazi, koma njira ina kunja kwa mzinda kulibe.

njala

Posakhalitsa tinayamba kuzizira, ndipo ngalawa ndi zinthu sizinali kukwaniritsa Leningrad. mzinda anayamba njala yoopsa. Akatswiri ndi ogwira ntchito pa zomera anayikidwa pa magalamu 300 mkate ndi anthu wamba a Leningrad - ga 150 chabe Koma tsopano khalidwe la mkate sakuyenda kwambiri - anali mphira osakaniza a zotsala za mkate stale ndi zosafunika ena inedible. Loonetsa amadziwikanso kudula. Ndipo pamene ozizira anafika opanda makumi anai, Leningrad pa anatseka misewu anakhalabe wopanda madzi popanda magetsi. Koma zomera kwa kupanga zida ndi zipolopolo anali kugwira ntchito yosayima, ngakhale mu nthawi zovuta mumzindawo.

The Germany sankakayikira kuti mzinda nthaŵi yaitali zinthu zoipazi, adani ake ankafuna tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuzinga Leningrad, kuyamba tsiku limene, mogwirizana ndi Anazi, ndipo amayenera kukhala tsiku la adani a mzinda, anali unpleasantly anadabwa lamulo. Anthu musataye mtima ndipo amapereka mzake ndi zokometsera awo oipa. Iwo sanali musokonezeka pansi kwa mdani. Kuzinga anakokera pa, kukhulupirika ankhondowo pang'onopang'ono kuchepa. City analephera mumpanda, ndi zinthu zinavuta kwambiri tsiku lililonse likadutsa zochita zigawenga. Army Gulu "North" analamulidwa kukhala pa malo, ndi m'chilimwe, pamene reinforcements kubwera kwa anayamba kuchita.

Zoyesayesa woyamba kumasula mzinda

Mu 1942, asilikali a Soviet ankafuna angapo kuti amasule mzinda, koma yopuma wa anatseka misewu ya Leningrad sizinatero. Pamene zoyesayesa zonse inatha kulephera, koma amanyansidwa wofooka udindo wa mdani, ndipo anapereka mwayi kuyesa kuchotsa anatseka misewu kachiwiri. ndondomeko izi zimachitika Voroshilov ndi Zhukov. January 12, 1944 asilikali Soviet ndi thandizo la Baltic zombo anayamba zolawula. kumenyana katundu amakakamizidwa mdani kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake zonse. nkhonya Wamphamvu kumbali zonse amakakamizidwa asilikali a Hitler anayamba mthunzi, ndipo mu June, mdani anathamangitsidwa kwa makilomita 300 kuchokera Leningrad. Kuswa kuzinga Leningrad kunali kupambana ndi kunasintha nkhondo.

Kutalika kwa anatseka misewu

History sakudziwa ankhanza ndiponso yaitali asilikali anazinga ngati wa m'mudzi, mu Leningrad. Kodi masiku ambiri nkhawa anadutsa okhala mumzinda anazinga, masiku angati ... The kuzinga Leningrad unatenga masiku 871. Anthu ululu ndi mavuto, izo zikanakhala zokwanira padziko lonse kwa zaka za m'ma! Kuzinga Leningrad - zaka, kwenikweni wamagazi ndi mdima aliyense. Iwo linathyoka ndi kudzipereka ndi mtima wa asilikali Soviet amene anali wokonzeka kupereka moyo wawo kwawo. Kumapeto kwa zaka mbiri yakale komanso anthu wamba ambiri anali kungofuna chinthu chimodzi: zinatheka kupewa chotero tsoka wankhanza? Mwina ayi. Hitler chabe akulakalaka tsiku pamene iye angakhoze kutenga malo a Baltic zombo ndi kutchinga njira yopita ku Murmansk ndi Angelo, kumene reinforcements kufika kwa asilikali Soviet. Zinatheka kupanga zinthu pasadakhale ndiponso pang'ono yokonzekera? "Kuzinga Leningrad - nkhani ya ungwazi ndipo magazi" - kuti akhoza kutchulidwa nthawi oopsa. Koma tiyeni tione zifukwa chifukwa cha zimene mavuto anatembenuka.

