Neysmit Dzheyms: yonena ndi chithunzi. Mbiri ya mpira

Mu chisanadze kompyuta nyengo ana masewera panja pa mlengalenga. Achimereka akhala wotchuka masewera otchedwa "bakha pa mwala." Pa chitsa kapena ena okwera anakweza mwala, wotchedwa bakha. Near unakhala "Mlonda" umene ukuyenera kuteteza poyesa kugwetsa ena masewera, "bakha" pansi. Akuti mu izi zosangalatsa thupi mphunzitsi maphunziro ku College American wa Springfield anaona mfundo masewera, amene adayitana mpira. Dzina la munthu amene anali Naismith. James sanathe amati chifuniro mmene otchuka masewerawa padziko lonse.

Opambana, mphunzitsi, inventor

bambo mpira anabadwa mu 1861 ku Ontario, Canada. Tsopano, mu mzinda wa Mississippi Mills pali nyumba Museum anayambitsa mpira. Kuyambira ali mwana ankakonda masewera, makamaka masewera mitundu. Ngati umodzi pa nthawi imeneyo zinali monga otchuka monga izo ziriri tsopano, mu imodzi mwa magulu la Canada mwina anaonekera frontline, pa malaya amene adzakhala dzina la Naismith. James pa maphunziro ake pa yunivesite ya Montreal anachita masewera ena, makamaka mpira zosiyanasiyana - ndi European (otchedwa mpira mu North America) ndi Canada.

Mnyamatayo anali ndi nzeru malingaliro ndi katswiri Luso. Canada, ngati US, mpira ali kholo English kusewera ndi superkontaktnoy masewera ndi chiopsezo kuvulazidwa kuchuluka. mwansanga molimba kuyambitsa analumala. Dzheyms Neysmit imatengedwa kuti ndi player oyambirira kukhala ntchito chisoti zozitetezera. Chilamulo saletsa, ndipo chitsanzo chake Pambuyo ana ena, amene ankaopa chifukwa chitetezo cha luso lawo bwinobwino kuyamwa nkhani Inde.

Bachelor ku Education thupi

Titamaliza yunivesite n'kukhala mbiri yabwino mphunzitsi maphunziro thupi James Naismith anasamukira ku dziko loyandikana nalo. Popeza 1891, anayamba kugwira ntchito mu umodzi mwa makoleji a, bungwe ndi YMCA (YMKA - Young Amuna Mkhristu Association) - bungwe Youth Mkhristu mu mzinda wa Springfield, Massachusetts. Kuwonjezera masewero olimbitsa thupi, iye anaphunzitsa thunthu.

Monga mphunzitsi Dzheyms Neysmit ankaona akatswiri woona. Adafuna kuchita ophunzira masewera, kuyesera chifukwa kalasi chidwi popanda kukhala wotopetsa ndi wonyong'onya Zochita. Mu yotentha, kosavuta kulinganiza Mpikisano panja, pamene ophunzira anali kusewera mpira ndi mpira, kukhalabe chidwi mafizo mu masewero olimbitsa anali ovuta kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira. Director wa College Dr. Luther Gulick anafunsa Yakobo kuti abwere ndi chinachake. Ndipo zopambana si monga aukali monga kusewera kapena American mpira. Chikhalidwe kulenga ya fizruka luso kamodzi anathandiza Naismith anapeza njira waluntha.

A mpira ndi madengu awiri a mapichesi pansi

Dzheyms Neysmit anatulukira masewera ndi mpira pamalo akachita amachotsa ndi kunyong'onyeka maphunziro pa zida gymnastic kapena wonyong'onya kuthamanga owazungulira. Akuti malamulo atsopano a masewera, mu mau anatsirizika lero, izo anakonza mkati ora. Tsiku lina anaona kuti gawo la gulu la ophunzira ku gulu koleji kusewera kuyesera kusewera mu holo, mmalo mogwiritsa ntchito chipata chachikulu bokosi.

December 1, 1891, nagawira ophunzira mu magulu awiri, anapereka kuti mpira bokosi matabwa, ili pansi pakati pa ochitira masewera a. choncho inatha mu mulu-otsika, pamene zokometsera anadzuka mozungulira bokosi ndi kwathunthu oletsedwa izo kwa Otsutsa. Pamodzi ndi kukafika kutsogolo kwa nyumbayo ali zomera, ndi Yakobo anafika lingaliro anabwera ku mbali ake osiyana ndi awiri dengu kanthu, imene koleji anabweretsa zipatso. Mu tinali kutenga lamba wa mpira kwa woyamba mpira mpira European, kupeza mfundo.

