Njira sayansi anthu.

Masiku ano chibadwa ndi zogwirizana kwambiri m'munda sayansi kafukufuku. The kutsogolera kwa chitukuko chiphunzitso odziwika a Charles Darwin pa discreteness cha chibadwa, kusankha zamoyo ndi kusintha chifukwa cha kusintha kufala chonyamulira genotype. Anayamba chitukuko kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma otsiriza zinthuzo, sayansi wafika mwaunyinji, njira kafukufuku wa chibadwa anthu pa mphindi ndi imodzi mwa mbali yaikulu ya kuphunzira umunthu ndiponso zinyama ambiri.

Taganizirani njira yakuti akuphunzira chibadwa pakalipano.

Njira mibadwo kafukufuku chibadwa anthu kusanthula kudziŵa chitsanzo nyumba imene imachititsa motsatizana mu pedigrees. Zotsatira ndipo mudziwe ntchito popewa, prophylaxis ndi mosavuta kudziwa khalidwe anaphunzira mbadwa za - matenda otengera kwa makolo. Madalitso kungakhale autosomal (chiwonetsero cha mbali n'zotheka ndi Mwina ofanana amuna ndi akazi) ndipo chiphatikizana ndi khromozomu kugonana pafupi nthandala.

njira Autosomal Nayenso lagawidwa cholowa autosomal lalikulu (allele lalikulu akhoza anazindikira mu homozygous ndi heterozygous) ndi autosomal cholowa recessive (recessive allele akhoza anazindikira kokha boma homozygous). Mu mtundu uwu wa cholowa cha matenda akuwonetseredwa kupyola mu mibadwo yambiri.

Kugonana-zogwirizana cholowa amakhala ndi kutanthauzira za jini analemba mu zigawo magazi ndi nonhomologous Y- kapena X-khromozomu. Malinga ndi maziko genotypic, amene isanafalikire mu DNA kugonana, kudziwa akazi hetero- kapena homozygous, koma anthu amene ali chimodzi chokha X-khromozomu chiwerengero zitha kukhala hemizygous. Mwachitsanzo, akazi heterozygous angathe kupatsira matendawa kuti tinatengera mwana ndi aakazi.

njira amuzolengedwa kuphunzira chibadwa kafukufuku amayamba ndi matenda otengera opatsirana chifukwa cha masinthidwe chibadwa. njira zimenezi chibadwa anthu ofufuza cholowa zopindika kagayidwe kachakudya ndi kudziwa nyumba mapuloteni, michere, chakudya ndi zina kagayidwe kachakudya kuti tikhalebe madzimadzi extracellular wa chamoyo (mwazi, thukuta mkodzo, malovu, etc.).

njira Didimo kafukufuku chibadwa anthu muganize matenda otengera anaphunzira makhalidwe. mapasa ofanana (wathunthu chamoyo akukula zygotes awiri kapena kuposa wosweka mbali pa siteji oyambirira a chitukuko) ndi genotype zofanana, amene angathe kudziwa kusiyana chifukwa chikoka kunja chilengedwe pa fenotayipi anthu. mapasa Fraternal (ziwiri kapena zambiri ubwamuna mazira) akukhudzana mzake anthu genotype, amene amalola kuti amayang'anitsitsa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi cholowa cha genotypic maziko munthu.

Cytogenetic njira za chibadwa kafukufuku ntchito mu kafukufuku wa kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe DNA ndi karyotype wabwinobwino, amene amalola kudziwika masinthidwe kutengera mapangidwe ndi chromosomal matenda matenda otengera pa mlingo chromosomal, ndiponso kufufuza kanthu mutagenic mankhwala, mankhwala asatayike, etc. Njira imeneyi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kusanthula ndi wotsatira chizindikiritso cha lake la kuvutika cholowa asanabadwe. Akalandire chithandizo matenda a madzimadzi amniotic ndi matenda mu trimester mimba, zomwe zimathandiza kuti atenge kusankha pa kuchotsa mimbayo.