Prerequisites kwa anatseka misewu ndi zimayambitsa njala

Mu 1941, pa chiyambi cha September, Anazi analandidwa Shlisselburg. Choncho, Leningrad anazungulira. Poyamba, anthu Soviet sanakhulupirire kuti zinthu kungachititse kuti mavuto amenewa zoopsa, koma mantha atapezeka Leningrad. ndi maalumali analibe kanthu, ndalama zonse wakhala achoka ndalama kubanki maola ochepa chabe, ambiri a anthu ankakonza kwa kuzinga yaitali mumzindawo. Nzika zina ngakhale anakwanitsa kusiya mudzi pamaso Nazi anayamba kupha, mabomba ndi kupereka anthu osalakwa. Koma pambuyo kuzinga nkhanza anayamba, kunja kwa mzinda chakhala zosatheka. Olemba mbiri ena amati njala yoopsa mu masiku a anatseka misewu anafika pa mfundo yakuti pa chiyambi cha zovuta anatentha malo onse badayev, ndi iwo nkhokwe chakudya, masamu pa mzinda wonsewo.

Komabe, ndikatha kumfunsafunsa zolembedwa zonse pa nkhaniyi, zomwe, poyamba anali mpaka posachedwapa zobisika, zinadziwika kuti palibe "maiwe" chakudya m'masitolo awa anali poyamba. Mu nthawi ya nkhondoyo, chilengedwe cha malo oonekera kwa anthu 3 miliyoni wa Leningrad inali ntchito sangathe. Am'deralo kudyetsedwa kwa malonda kunja, ndipo iwo alibe zokwanira kuposa sabata. Choncho, chotsatira njira zokhwima anali ntchito: anayambitsa makadi chakudya, mosamalitsa kuunikira makalata onse, sukulu kutsekedwa. Ngati ena mauthenga akhala anawona kuphatikana kapena lemba zili maganizo aipa, akuwonongedwa.

Moyo ndi imfa m'mabwalo a mzinda wa wokondedwawo

Kuzinga Leningrad - zaka zimene asayansi zikutsutsanazo. Titatha kuona mwa makalata ndi mbiri osungidwa kwa opulumuka nthawi oopsa, ndi kuyesera funsolo "masiku a anapitiriza anatseka misewu ya Leningrad ambiri" akatswiri a mbiri yakale anapeza chithunzi chonse zoopsa. Pomwepo pa anthu anaukira njala, umphawi ndi imfa. Ndalama ndi golide depreciated kwathunthu. The achoke zinakonzedwa mu yophukira oyambirira 41st, koma kwa January chaka chamawa zinayamba kutheka kuti tikuona ku malo woopsa anthu ambiri. Pafupi makola Chimanga kumene anthu analandira chakudya makadi, alimbane basi osaneneka ima pamzere. Mu nthawi ino frosty osati njala komanso mitundu anapha anthu. thermometer The kuchedwa kwa nthawi yaitali otsika kutentha. Iwo chikwiyire ndi yozizira koopsa a mipope madzi ndi ntchito mofulumira zonse zilipo mu mafuta. Chiwerengero anachoka mu ozizira popanda madzi, kuwala ndi kutentha. A vuto lalikulu kwambiri kwa anthu anayamba magulu a makoswe ndi njala. Iwo anadya katundu onse chakudya ndipo anali onyamula matenda oopsa. Chifukwa zifukwa zonsezi, ndi wofooka ndi kutha njala ndi matenda, anthu anayamba kufa misewu, iwo alibe ngakhale nthawi m'manda.

Miyoyo ya anthu anatseka misewu ya

Ngakhale yafika povuta, anthu wamba monga iwo angakhoze zamoyo mumzindawo. Komanso, Leningrad ndipo anathandiza Soviet Army. Ngakhale kuti zinthu zinali zoopsa moyo, zomera sanaleke ntchito yawo kwa mphindi ndipo pafupifupi onse anamasulidwa mankhwala asilikali.

Anthu azithandizana, kuyesera kuti kusiya chikhalidwe cha mzinda napita ku dothi, limabwezeretsa zisudzowo ndi zinthu zochititsa chidwi. Aliyense ankafuna kutsimikizira kuti Aisiraeli kuti palibe chimene kugwedeza chikhulupiriro chawo mu m'tsogolo. Chitsanzo chidwi chokonda tawuni ya kwawo ndiponso anasonyeza mbiri moyo wa "Leningrad Symphony" Shostakovich. Wolemba anayamba ntchito pa nsana wake mu mzinda kuzungulira, ndipo idatha achoke pa. Titamaliza zake kunditumiza ku mzinda, ndi m'dera nthetemya oketsra ankaimba nthetemya kwa onse Leningrad. Pa konsati, ndi zida zankhondo Soviet sanapereke kuthyola mzinda umodzi mdani ndege kuti mabomba alibe athyola kuyamba yaitali. Iwo sanasiye ntchito, ndi mawailesi wamba, amene anapereka m'deralo mpweya wa mudziwe atsopano ndipo amawachitira chifuniro moyo.