A mphete chishango ndi mauna

Kutalika limene mtanga anali kulimbitsa, anali 305 masentimita, limene lili ndi malamulo amakono a masewerawo. Tsopano chipika akatemera mdani anakhala kovuta, ndi masewera anapita zazikulu kwambiri. Zosafunika chete kwa zinachitika pamene mlonda, amene anali atavala dzina la Stebbins, anali kuti mipira, kugunda chandamale. Mwina zimenezi lake loyamba linatha chipiriro, ndipo kudula pansi kuchokera dengu kuti mpirawo anagwa. Posachedwapa mphete zitsulo zinalengedwa ndi mauna, sanasinthe mpaka pano.

masewera zinali zosangalatsa kuti posachedwapa mpikisano anayamba kukopa mafani, wodzazidwa zomera ndi. Kuthandiza kusewera nthawi zambiri anagwira mpira zouluka lonse chizindikiro, ndipo anatsitsanso kuti m'dengu. Kuteteza mphete ku odzipereka, ankafunika kumanga chishango, limene linali lofika mtanga. Kenako, anayamba yofunika osiyana, koma anatsala limodzi mwa makhalidwe ofunika kwambiri a mpira.

Malamulo loyamba

Ine kumvetsa zomwe masewera masewera Dzheyms Neysmit anatulukira, lophweka. Lero, amphamvu zitsulo mphete amaperekedwa ndi mauna kupanga ayenera kulimbana kulemera kwa awiri-mita mpikisanowo, koma otchedwa dengu - mu English mtanga. Modern mpira kuchokera polima wapadera - ndi mankhwala a sayansi chipangizo ndi mamangidwe mkulu. Iye amafanana pang'ono kuti mpira zikopa, amene ankaoneka Naismith n'zofunika kwambiri, koma amatchedwa English mpira - mpira.

Malamulo a mpira oposa mazana zaka asintha kwambiri, kupanga masewera iyi yachangu mu dziko. Koma, choyamba, pachiyambi, lofalitsidwa January 15, 1892 mu nyuzipepala sukulu, imene inkatchedwa "Triangle". Lero ankaona boma tsiku lobadwa a mpira - masewera amene ankaimba ndi pafupifupi 300 miliyoni lero.

Kutchuka kwa malonda-free

Latsopano masewera - kusala komanso yosangalatsa, imene ingakuthandizeni kusewera mu msewu ndi m'nyumba, malamulo yosavuta kumva, achinyamata ankakonda yomweyo. Ndi Naismith anayamba ku masukulu ochokera m'madera onse a America, kupempha malamulo mpira. Mu 1892 anafalitsa buku limene iwo anali kukonza mfundo 13. Main kamba malamulo olimba ndi mbadwo pano.

Mapepala ndi malamulo typewritten, amene anayika pansi dzanja Naismith chamutu - «mpira», anagulitsidwa mu 2010 pa yobetcherana madola oposa 4 miliyoni. Mpira Bambo sanali ndawala yapadera "Kukwezeleza" wa masewera atsopano, osati ntchito kudzikuza. masewera, amene wolemba anali Dzheyms Neysmit - mpira, imatengedwa kwambiri "American" koma nzika US anabadwa Canada, anali basi mu 1925, zaka 34 pambuyo resettlement. Iye ankachita nawo udindo wake chiphunzitso, atalandira madigiri angapo mu chipembedzo, nzeru ndi mankhwala. Koma ana ake mofulumira kupeza kutchuka padziko lonse.

Olympic masewera

Mu chaka cha 1898 panali woyamba akatswiri mgwirizano mu United States. Osewera kulandira $ 2.5 m'maseŵera kunyumba ndi $ 1,25 kwa kuchoka pa. akale zosakwana zaka zana ndi imodzi mwa osewera nyenyezi za gulu NBA, "Washington Bullets" Dzhuvan Hovard zinasaina pangano umene analandira nyengo asanu ndi awiri a madola 100 miliyoni.

Pa Games Olympic 1904 ku St. Louis unachitikira chionetsero machesi mu mpira, ndipo mu 1936 woyamba boma ndime imene timu US pa Games Olympic unachitikira mu Berlin, tawina ku chomaliza cha Canada ndi zigoli 18: 9. Mlendo wolemekezeka, amene anapanga wophiphiritsa maso pa machesi komaliza, nayenso anayambitsa masewera. Anaitanidwa kuti ulamuliro Olympic wapamwamba wa IOC, iye anali athe kuwunika kuchuluka kwa kutchuka chimene chapeza lonse brainchild wake.

Ulemerero moyo ndi posthumous

Naismith anamwalira pa November 28, 1939, atazunguliridwa ndi ana asanu ndi zidzukulu zambiri. Mwina Dzheymsom Neysmitom The atayamba nyundo nthunzi, monga anachitira Chingelezi pafupi Dzina Dzheyms Nesmit, kapena Mwachitsanzo, makina osokera, nafuna anam'bweretsera chuma chambiri ndi moyo olemera. Koma mpaka pano, anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amayamikira chimwemwe chimene chimabweretsa chidali chifuniro chake. Lero, mpira - bizinesi amphamvu kwambiri amene padera mabiliyoni ambiri mwa ndalama ndi masewera zosangalatsa anthu wamba pa Intaneti m'madera ambiri a dziko lapansi. Dzina la bambo a mpira ndi Nyumba Omveka mpira mu North America m'mizinda, ambiri maofesi masewera padziko lonse.