Ana otchuka. Gulu loyimba AE Obranta

Mutu chopweteka kwambiri wakhala mutu wa chipulumutso cha ana mavuto. Chiyambi cha kuzinga Leningrad kugunda onse, ndi laling'ono kwambiri pa malo oyamba. ubwana A anakhala mu mzinda, anasiya umboni kwambiri ana onse Leningrad. Iwo onse anakulira pamaso anzawo a chipani cha Nazi mwankhanza anabedwa ku ubwana wawo ndi nthawi osasamala. Kids monga achikulire, ndayesera kubweretsa Tsiku Chigonjetso. Mwa iwo alipo amene sali owopa kuti apereke moyo wake kwa njira ya tsiku losangalatsa. Iwo akhalabe mitima ya ngwazi ambiri. Chitsanzo ndi nkhani ya kuvina ana a gulu loyimba AE Obranta. M'nyengo yozizira loyamba la zovuta zambiri za ana anali anasamutsidwa, koma, ngakhale, mzinda linali zambiri awo. Ngakhale kuti nkhondo, Song ndi Dance gulu loyimba anakhazikitsidwa mu Palace ya Apainiya. Ndi aphunzitsi nkhondo otsala mu Leningrad anafuna ophunzira ake akale ndi tikupitiriza ensembles ndi magulu. Apitambo ndi choreographer Obrant. Wa ana otsala mu mzinda analenga gulu kuvina. Mu masiku zoopsa ndi ana njala musataye nokha kupuma, ndi gulu pang'onopang'ono afika pa mapazi ake. Ndipo zimenezi ngakhale kuti pamaso rehearsals ana ambiri anali kupulumutsidwa ku njala (iwo basi sakanakhoza kupirira ngakhale katundu pang'ono).

Patapita nthawi, gulu la kale anayamba kukaimba. M'chaka cha 1942 anayamba ulendo, iwo anayesetsa kwambiri kulera makhalidwe a asilikali. Anyankhondo anayang'ana pa ana awa mtima ndipo sanasiye mtima. Kwa nthawi yaitali ngati anatseka misewu ya mzinda chinatenga, ana anabwera ndi zoimbaimba midzi ya asilikali onse napatsa oposa 3 zikwi zoimbaimba. Panali nthawi zina pamene kulankhula mawu bomba ndi kuukira mpweya. Anyamata sanali mantha ngakhale kupita kutsogolo, kukulimbikitsani ndi kuthandiza zokometsera zawo, ngakhale kuvina popanda nyimbo, kuti zikope tcheru cha ku Germany. Pambuyo mudziwo anamasulidwa kwa adani, ana onse a gulu loyimba anali kupereka n'kulandira mendulo "Pakuti Kuteteza Leningrad".

The yaitali yojambula!

Inasintha mtima wa asilikali Soviet chinachitika mu 1943, ndipo asilikali ankakonza yomasulira Leningrad ku ankhondowo German. January 14, 1944 ndi zokometsera anayamba mbali yomaliza ya kumasulidwa kwa mzinda. mdani inapha nkhonya onongani, ndipo anatsegula njira za onse m'dziko polumikiza Leningrad ndi m'madera ena a dziko. Anaswa kuzinga Leningrad January 27, 1944 asilikali a Volkhov ndi Leningrad kutsogolo. The Germany pang'onopang'ono anayamba kuphwera, ndipo posakhalitsa kwathunthu anachotsa anatseka misewu.

Tsamba ili zomvetsa chisoni m'mbiri ya Russia, kukonkha kwa magazi a anthu mamilioni awiri. Memory za ngwazi wagwa anapatsira ku mibadwomibadwo ndipo amakhala mu mitima ya anthu lero. Ndiye, pamene masiku adapita anatseka misewu ya Leningrad, kenako, zimene mtima anasonyeza anthu osiririka ngakhale ndi azambiriyakale Western.

Price anatseka misewu

January 27, 1944 pa 8 koloko madzulo mu ukapolo ku anatseka misewu ya Leningrad anasangalala zimapikukira m'mwamba makombola chikondwerero. Yanjinga Leningrad unatenga masiku 872 pa mavuto a azingidwa, koma tsopano zonse limasalira. The ungwazi anthu wamba akadali Ndimagoma mbiri yakale chitetezo cha mzindawo ndipo komabe kuphunzira ofufuza za. Ndipo pali chifukwa chake! Kuzinga Leningrad inatenga pafupifupi 900 masiku ndipo anapha anthu ambiri ... mmene - Ndi zovuta kunena.

Ngakhale kuti kuyambira 1944 wakhala zaka zoposa 70, olemba mbiri akhoza musanene chiwerengero chenicheni cha anthu amene akhudzidwa ndi chochitika wamagazi. Naŵa deta otengedwa zikalata.

Choncho, mkulu chiwerengero cha anthu amene anaphedwa mwa asilikali - 632 253 anthu. Anthu anafa pa zifukwa zingapo, koma makamaka mabomba, ndi chisanu ndiponso njala. Leningradites molimba anapirira yozizira zaka 1941/1942 Komanso ndi kusowa nthawi zonse chakudya, magetsi ndi madzi pa anthu onse adzazunzidwa. Anatseka misewu ya Leningrad anakumana anthu, wamakhalidwe, komanso thupi. Anthu analandira chakudya chochepa mkate, amene anali atachoka zokwanira (ndipo nthawi zina zokwanira konse), kuti kufa.

Azambiriyakale kafukufuku awo pa anasunga kuchokera m'mabukhu nkhondo makomiti dera ndi mzinda wa Onse-Union Communist Party wa Bolsheviks. Mfundo zimenezi antchito kaundula ofesi amene atathana chiwerengero cha anthu akufa. Kamodzi mapepala anali chinsinsi, koma pambuyo kugwa kwa USSR declassified yachokera, ndi mapepala ambiri anakhala zilipo pafupifupi aliyense.

Tatchulawa chiwerengero cha akufa kwambiri akusemphana ndi chowonadi. Kumasulidwa kwa Leningrad ku Nazi anatseka misewu anapatsidwa anthu wamba mtengo wa miyoyo yambiri, magazi ndi mavuto. Ena amati pafupifupi 300 zikwi akufa, pamene ena amati oposa 1.5 miliyoni. Inatenga anthu wamba chabe amene analibe nthawi kuti atuluke mumzindawo. asilikali akufa ziwalo za Leningrad Front ndi Baltic zombo analembetsa mndandanda wa "Kumbuyo kwa mzindawo."

mphamvu Soviet osati kuulula chiwerengero chenicheni cha akuvutika. Pambuyo kuzinga Leningrad adapachikidwa, deta zonse mwa anthu anali wachinsinsi dzina chithunzi ali zonse zinasintha chaka chilichonse. Pa nthawi yomweyo anali ananena kuti nkhondo ya USSR ndi Nazi ku mbali yathu anaphedwa za 7 miliyoni anthu. Amene anafuulira chithunzi cha miliyoni 26,6 ...

Mwachibadwa, chiwerengero cha imfa si makamaka molakwika mu Leningrad, komabe, wakhala ndikusinthidwa kangapo. Pomaliza, ife tinayima pa kuzungulira 2 miliyoni anthu. Chaka kutukula anatseka misewu anakhala nthawi yomweyo wachimwemwe kwambiri ndi kwambiri chisoni anthu. Only tsopano ndi kuzindikira momwe anthu ambiri anafa chifukwa cha njala ndi ozizira. Ndipo mmene ambiri asiya miyoyo yawo yomasulira ...

Zokambirana za chiwerengero cha anthu amene adzakhala imachitika kwa nthawi yaitali. Pali deta latsopano ndi kuwerengetsera latsopano, chiŵerengero wa akuvutika chifukwa cha Leningrad zikuwoneka konse zidziwike. Komabe, mawu akuti "nkhondo", "chipika", "Leningrad" chifukwa ndi adzachititsa m'mibadwo yanu tanthauzo la kunyada kwa anthu ndi kumverera kwa zowawa zosaneneka. Ichi ndi chinthu chonyaditsa. Chaka zochotsa wa anatseka misewu ya Leningrad - m'chaka cha kupambana kwa mzimu wa munthu ndi mphamvu zabwino pa mdima ndi chisokonezo.